i.school, The University of Tokyo "The purposes and methods of technological research and case studies"

2014 i.school All Rights Reserved.
This material shall be the sole and exclusive property of i.school at The University of Tokyo and
shall not be used for any other purpose nor disclosed to any other party without i.school’s written
consent.
1
1©
UT
i.school,
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rights
reserved

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2
School for Innovation, i.school,
The
University
of
Tokyo

consent.
3
Guest facilitator

Hayato
Shin

i.lab:

Researcher

Master's degree from Department of Mechanical Engineering
and Intelligent Systems, University of Electro-Communications
(received the President's Award as a vice-representative).

Hayato
Shin
was
invited
to
Loccioni,
Italy
for
research
and

development
of
industrial
autonomous
mobile
robots
as
a

government
sponsored
scholar
for
the
2010
"Vulcanus
in

Europe"
program
during
his
graduate
study.
He currently provides consulting services on innovation
originating from technological inspiration. He
has
obtained
8

patents
through
i.lab
projects.

consent.
4
Goals of this series:

Understand the entire process of creating innovation

Learn to provide a concept idea

Understand the process of coming up with a concept idea

consent.
5

5
Objectives
of the 3rd class:

▶  Understand the purposes, targets and methods of technology-
centered research

▶  Turn everything surrounding you into hints for ideas right
away

consent.
6

6
Review of

the 2nd class

consent.
7

7
Objectives
of the 2nd class:

▶  Understand the purposes, targets and methods of human-centered
research

▶  Turn your daily life into fieldwork right away

consent.
8
Market

Tech-‐
nolog
y

Idea

Technology
People
I d e a
m a k e r
Idea

(Product, service,
experience)

IDEA

Society

The objective of understanding:

Gain an insight into a society

Steps in the understanding
phase

① Collect miscellaneous
factual information
② Group and abstract
factual information

③ Understand a situation
structurally
④ Explore business
opportunities

①

Humans

②
③
④

Society

Market

consent.
9
No

Yes

You

Others

No
Yes

Aim here
Secrets

Common sense
Need to study

The objective of understanding people：

To understand social situations that neither you nor others understand

(You
might
come
up
with
an
innovaMve
idea
on
this
stance)

consent.
10

10
Questions received after the 2nd class:

▶ Thank you for your participation!

▶ Tamura and Yokota responded to all of the
questions.

consent.
11
1
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UT
i.school,
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rights
reserved

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12

12
Objectives
of the 3rd class:

centered research

away

consent.
13
Society

Market

Human
s

Technolo
gy

Idea

Technology
People
I d e a
m a k e r
Idea

(Product, service,
experience)

IDEA

Human-centered approach

Technology-centered
approach

Market-‐centered
approach

•  New business development
through corporate planning,
strategic consulting, think
tanks

•  Business development
through R&D, strategic
consulting, MOT expertise

•  Design consulting, design
research

consent.
14
The focus of this class is
② Exploring new values of
technologies

① Functional improvement
of existing values

• Research and analyze competing
ideas
• Collect information on leading-
edge products/cases (for direct
use)
② Explore new values of
technologies

• Explore the usage of specific
technologies

• Collect information on existing
products/cases (for analogical
use)

Technology-centered
approach has two types:

Society

Market

Humans

Idea

Technology
People
I d e a
m a k e r
Idea

(Product, service,
experience)

IDEA

Technolog
y

consent.
15
Latest

Existing

Value perceived by people

Technological maturity

Novel
Existing

Aim here

Functional
improvements

Cost reduction

The objective of understanding technologies/cases：

Explore
new
values
as
perceived
by
people

consent.
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Market

Techno
-‐logy

Idea

Technology
People
I d e a
m a k e r
Idea

(Product, service,
experience)

IDEA

Society

The objective of understanding technologies:
To explore new values of technologies

phase

① Collect existing ideas
② Analyze means and ends

③ Group and abstract by
means/ends

①

Human
s

②
③

Society

Market

consent.
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① Collect existing ideas: The
"Roomba" is a house cleaning robot equipped
with various sensors to detect room conditions.

consent.
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18
- Electrified wire glows

The essence of creating ideas is to seek new links between existing
knowledge on ends and existing knowledge on means.

Means

(Function, shape, mechanism)

Ends

(Provided value, challenge)

- Light up a dark place

consent.
19
② Analyze ends and means：

Analyze the relationship between the ends and means of
existing products/cases

Means

(Function, shape, mechanism)

Ends

(Provided value, challenge)

• Keeps the floor clean
• Sucks up air like a vacuum
cleaner
• Moves around by itself

consent.
20
What are the

Roomba's other "provided values"

as
perceived
by
people?

Post and share your ideas!

consent.
21

21
Examples of other provided values:

① Object of affection

② Increases free time

③ Floor
is
kept
clean
without
the
Roomba

consent.
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① Object of affection

② Increases free time

③ Floor
is
kept
clean
without
the
Roomba

What are the functions and shape that make
these happen? Post and share your opinions!

