BioFuels (Incl. Biodiesel)

1. M.Tech/B.Tech (JNTUH)
Dr. S. VIJAYA BHASKAR
M.Tech(Mech).,Ph.D(Mgmt).,Ph.D(Mech)
Professor in Mechanical Engineering
Sreenidhi Inst. of Science and Technology
Hyderabad, TS, India
UNIT-II
BioFuel
(incl.Biodiesel)

2. Bio-fuels : Topics
Importance, Production and applications.
Types of Bio-fuels
Production processes and technologies
Bio fuel applications
Ethanol as a fuel for I.C. engines
Relevance with Indian Economy.

3.  Introduction of Biofuels
 Biofuel feedstock
 Classification of Biofuels
 Manufacturing Process of Biofuels
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuel
 References

4. What is Biofuel?
 Biofuel is the fuel that is produced from renewable
and biodegradable organic products and wastes
 Commercially used biofuels:
 Bioethanol, Biodiesel , Biogas (Biomethane)
 Bioethanol is made from sugar, wheat, algae and
sugar beet
 Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil and animal
fats
 Biomethane generally produced from organic

5. Importance of Biofuel
Biofuel are Essentially Required in order to
1. Reduce the Dependency on Conventional Fossil
Fuel
2. Reduce environmental pollution and so to
protect against Global Warming
3. Reduce dependency/reliance on foreign oil. So it
reduces the import cost and improve nations’
economy
4. Increase the rural economy
5. Meeting the Global Energy Demand

6. • Biofuel is the fuel which is produced from organic
products and wastes.
• The common commercially used biofuels are
bioethanol, biodiesel and biomethane.
Bioethanol is made from sugar, algae, wheat and
sugar beet
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, algal lipids,
animal fats
Biomethane can be produced from waste organic
material, sewage, agriculture waste and domestic
wastes.

7. History
• In 1890s Rudolf Diesel was a first person who made biodiesel from
vegetable oil.
• In 1970s and 1980s environmental protection agency EPA situated in
America suggested that fuel should be free from sulphur dioxide,
carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides.
• In 1998 EPA allowed the production of biofuel on commercial level
which was the alternative source of the petrol.
• In 2010 the production of biofuels reaches up to 105 billion liters
worldwide.
• In 2011, European countries were the largest that made biodiesel
almost about 53%. The international Energy Agency set a goal to
reduce the usage of petroleum and coal and will be switched on to
biofuels till 2050.

8. Soybean Corn Sugarcane Sugar beet
Switchgrass Jatropha Camelina Algae

9. Cassava Palm oil Certain fungi
Animal fat Agricultural wastes

10. Classification of Biofuels
 Also called conventional biofuels. It includes sugar, starch, or
vegetable oil
 known as advanced biofuels and can be manufactured from
different types of biomass. The biomass contains lignocellulosic
material like wood, straw and waste plastic
 Extract from algae mostly marine algae

11. Advantages of Biofuels over Fossil Fuels
• Lower emissions Green gas
• Renewable
• Biodegradable
• Safer

12. Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Biogas
Biobutanol

14. Bioethanol
 Bioethanol is produced by the fermentation of
carbohydrate rich source which includes sugar
cane, sugar beet, corn etc
 It is colorless and clear liquid
 One of the widely used alternative automotive
fuel in the world

15. Preparation of Bio-Ethanol
Milling ( sugarcane stem &
separation of juice and bagasse)
Fermentation (conversion of sugar
into alcohol, production of ethanol)
Distillation (separation of ethanol)
Dehydration
(azeotropic mixture)

16. PREPARATION OF BIO-ETHANOL
 Ethanol is produced from biomass mostly via a
fermentation process using glucose derived from
sugars (sugar cane, sugar beet and molasses), starch
(corn, wheat, grains) or cellulose (forest products) as
raw materials.

17. PREPARATION OF BIO-ETHANOL
 In Chemical viewpoint conventional ethanol is
manufactured via a process where glucose is
transformed by yeast into ethanol called fermentation.

18. PREPARATION OF BIO-ETHANOL
 In this process the feedstock is first converted into
glucose.
 In the case of sugar this is quite straightforward as the
sugar is simply dissolved in water.
 Starch however requires pre-processing where the
starch is transformed into glucose through a process
call liquefaction and saccharification.
 This process through the addition of enzymes frees the
glucose bound in the starch and makes it available for
fermenting into alcohol

19. ETHANOL

20. Making Ethanol Fuel
1. Milling : grind it up
2. Liquification : mixed with H2O and heated
3. Saccharification : starch   fermentable sugars
4. Fermentation : yeast + sugars = ethanol + CO2
5. Distillation : ethanol is separated from the solids
6. Dehydration : remove last bit of H2O
7. Denaturing : made unfit for human consumption
8. Co-products : distiller’s grain   livestock feed,
CO2   compressed for bottling, dry ice
production, and other uses

