4. ● Air is essential for life itself, without it we could only
survive for a few minutes.
● The Earth’s life is supported by the following properties:
the hydrosphere and atmosphere.
● The atmosphere is layered into four distinct which are:
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and
thermosphere.
● Air pollution is of public health concern on the micro,
meso, and macro scales.
What is Air Pollution?
5. “Situation in which the outdoor atmosphere contains materials in
concentration which are harmful to people or their environment.”
Air pollution is when air in the atmosphere consists of gases, liquids
and solids high enough to harm and bring undesirable effect to
humans, animals and other living organisms or materials.
More detail
8. ● “Tropo” means turning or changing.
● This is where all weather occurs.
● Anywhere from 9km to 16km above sea level.
Troposphere
Temperature goes from warm to cold as you increase in altitude.
9.
10. ● “Strato,” means layer or spread out.
● Contains the Ozone layer.
● From 10km to 50km above sea level.
● Planes often fly here
Stratosphere
Temperature goes up as you rise in altitude due to the ozone
absorbing the suns heat.
11.
12. Mesosphere
● Temperature goes
down as altitude goes
up.
→“Meso” means middle and
is the middle layer of the
atmosphere.
→Starts at 50km above sea
level and ends at 80km.
→Protects the earth from
meteoroids.
More detail
13.
14. Thermosphere
● “thermo” means heat.
● Temperatures reach up to
1,800 degrees Celsius or
3,272 degrees Fahrenheit.
● You actually would not
feel warm in the
thermosphere!
● 80km above sea level and
has no definite end.
As you increase in altitude,
temperature goes up.
More detail
15. Ionosphere
v Called ionosphere because suns
energy heats molecules to become
ions.
v 80km to 400km in the atmosphere.
v Known for causing aurora borealis.
More detail
16.
17. Exosphere
● Second layer of the thermosphere.
● Extends from 400km and extends into
space.
● Hottest of the layers.
● Satellites orbit Earth in this layer.
More detail
21. vAn act providing for comprehensive air quality management policy
and maintain health air for all Filipinos.
vIt contains 7 chapters and 56 sections.
R.A 8749: Clean Air Act of 1999
More detail
22. vProtect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in
accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
vPromote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while
recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental
problems.
vRecognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily
area-based.
vRecognizes the principle that "polluters must pay.
vRecognize that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should
therefore be the concern of all.
The Clean Air Act provides that the state shall:
23. Table 1-1.Types of air quality monitoring systems
in the Philippines and pollutants monitored, 2015
27. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Source Specific Air
Pollutants from Industrial Sources/Operation
28. vThe Philippines signed the Montreal Protocol on
September 14, 1988 and ratified it on March 21, 1993.
vThe Philippines' commited to a global agreement
to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing
out the production and consumption of ozone-
depleting substances (ODS).
Montreal Protocol
More detail
29. vSince 1994, the Philippines have ratified the UNFCCC treaty and the
Kyoto Protocol (playing a leadership role in Kyoto). In 2015, it pledged
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by a massive 70 percent by
2030 in its submission to the UN.
Kyoto Protocol
30. vThe role of the government to ensure adequate and continuous
supply of fuels, and at the same time ensure that other possible
additives, contaminants, and components shall not reach harmful
levels.
Executive Order 446
More detail
31. TERMINOLOGIES
a. "Air pollutant" means any matter found in the atmosphere other than
oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their
natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the
environment.
b. "Ambient air quality guideline values" mean the concentration of air
over specified periods classified as short-term and long-term which are
intended to serve as goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or
public welfare
c. "Ambient air quality" means the general amount of pollution present
in a broad area; and refers to the atmosphere's average purity as
distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of
pollution;
d. "Pollution control device" means any device or apparatus used to
prevent, control or abate the pollution of air caused by emissions from
identified pollution sources at levels within the air pollution control
standard.
.
33. ● This colorless, odorless gas is lethal to humans
within a few minutes at concentrations
exceeding 5000 ppm.