Indicate clearly when you post:

e.g.) "Functions for ①: ○○ and △△"

consent.
23
Market

Techn
ology

Idea

Technology
People
I d e a
m a k e r
Idea

(Product, service,
experience)

IDEA

Society

The objective of understanding technologies:
To explore new values of technologies

phase

① Collect existing ideas
② Analyze means and ends

③ Group and abstract by
means/ends

①

Humans

②
③

Society

Market

consent.
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24
③ Group and abstract by means/ends

Case
A
: More restricted to certain means

Research results on technologies are grouped by means
and given abstract titles.

e.g.) Theme: Everyday robots in the future

Case
B
: More restricted to certain ends

Research results on technologies are grouped by ends
and given abstract titles.

e.g.) Theme: Urban sustainable infrastructure in
emerging countries

consent.
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25
"Ends" and "means" have different levels of

importance but there is no single defining relationship.

Seeking a better combination of the two is good
training to find hints for ideas.

consent.
26
2
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UT
i.school,
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rights
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27

27
School for innovation

UTokyo students

Cultivation of future innovators

Leading-edge wisdom

Workshop

Innovation consulting

Companies

Creation of new businesses

Practical wisdom

Project

Societal role

Target

Mission

Advantage

Format

consent.
28

28
Breaking through "1" is

the biggest challenge for the recent innovation industry.

1
Concept

0
Knowledge

1
Concept

10
Market

introducMon

consent.
29

29
1.1
Feasible

concept

0
Knowledge

Instead of just trying to breaking through "1,"

why not reconsider the process by looking at "0⇒1.1"?

consent.
30
3
0©
UT
i.school,
All
rights
reserved

consent.
31

31
Purposes and methods of

technological
research
and
case
studies

i.lab
Researcher

Hayato
Shin

consent.
32

32

What are the tricks to

move from 0 to 1.1?

Anything is fine but be specific.

Post and share your ideas!

1.1
Feasible

Concept

0
Knowledge

consent.
33

33
Purpose
Target
Method

Example research on technologies

consent.
34

34
The purpose
of
research
on
technologies:

▶  1.
Understand the values of technologies/products as perceived by
people

▶  2.
Use the research as a foundation for specific technological
discussion for actualizing the idea

▶  3.
Induce a situation that ensures your company's existing
technologies are utilized in the idea

consent.
35

35
Location

Outside

Inside

Close
Distant

Proximity to the project theme

Your company's

technologies/

products

What is the target of research on technologies?

Useful
mechanisms

Latest
technologies,

fun products/

services

CompeMtor's

technologies/

products

①
Technologies/

products

② Analogy
③ Inspiration

consent.
36

36
① Research on technologies/products existing
inside or outside your company
▶  Intention: Uncover the technologies your company has and use them
to create ideas

▶  Example of a deliverable:

This material shall be the sole and exclusive property of i.school at The University of Tokyo and shall not
be used for any other purpose nor disclosed to any other party without i.school’s written consent.
33
概要�
提供価値（＝目的）�
価値を生み出している機能や形状（＝手段）�
各種センサーで部屋の状態を
検知し、人の代わりに掃除して
くれるロボット「Roomba」�
‣ ルンバは人工知能を搭載したロボット掃除機。部屋の形状、広
さ、汚れ具合などを判断し、人間が操作しなくても勝手に掃除
してくれる。�
‣ 本体に内蔵された、壁センサー、段差センサー、ゴミセンサー、
など数十に及ぶセンサーが部屋の状態を検知して効率よく掃
除してくれる。�
‣ http://www.irobot-jp.com/roomba/technology.html�
‣ 床を勝手にきれいにしてくれる�
‣ ペットを可愛がるような気持ちにしてくれる�
‣ 平面なら四方八方に動き回る�
‣ 空気を吸い込む�
‣ 床の汚れ具合を検知し調整�
‣ 壁や段差などの障害物を検知し調整�
‣ 何かあったら感情的な音を出す�
‣ リモコンで操作可能�

consent.
37
Overview�
Provided values (= ends)�
Functions and shape that create the values (=
means)�
The
"Roomba" is a house
cleaning robot equipped
with various sensors to
detect room conditions. �
‣ The
Roomba is a house-cleaning robot equipped with
artificial intelligence. It detects the size and shape of
the room as well as dirt and debris on the floor and
cleans the area autonomously without human
operation.

‣ It has numerous sensors to detect walls, bumps, and
dirt to sense the condition of the room and clean the
area efficiently.

‣ h]p://www.irobot-‐jp.com/roomba/technology.html

‣ Cleans the floor by itself

‣ Attracts affection like a pet

‣ Moves in all directions over a flat surface

‣ Sucks up air

‣ Detects dirt and makes adjustments

‣ Detects obstacles like walls and bumps and makes
adjustments

‣ Makes an emotional sound when something goes
wrong

‣ Controllable with a remote

consent.
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38
Structural
similarity

Earth
Sun
Nucleus
Electron
e-‐

Solar system
Atomistic model
What is an analogy?