21. C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2
• Fermentation process requires 3 days to complete and is
carried out at a temperature of between 250°C and 300°C.
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
Glucose Ethanol

22. EXAMPLE COMPANY

23. Ad-Disadvantages of Bioethanol
Advantages Disadvantages
Ethanol is a renewable resource Large amounts leading to problems
such as soil erosion, deforestation.
Ethanol burns more cleanly in air than
petroleum
Typical current engines would require
modification
The use of ethanol reduce carbon
dioxide emissions
Expensive

24. What is Ethanol Fuel
E10 (Gasohol) : 10% ethanol + 90% gasoline.
E85 : 85% ethanol + 15% gasoline.
E85 can be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs).
Gasoline E85 Ethanol
Octane Number 86 to 94 100
Main Fuel Source Crude Oil Corn, Grains, Potato,
Sugarcane, or
agricultural waste
Energy Content / Gallon 109,000 -
125,000 Btu
~ 80,000 Btu
Physical State Liquid Liquid

25. Ethanol
 The use of ethanol as a fuel for internal combustion
engines, either alone or in combination with other
fuels, has been given much attention mostly
because of its possible environmental and long-
term economical advantages over fossil fuel.
 The use of ethanol as an automobile fuel is as old
as the invention of the internal combustion engine
itself. Ethanol was examined as an automotive fuel
by Nikolas A Otto in 1897 during his early engine
studies. Brazil has been using this fuel since 1920s.
 Ethanol can be combined with petrol in any
concentration up to pure ethanol (E100).

26. Ethanol
 Anhydrous ethanol, that is, ethanol without water,
can be blended with petrol in varying quantities to
reduce the consumption of petroleum fuels, as well
as to reduce air pollution.
 Ethanol is increasingly used as an oxygenate
additive for standard petrol, as a replacement for
methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), the latter chemical
being responsible for considerable groundwater and
soil contamination. Ethanol can also be used to
power fuel cells and to produce bio diesel.
 Ethanol, an alcohol fuel, provides high quality, high
octane for exceptional engine performance and
reduced emissions. Ethanol has been used in cars
since Henry Ford designed his 1908 Model T to
operate on alcohol.

27. Facts about Ethanol
With a 113 octane rating, ethanol is the highest performance
fuel on the market and keeps today's high-compression
engines running smoothly. Because the ethanol molecule
contains oxygen, it allows the engine to more completely
combust the fuel, resulting in fewer emissions. Since ethanol
is produced from plants that harness the power of the sun,
ethanol is also considered a renewable fuel. Ethanol-blended
fuel keeps the fuel system clean for optimal performance
because it does not leave gummy deposits. Ethanol helps
prevent wintertime problems by acting as a gas-line antifreeze

28. Ethanol as a fuel in India
India initiated the use of ethanol as an automotive fuel
in the year 2003. The Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas (MoPNG) issued a notification in
September 2002 for mandatory blending of 5 % ethanol
in 9 major sugar producing states and four union
territories from 2003. Due to ethanol shortage during
2004-05, the blending mandate was made optional in
October 2004, and resumed in October 2006 in the
second phase with a gradual rise to 10% blending.

29. Ethanol as a fuel in India
In 2008, the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
established a National Policy on Biofuels to limit the
country's future carbon footprint and dependence on
foreign crude.
Under this, the blending level of bio-ethanol at 5 %
with petrol was proposed from October 2008, leading
to a target of 20 % blending of bio-ethanol by 2017. It
also laid down a roadmap for the phased
implementation of the programme. This was taken up
by the oil marketing companies (OMCs) in 20 states and
4 union territories.
The government has fixed the interim refinery gate
price of ethanol at Rs.27 per litre.

31. Biodiesel
• Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel, is made from
renewable biological sources such as vegetable
oils and animal fats.
• Similar to petroleum diesel fuel in structure (straight
chain) and number of carbon atoms (10 to 21)
• The Biodiesel can be prepared by Transesterification.

32. What is Biodiesel?
Alternative fuel for diesel engines
Made from vegetable oil (edible or non-edible) or animal fat
Meets health effect testing
Lower emissions
high flash point (>300F), Safer
Biodegradable, essentially non-toxic.
Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from
triglycerides.
Vegetable Oil
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
BiodieselFA
FAFA
FA

33. What is Biodiesel?
Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from
triglycerides.
Vegetable Oil
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
BiodieselFA
FAFA
FA

34. What is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel can be made from any plant or animal fats which contains oil.
Common examples include maize, oats, cotton, hemp, soya, coffee, many
types of nuts, euphorbia, mustard, sesame, rice, sunflower, cocoa, olives,
castor, avocado, coconut, oil palm, algae.
The amount of oil in each crop varies considerably, but whatever source of
vegetable oil is used, the properties of refined biodiesel are always the same.
It can even be made from waste cooking oil from kitchens.