● CO reacts with hemoglobin in the blood to
form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb).
● At COHb levels of 5 to 10%, visual perception,
manual dexterity, and ability to learn are
impaired.
Carbon Monoxide
35. • The HAPs regulated under the NESHAP
program were identified as causal agents for
a variety of diseases. For example, asbestos,
arsenic, benzene, coke oven emissions, and
radionuclides may cause cancer.
Hazardous Air
Pollutants (HAPs)
•Beryllium primarily causes lung disease but
also affects the liver, spleen, kidneys, and
lymph glands.
•Mercury attacks the brain, kidneys, and
bowels..
36. ● In contrast to the other major air
pollutants, lead is a cumulative
poison. A further difference is that it is
ingested in food and water, as well as
being inhaled.
Lead
37. Lead
● Once taken into the body, lead distributes
throughout the body in the blood and is
accumulated in the bones.
● Depending on the level of exposure, lead can
adversely affect the nervous system, kidney
function, immune system, reproductive and
developmental systems and the
cardiovascular system.
● Lead exposure also affects the oxygen
carrying capacity of the blood
More detail
38. • The oxides of nitrogen are referred to collectively as
NOx. Exposure to NO2 concentrations above 5 ppm for
15 min results in cough and irritation of the respiratory
tract.
•The gas is reddish brown in concentrated form and
gives a brownish yellow tint at lower concentrations.
•At 5 ppm it has a pungent sweetish odor
•The average NO2 concentration in tobacco smoke is
approximately 5 ppm.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2).
More detail
39. Includes the following:
•peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
• acrolein
•peroxybenzoyl nitrates (PBzN)
• aldehydes
• nitrogen oxides
Major oxidant is Ozone (O3))
Photochemical Oxidants
40. Ozone is a gas you’ve probably
heard of as a layer high up in Earth’s
atmosphere (stratospheric ozone).
This ozone layer is a good thing—it
helps block us from the S u n ’ s
harmful radiation. However, ground
level ozone (tropospheric) is bad for
human health. It is created when
sunlight reacts with certain chemical
emissions (for example nitrogen
dioxide, carbon monoxide and
methane). These chemicals can
come from industrial facilities, car
exhaust, gasoline vapors and other
sources.
Ozone
More detail
43. •As noted earlier, large particles are not inhaled deeply into the
lungs. This is why EPA switched from an air quality standard based
on total suspended matter (TSP) to one based on particles with an
aerodynamic diameter less than 10 m (PM2.5).
Particulate Matter
(PM2.5)
More detail
44. Inhalable coarse particles such as those
found near roadways and dusty
i n d u s t r i e s , a r e l a r g e r t h a n 2 . 5
micrometers and smaller than 10
micrometers in diameter.
EPA groups particle pollution into two categories:
Fine particles such as those found in
smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in
diameter and smaller. These particles can
be directly emitted from sources such as
forest fires, or they can form when gases
emitted from power plants, industries
and automobiles react in the air. More detail
46. ● The sulfur oxides include sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur
trioxide (SO3), their acids, and the salts of their acids.
Rather than try to separate the effects of SO2 and
SO3, they are usually treated together. There is
speculation that a definite synergism exists whereby
fine particulates carry absorbed SO2 to the LRT.
The SO2 in the absence of particulates would be
absorbed in the mucous membranes of the URT.
Sulfur Oxides (SOx) and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP).
47. Sulfur Oxides (SOx) and Total
Suspended Particulates (TSP).
At high concentrations, gaseous SO2 can harm trees and
plants by damaging foliage and decreasing growth and can
contribute to acid rain which can harm sensitive
ecosystems.
Short-term exposures to SO2 can harm the human
respiratory system and make breathing difficult. Children,
the elderly, and those who suffer from asthma are
particularly sensitive to effects of SO2.
48. Acid Rain
Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the
atmosphere and transported by wind and air
currents. The SO2 and NOX react with water,
oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and
nitric acids. These then mix with water and
other materials before falling to the ground.