35. Is Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) viable for
existing C.I. Engine (diesel engine)?
• The various edible vegetable oils produced from plant sources like sunflower,
soybean, peanut, cotton seed etc. have been tested successfully in the diesel engine.
• Research in this direction with edible oils yielded encouraging results.
• Diesel is produced from crude oil, biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils and
either edible or nonedible oils can be used, depending on their properties.
• Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine he used peanut vegetable oil as an
alternative to diesel.
• Using SVO as a fuel substitute an option but only with many modifications to be
performed on the engine itself for satisfactory engine performance.
• In order to use of vegetable oils as a fuel without modification of the existing
engine designed for diesel, the fuel needs to be modified (in the form of Biodiesel)
for compatibility with the diesel engine.
• Biodiesel is a viable opportunity that will not incur large costs for a new
infrastructure as the storage and distribution will be the same as the diesel
infrastructure.

36. Is Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) viable for
existing C.I. Engine (diesel engine)?
• Existing diesel engine is required to be modified.
• High viscosity leading to many problems such as poor
atomisation, non uniform dispersion of fuel inside the cylinder,
and cold start problem.
• Not viable opportunity right now
Using SVO
• SVO is to be modified (in the form of biodiesel) at par with
petro-diesel in order to use it in existing diesel engine.
• Viable opportunity right now.
Using Biodiesel

37. Applications of Biodiesel
Railway usage
Aircraft use
As a heating oil
Cleaning oil spills
Biodiesel in generators
Vehicles

38. Biodiesel from Different Oils

39. Advantages-Disadvantages of Biodiesel

40. Comparison between Bioethanol & Biodiesel

41. Use of Biodiesel in existing Diesel Engines
Biodiesel can be used as pure biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum
diesel (B20, BXX).
Biodiesel can be used in existing engine with little or no modifications.
Existing fuel distribution network can be used.
Biodiesel is commercially available now.

42. Environmental Issues
Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide
Fossil fuels are a finite resource
Biodiesel’s Closed Carbon
Cycle

43. Biodiesel Samples

44. How biodiesel is made?
• Four main production methods
– Direct use and blending
– Micro emulsions
– Thermal cracking
– Transesterification
• Transesterification
– Most common production method
– Uses vegetable oils and animal fats as feed stocks
– The reaction of a fat (or oil) with an alcohol to form esters
(biodiesel) and glycerin

45. How biodiesel is made?

46. Transesterification
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and
depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the final properties of
the biodiesel (Cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.)
• Transesterification is actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction
looks like this:

47. Biodiesel
Transesterification

48. Making Biodiesel

49. • Biodiesel now just needs to be cleaned/purified before use
Making Biodiesel

50. Extraction of oil
Two General Methods
– Solvent Extraction
• Standard technology for facilities with daily capacities of
greater than 300 tons per day
• Commonly used in conjunction with some form of mechanical
extraction
– Mechanical Extraction
• Typically used for facilities with daily capacities of less than
150 tons per day

51. Extraction of oil
Solvent Extraction Method
 Seed Preparation
• Removal of foreign objects
• Removal of seed hulls or shells for some seeds
 Pre-Pressing
• Seed is crushed through a mechanical press
– Pre-Pressing removes some oil from high oil content seeds
 Solvent Application
• Solvent is applied to the pre-pressed material
• The solvent bonds to the oil in the material
 Solvent & oil mixture is removed from the meal
 The oil is then separated from the solvent which is reused in the process

52. Extraction of oil
Solvent Extraction Method
• Benefits:
– Solvent Extraction is capable of recovering of 99% of the oil
contained in the seed
– Lowest cost per ton for commercial processing
• Challenges:
– Large capital investment
– Not feasible for small-scale processing
– Environmental concerns

53. Extraction of oil
Mechanical Extraction Method
– Seed Preparation
• Removal of foreign objects
• Removal of seed hulls or shells for some seeds
– Extraction
• Seed is processed by a mechanical press
– Removing 65-80% of oil contained in the seed

54. Plant Oil Alcohol Temperature Reaction Time Catalyst
Soybean and
Castor (Brazil)
Ethyl 70 3 Hours NaOH
Wastes frying oil Methyl 60 1 Hours NaOH
Rapeseed Methyl 60 33 mins KOH
Sunflower Methyl 25 45 mins KOH