51. Primary pollutants
→ are “directly” emitted from the processes
such as fossil fuel consumption, Volcanic
eruption and factories.
→ The major primary pollutants are Oxides
of Sulphur, Oxides of Nitrogen, Oxides of
Carbon, Particulate Matter, Methane,
Ammonia, Chlorofluorocarbons, Toxic metals
etc.
TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
Secondary pollutants
→ form when the primary pollutants react
with themselves or other components of the
atmosphere. Most important secondary level
Air Pollutants are Ground Level Ozone, Smog
and POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants).
More detail
52.
53. Ground-level
(tropospheric) ozone:
It is not directly emitted into the atmosphere.
Instead, it forms in the atmosphere from a
chain of chemical reactions following
emissions of certain precursor gases:
• NOX
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• NMVOCs and
• methane (CH4)
54.
55.
56.
57. • Nitrogen oxides are emitted during fuel combustion from industrial facilities and the road transport sector.
2. Nitrogen oxides
More detail
58. PM is emitted from many anthropogenic
sources, including both combustion and
non-combustion sources. Natural
emissions of PM also occur, including from
sea salt and windblown Saharan dust.
Particulate matter
59. Sulfur dioxide
Most of the sulfur dioxide released into the environment comes from
electric utilities, especially those that burn coal. Some other sources of
sulfur dioxide include petroleum refineries, cement manufacturing, paper
pulp manufacturing, and metal smelting and processing facilities.
60. • The main sources of BaP in Europe are
domestic home-heating, in particular wood- and
coal-burning, waste-burning, coke and steel
production, and road traffic. Other sources
include outdoor fires.
5. Benzo(a)pyrene
61. CARBON MONOXIDE
• Incomplete oxidation of carbon results in the production
of carbon monoxide.
• The natural anaerobic decomposition of carbonaceous
material by soil microorganisms releases approximately
160 Tg* of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere each year
worldwide.
62. • Volcanic activity and airborne soil are the
primary natural sources of atmospheric lead.
• Smelters and refining processes, as well as
incineration of lead-containing wastes, are major
point sources of lead.
• Approximately 70–80% of the lead that used to
be added to gasoline was discharged to the
atmosphere.
Lead
63. Bacterial action in the soil releases nitrous
oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. In the upper
troposphere and stratosphere, atomic oxygen
reacts with the nitrous oxide to form nitric
oxide (NO).
Nitrogen Dioxide Photochemical
Oxidants
They are formed through a series of reactions
that are initiated by the absorption of a
photon by an atom, molecule, free radical, or
ion.
More detail
64. •According to figures from 2016, 80% of the country’s
air pollution comes from motor vehicles whilst the
remaining 20% comes from stationary sources, such
as factories and the open burning of organic matter.
Another contributoryfactor is the weather.
•Satellite data showed a significant drop in the
pollution levels both in Metro Manila and its
neighbouring province of Bulacan for the second
half of March. Which coincided with the start of the
ECQ (enhanced community quarantine) in Luzon
city.
What are the main causes of air pollution in Philippines?
More detail
65. • Thousands live in poor quality housing in the shadow
ofindustrial plants or power stations.
• Smog is almost constantly hanging over thecity,
exacerbated by the 2.2 million vehicles that clog the
streets on a dailybasis.
• According to reports published by the World Health
Organisation (WHO),levels of airborne particles of lead
(Pb) are three times than the acceptablefigure.
• Concentrations of PM2.5 have also found to be
unacceptably high, too.
How bad is the air pollution in Philippines?
More detail
66. How bad is the air pollution
in Philippines?
• At the start of lockdown, due to the reduction in traffic
and industries working, the air quality began to improve
due to the lack of emissions.
• It was seen that thelevels of fine particulate matter or PM
2.5 decreased by 40% when compared to levels recorded
in January before the enhanced communityquarantine, or
ECQ commenced in March.
• Data showed PM2.5 levels had fallen to 7.1 µg/m³ during
the first week of the lockdown, much lower than the 20
µg/m³ recorded two weeks earlier and below the World
Health Organisation’s recommended safety guideline of
10 µg/m³.
67. •Proposals have been put forward to phase out
the use of leaded gasoline
• Reduce industrial emissions through filtration
•Encourage recycling and outlaw vehicles older
than 15 years and ban bonfires where garbage is
incinerated.
• It was stated that residents should not rejoice
about the better quality air overthe lockdown
period as it increases again as soon as it came to
an end. Theywere also reminded that once
carbon dioxide (CO2) is released, ithas the ability
to remain for the next century. So a few relatively
“clean”months will have no effect in the long run.
What can be done to improve the air quality in
Philippines?
68. • In accordance with the World Health Organization's guidelines, the air quality in the
Philippines is considered moderately unsafe. The most recent data indicates the country's
annual mean concentration of PM2.5 is 18 µg/m3 which exceeds the recommended
maximum of 10 µg/m3.
• Contributors to poor air quality in the Philippines include: the apparel and timber industry,
petroleum refining, vehicle emissions, and waste burning. Available data indicates that
Manila has consistently high levels of air pollution.
Philippines General Health Risks: Air Pollution
More detail
69. • Outdoor air pollution is a mix of chemicals, particulate matter, and biological materials
that react with each other to form tiny hazardous particles. It contributes to breathing
problems, chronic diseases, increased hospitalization, and premature mortality.
• The concentration of particulate matter (PM) is a key air quality indicator since it is the
most common air pollutant that affects short term and long term health. Two sizes of
particulate matter are used to analyze air quality; fine particles with a diameter of less
than 2.5 µm or PM2.5 and coarse particles with a diameter of less than 10 µm or PM10.
• The World Health Organization’s air quality guidelines recommend that the annual
mean concentrations of PM2.5 should not exceed 10 µg/m3 and 20 µg/m3 for PM10.
More detail
70. AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY
“Atmosphere”
It is continually expanding and
compressing gases, exchanging
heat, and generally creating chaos.
The rotation of the earth coupled with the different heat conductivities of
the oceans and land produce weather.
71. The atmosphere exerts more pressure at the
surface than it does at higher elevations. The
highs and lows depicted on weather maps
are simply areas of greater and lesser
pressure.
HIGHS AND LOWS
The elliptical lines shown on more detailed
weather maps are lines of constant pressure,
or isobars. A two-dimensional plot of
pressure and distance through a high- or low-
pressure system would appear as shown in
Figure 12–14.
72. The wind flows from the higher pressure areas to the lower pressure areas.
● An anticyclone is a system of winds that rotates around a center of high atmospheric pressure.
Anticyclones are associated with good weather.
● A cyclone is a storm or system of winds that rotates around a center of low atmospheric pressure. Cyclones
are associated with foul weather. Tornadoes and hurricanes are the foulest of the cyclones.
73. • Mechanical Turbulence: The addition of random
fluctuations of wind velocity (i.e., speed and
direction) to the overall average wind velocity.
•The greater the mean wind speed, the greater the
mechanical turbulence. The more mechanical
turbulence, the easier it is to disperse and spread
atmospheric pollutants.
TURBULENCE
• Thermal Turbulence:, if the earth’s surface is
heated strongly and in turn heats the air above it,
thermal turbulence will be generated.
•The “thermals” sought by glider pilots and hot air
balloonists are these thermal currents rising on what
otherwise would be a calm day.
74. STABILITY
Unstable: mechanical
turbulence is enhanced
by the thermal structure
Stable: When the thermal
structure inhibits
mechanical turbulence,
the atmosphere.
Neutral: the thermal
structure neither
enhances nor resists
mechanical turbulence.
The tendency of the
atmosphere to resist or
enhance vertical motion
is termed stability.
75. Heat Islands:
Results from a mass of material, either natural
or anthropogenic, that absorbs and reradiates
heat at a greater rate than the surrounding area.
TERRAIN EFFECTS
• Large industrial complexes and small to large cities are
examples of places that would have a heat island surrounding
countryside.
• The instability caused by the heat island mixes these plumes to
the ground level.