55. Fischer–Tropsch Process in Production of
Biodiesel

57. Application of Biodiesel
• Railway usage
• Aircraft use
• As a heating oil
• Cleaning oil spills
• Biodiesel in generators
• Vehicles

58. Advantages-Disadvantages of Biodiesel
Can be used pure biodiesel B100. Biodiesel is significantly more
expensive compared to standard
diesel
Biodiesel has shorter ignition delay
compared to standard diesel
Biodiesel can release nitrogen oxide
which can lead to the formation of
smog.
Biodiesel has no sulfur content, and so
it doesn't contribute to acid rain
formation
Pure biodiesel has significant
problems with low temperatures
Biodiesel has good lubricating
properties better than standard diesel
Food Shortage can be occurred

59. Comparison between Bioethanol & Biodiesel
Bioethanol Biodiesel
Environmental Benefit Both reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Costs Cheaper More expensive
Energy provides 93% more net
energy per gallon
produces only 25% more
net energy.

61. Biobutanol
•The term biobutanol refers to butanol made from
renewable resources such as grain or cornstalks by
fermentation process
• Bacteria; known as, solventogenic Clostridia is used
• Butanol is more similar to gasoline than to ethanol.

63. Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation

64. Production of Butanol from Ethanol
Catalyst
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

65. Biobutanol Applications
• Gasoline (as an additive) and brake fluid (formulation
component)
• Solvent –for paints, coatings, varnishes
• Plasticizers –to improve how a plastic material processes
• Coatings –as a solvent for a variety of applications,
• Chemical intermediate or raw material –for other chemicals
and plastics,
• Textiles –as a swelling agent from coated fabric
• Cosmetics –makeup, nail care products, shaving products.
• Butanol can be used in car

67. Biogas
• A mixture of CH4 , CO2 and other gases
Gas %
Methane 50–75
Carbon dioxide 25–50
Nitrogen 0–10
Hydrogen 0–1
Hydrogen sulfide 0–3
Oxygen 0–2

68. Biogas
• Biogas is a fuel used as domestic purpose
• Obtained from cow manure, fruit and
vegetable waste
• Biogas is produced by the breakdown of organic waste
by bacteria without oxygen anaerobic digestion

69. Biogas
Two Types of Anaerobic Digestion
• Mesophilic process
• Thermophilic process
•
25-38°C for 14-30 days
50-60°C for 12-14 days
Produced from Anaerobic digestion in Anaerobic
Digesters (AD)

70. Principle of biogas production
The process of anaerobic digestion can be divided into 3 stages
Stage I: Original organic matter containing complex compounds e.g.
carbohydrate, protein, fats etc. is broken by the influence of
water (known as hydrolysis) to simple water soluble compounds.
The polymers (large molecules) are reduced to monomers (basic
molecules). The process takes about a day at 25oC in an active
digester.
Stage II: The micro-organisms of anaerobic and facultative (that can live
and grow with or without oxygen) groups, together known as
acid formers produce mainly acetic and propionic acids. This
stage also takes about one day at 25°C. Much of CO2 is released
in this stage.

71. Principle of biogas production
Stage III: Anaerobic bacteria, also known as methane formers slowly
digest the products available from second stage to produce
methane, carbon dioxide, small amount of hydrogen and trace
amount of other gases. The process takes about two weeks to
complete at 25°C. This third stage, i.e. methane formation stage
is carried out strictly by the action of anaerobic bacteria.

72. Biogas Plant
Stops air getting into the
digester- creates
anaerobic condition
Gas to kitchen
Sludge used as a
fertiliser

73. • Hydrolysis : Complex organic matter is
decomposed into simple soluble organic
molecules using water
• Fermentation or
Acidogenesis: generation of
intermediary products such as short-
chain fatty acids, (hydrogen producing
and acetogenic organisms)
• Acetogenesis: acetate production
(hydrogen-producing, hydrogen-
consuming acetogenic organisms)
• Methanogenesis: methane production
(methane-forming bacteria) CH3COO-+ H+
CO2 + 4 H2
CH4 + CO2
CH4 + 2H2O

74. Biogas
A. Methanosarcina (cocci) Methanosaeta
Clostridium formicoaceticumSyntrophomonas wolfei

75. Advantages Biogas
• Reduce air and water pollution
• more environmentally friendly fertilizers
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
• concerns about waste management in the
agriculture and food industry
• Energy security

76. Application of Biogas
• Cooking
• Lighting
• Fuel for engine

77. Advantages of Biofuels
• Renewable
• Reduce Greenhouse Gases
• Economic Security
• Easy to Source
• Lower level of Pollution

78. Disadvantages of Biofuel
• High Cost of Production
• Industrial Pollution
• Future Rise in Price
• Shortage of Food
• Use of Fertilizer