76. • The effect of the lake breeze on stability is to impose a surface-based inversion on the temperature
profifile. As the air moves from the water over the warm ground, it is heated from below.
2. LAND-SEA BREEZES
Land breeze during the night Land breeze during the day
77. The valley effectively peels off part of the
wind and forces it to follow the direction of
the valley floor.
The valley walls protect the flfloor from
radiative heating by the sun. Yet the walls
and floor are free to radiate heat away to
the cold night sky.
VALLEYS
79. “Stationary source" means
any building or immobile
structure, facility or installation
which emits or may emit any
air pollutant.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
OF STATIONARY SOURCES
80. Absorption:
Control devices based on the principle of
absorption attempt to transfer the pollutant
from a gas to a liquid phase.
Gaseous Pollutants
It is a process of removing a pollutant from a gas phase media by
dissolving the pollutant into a solvent media. The material that
absorbs is called the solvent, and the gas that is to be absorbed is
called the solute.
81. The removal of the pollutant gas takes place in three steps:
Diffusion of the pollutant gas to the
surface of the liquid
01 02 03
Transfer across the gas–liquid
interface
Diffusion of the dissolved gas away
from the interface into the liquid
Scrubbers are relatively ineffificient
absorbers but have the advantage of being
able to simultaneously remove particulates.
Towers are much more effificient absorbers
but they become plugged by particulate
matter.
82. • Control of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
from combustion sources
• Removal and recovery of ammonia in fertilizer
manufacture
• Removal of hydrogen fluoride from glass
furnace exhaust
• Control of odorous gases from rendering
plants
• Recovery of water-soluble solvents such as
acetone and methyl alcohol.
APPLICATIONS
83. Adsorption is a mass-transfer process in which the
gas is bonded to a solid. The gas (the adsorbate)
penetrates into the pores of the solid (the
adsorbent) but not into the lattice itself.
Most common adsorbents:
● Active carbon (activated charcoal)
● Molecular sieves
● Silica gel, and
● Activated alumina
ADSORPTION
84. Adsorption isotherm:
The relation between the amount of pollutant adsorbed and the equilibrium pressure at constant temperature.
The collected pollutant remains in the adsorption bed.
Thus, while the bed has sufficient capacity, no
pollutants are emitted.
At some point in time, the bed will become saturated
with pollutant. As saturation is approached, pollutant
will begin to leak out of the bed, a process called
breakthrough.
85. APPLICATIONS
3
2
1 It can also
capture
NO2.
Very effective
for treating
HC pollutants.
They can
capture H2S
and SO2.
86. When the contaminant in the gas stream is
oxidizable to an inert gas, combustion is a possible
alternative method of control.
COMBUSTION
Both direct flame combustion by afterburners and
catalytic combustion have been used in commercial
applications.
Typically, CO and hydrocarbons fall into this
category.
87. DIRECT FLAME
INCENERATION
CATALYTIC
COMBUSTION
Direct flame incineration is the method of
choice if two criteria are satisfified. First, the
g a s s t r e a m m u s t h a v e a n e n e r g y
concentration greater than 3.7 MJ /m3 . ‘The
second requirement is that none of the by-
products of combustion be toxic.
Applications: successfully applied to varnish-
cooking, meat-smokehouse, and paint bake-
oven emissions.
Catalytic combustion enable oxidation to be
carried out in gases that have an energy
c o n t e n t o f l e s s t h a n 3 . 7 M J / m 3 .
Conventionally, the catalyst is placed in beds
similar to adsorption beds.
Applications: successfully been applied to
printing-press, varnish-cooking, and asphalt-
oxidation emissions.
88. FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION
A Nonregenerative: the reagent used to remove the
sulfur oxides from the gas stream is used & discarded.
B Regenerative: the reagent is recovered and reused.
89. The SO2 removed in a lime/limestone-based FGD system is converted to sulfite. The
overall reactions are generally represented by (Karlsson and Rosenberg, 1980).
90. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR
NITROGEN OXIDES
Almost all nitrogen oxide (NOx) air pollution results from combustion processes.
Prevention:
Control devices based on the principle of absorption attempt to transfer the
pollutant from a gas to a liquid phase.The processes in this category employ the
fact that reduction of the peak flame temperature in the combustion zone
reduces NOx formation.
1. Minimizing operating temperatures
2. Fuel switching
3. Low excess air
4. Flue gas recirculation
5. Lean combustion
6. Staged combustion
7. Low NOx burners
8. Secondary combustion
9. Water–steam injection
92. POST COMBUSTION
The SCR process uses a catalyst
bed (usually vanadium-titanium,
or platinum-based and zeolite)
and anhydrous ammonia (NH3).
01
Selective catalytic
reduction (SCR):
Selective noncatalytic
reduction (SNCR):
Nonselective catalytic
reduction (NSCR):
02 03
In the SNCR process ammonia
or urea is injected into the flue
g a s a t a n a p p r o p r i a t e
temperature (870–1090◦ C).
NSCR uses a three-way catalyst
s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n
automotive applications. In
a d d i t i o n t o N O x c o n t r o l ,
hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide are convened to CO2
and water.
93. PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
Cyclones
For particle sizes greater than about 10 μ m in
diameter, the collector of choice is the
cyclone.
• As the diameter of the cyclone is reduced, the efficiency of
collection is increased; however, the pressure drop also
increases.
• Cyclones are quite efficient for particles larger than 10 μm.
Conversely, they are not very efficient for particles 1μm mor
less in diameter.
• Applications: Controlling emissions of wood dust, paper fibers,
and buffing fibers.
95. • Resembles a furnace filter.
• For relatively clean gases and low volumes,
such as air conditioning systems, these are
quite effective. For dirty industrial gas with
high volumes, the baghouse is preferable.
• Synthetic fibers are widely used as filtration
fabrics because of their low cost, better
temperature- and chemical-resistance
characteristics, and small fifiber diameter.
Deep bed filter
2. FILTERS
96. • Operate by directing the dirty gas into the inside of the bag.
The particulate matter is collected on the inside of the bag in
much the same manner as a vacuum cleaner bag.
REVERSE AIR BAGHOUSES
• Cotton and wool fiber bags, for example, cannot be used for
sustained temperatures above 90–100◦ C. Glass fifiber bags,
however, can be used at temperatures up to 260◦ C.
• Applications: Carbon black industry, Cement crushing, feed and
grain handling, gypsum, limestone crushing, and sanding
machines. Baghouse application to boiler flue gas is finding
wide acceptance currently.
97. LIQUID SCRUBBING
• Used when the particulate matter to be collected is wet,
corrosive, or very hot.
• Principle of operation: A differential velocity between the
droplets of collecting liquid and the particulate pollutant
allows the particle to impinge onto the droplet. Because the
droplet–particle combination is still suspended in the gas
stream, an inertial collection device is placed downstream to
remove it. Because the droplet enhances the size of the
particle, the collection effificiency of the inertial device is
higher than it would be for the original particle without the
liquid drop.
98. • Simple spray chambers are used for relatively
coarse particle sizes.
• For high-effificiency removal of fine particles,
the combination of a Venturi scrubber
followed by a cyclone would be selected.
• Applications: Control of emission of talc dust,
phosphoric acid mist, foundry cupola dust,
and open hearth steel furnace fumes.
LIQUID SCRUBBING
99. ELECTROSATIC PRECIPITATION (ESP)
• High-effificiency, dry collection of particles from
hot gas streams can be obtained by electrostatic
precipitation of the particles.
• Unlike the baghouse, the gas flow between the
plates is not stopped during cleaning.
• ESPs often are used to collect fly ash.
• An electrostatic precipitator is a type of filter (dry
scrubber) that uses static electricity to remove
soot and ash from exhaust fumes before they exit
the smokestacks.
100. ELECTROSATIC PRECIPITATION (ESP)
APPLICATIONS
Used to control air pollution from:
• Electric power plants
• Portland cement kilns
• Blast furnace gas
• Kilns and roasters for metallurgical
processes
• And mist from acid production facilities.
102. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR MERCURY
• Existing boiler control equipment achieves some
ancillary removal of mercury compounds.
• Hgp is collected in particulate control equipment.
Soluble Hg2+ compounds are collected in FGD
systems.
• Dry scrubbers achieve average total mercury
(particulate plus compounds) removal ranging
from 0 to 98%. Wet FGD scrubber eficiencies were
similar
• There are two broad approaches being developed
to control mercury emissions: powdered activated
carbon (PAC) injection and enhancement of
existing control devices.
103. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
OF MOBILE SOURCES
“Mobile source"includes any air
p o l l u t i o n e m i t t e d b y m o t o r
vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, and
other engines and equipment that
can be moved from one location to
another.
104. ● Any of a class of internal-
combustion engines that
generate power by burning a
volatile liquid fuel (gasoline or a
gasoline mixture such as
ethanol) with ignition initiated
by an electric spark.
● The air supply is unthrottled;
that is, its flow into the engine is
unrestricted. Thus, a diesel
normally operates at a higher
air-to-fuel ratio than does a
gasoline engine.
● There is no spark ignition
system. The air is heated by
compression.
● It is a type of reaction engine
discharging a fast-moving jet
that generates thrust by jet
propulsion.
GASOLINE ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE JET ENGINE
105. FUEL SPECIFICATIONS
FUEL PROPERTY LIMIT EFFECTIVITY
Unleaded Gasoline Aromatics
Benzene
Anti-knock Index
Reid Vapor Pressure
35% max
2% max
87.5 min
9 psi max
01/01/2003
01/01/2003
01/01/2001
01/01/2003
Automotive Diesel
Fuel
Sulfur
Cetane Number
0.05% max
48 min
01/01/2004
01/01/2003
Industrial Diesel
Fuel
Sulfur 0.30% max 01/01/2001
106. The flow of air past the moving
vehicle is directed through the
crankcase to rid it of any
gas–air mixture that has blown
past the pistons.
Place an activated char coal
adsorber in the tank vent line;
Vent the tank to the crankcase.
FUEL TANK
EVAPORATION LOSSES
CARBURETOR
EVAPORARATION LOSSES
BLOWBY
CONTROL OF AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
107. ü engine modififications
ü fuel system modifications
ü exhaust treatment devices
These programs require periodic checks of
the exhaust and, in some instances, the
evaporative controls. If the vehicle fails the
inspection, the owner is required to provide
the required maintenance and have the
vehicle reinspected. Failure to pass the
inspection may be cause to deny the
issuance of license plates or tags.
ENGINE EXHAUST
108. (a) Venturi scrubber
(b) Baghouse
Cement dust is characterized by very fine particulates.
The exhaust gas temperatures from a cement kiln are
very hot. Which of the following air pollution control
devices would appear to be appropriate? Explain the
reasoning for your selection.
109. 1. The Coriolis effect results from:
2. True/False: Ecosystem services performed by the atmosphere include
protecting the Earth's surface from ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and cosmic
rays.
3. Sources of air pollution includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. smoke from forest fires
b. exhaust from tailpipes of cars
c. gases released during volcanic eruptions
4. Automobiles and trucks are NOT an important source of which of the
following air pollutants?
a. Carbon Dioxide
b. Hydrocarbons
c. Nitrogen Oxides
More detail
110. 5. What is industrial smog?
→ It is formed from sulfur oxides and particulate matter released from
combustion of heating oil and coal.
6. Why is photochemical smog typically worse in the summer?
→ There is more solar energy to drive photochemical reactions.
7. One common health consequence of pollutants such as particulate matter,
sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides, and ozone is:
→ They irritate the respiratory tract and aggravate respiratory illness such as
asthma.
8. Electrostatic precipitators use electrical charges to attract and track what
pollutants?
→ Particulates
9. Ozone is considered a secondary air pollutant because it:
→ It is formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere.