A
structural similarity exists between concepts despite

the lack of direct relationship

consent.
39

39
② What is research on analogy
▶  Intention: Borrow mechanisms from other fields when creating ideas


44
解説
水分の乏しいオーストラリアの砂漠
に住むモロクトカゲ。
体中に刻まれたシワが全て口へとつ
ながっていて、体に触れたすべての
水分を口へと自動的に集めることが
できる。
微細なエネルギーを集積す
る構造
画像出典：http://labaq.com/archives/51196569.html

consent.
40
Description
The thorny dragon lives in the dry
Australian desert.

Grooves on its body guide water to its
mouth by drawing moisture caught on
the body.

Structure to accumulate
microscopic energy

Photo provided at: h]p://labaq.com/archives/51196569.html

consent.
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41
③ What is research on inspiration?
▶  Intention: Encourage discovery of new combinations of existing
knowledge


40
特徴
▶  ちゃぶ台に温熱器具を合体させ、
足を温める。
▶  布団と共に用いて、保温性を確保
する。
▶  人だけではなく、猫も集いたくな
る心地良さ。
こたつ

consent.
42
Features

▶  A low table equipped with a heating
device to warm the lower body

▶  Use with bedding to keep warm

▶  People, and a cat gather at the
kotatsu.

Kotatsu

consent.
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43
Case study:

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

K3
-‐
a
project
for
creaMng
new
business

consent.
44

44
Future water/sanitation infrastructure:

"Private Water System (PWS)"

Concept:

An urban water recycling project for buildings and
residential lands to accommodate several thousand
people

Result:

Pursued 15 applications of patents, of which 8 were
already granted

consent.
45

45
Technology
People
!

“Technology”

International
Space Station

"Business domain"

Urban social
infrastructure

in emerging
countries

"Analogy"

Structure to
accumulate
microscopic
energy

Idea

consent.
46

46
Functions/shape that create the values

(= means)

▶  A mechanism to circulate 100% of
the water

▶  Purification capacity to meet
drinkable standards

▶  …

A water recycling system at the International Space Station

Provided values

(= ends)

▶  Enables sustainable living without
worrying about the absolute
amount of water in an isolated
environment

Photo provided at: h]p://iss.jaxa.jp/iss/ulf2/mission/payload/mplm/

consent.
47
Description
The thorny dragon lives in the dry
Australian desert.

Grooves on its body guide water to its
mouth by drawing moisture caught on
the body.

Structure to accumulate
microscopic energy

Photo provided at: h]p://labaq.com/archives/51196569.html

consent.
48

48
Tips for research on technologies:

▶  Set the granularity of the research target according to themes and
team members' expertise

▶  Encourage engineering people to focus on values and sales people to
focus on functions/shape when analyzing

▶  List the most important functions/shapes first as they are numerous

▶  Prepare inputs from an analyzer's perspective on the project theme
as well

▶  Remind yourself that this task is for uncovering information to create
ideas not just for organizing information

consent.
50

50
Recommended
readings
for

knowledge
seekers

consent.
51

51
Teaches past results and challenges of technological
management approach (= MOT).

A method of managing existing projects (including
upgrades) is different from that of managing the creation
of new projects. Companies need both existing and new
projects (two wheels) to innovate.

MOT has been mainly about analytical studies based on
successful examples in the past. What we need is to
raise awareness of that fact that MOT is a practical study
that has the potential to create future projects.

Innova'on
Strategy

(Kiyoshi Niwa)

consent.
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52
This book introduces methodology adopted by Keio
University Graduate School of System Design
Management (Keio SDM)
that
oﬀers
innovaMon
educaMon.

Many of the authors have engineering backgrounds. It's a
great book for readers with engineering expertise to learn
about a human-centered approach.

i.lab projects are featured as well.

Systems × Design Thinking Transform the
World (translated
'tle)

(Keio University SDM)

consent.
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53
Objectives of the 3rd class:

centered research

away

consent.
54

54
Q&A

consent.
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56
Technology
People
!

Create ideas by combining

information on people and
technologies

consent.
57
Society

Market

Humans

Techn
o-‐logy

Idea

Technology
People
I d e a
m a k e r
Idea

(Product, service,
experience)

IDEA

Next time we'll learn how to create ideas

consent.
58
Guest facilitator for the next class

Jun
Murakoshi

i.lab:

Product
Designer

Master's degree from the Design and Science Course,
Chiba University Graduate School of Engineering.

Master's degree from Royal College of Art (RCA)
Design

Products in the U.K.
Murakoshi was a specially appointed researcher at the
Graduate School of Engineering at Chiba University and
worked as a specially appointed associate professor at
the Center for International Research and Education of
the same university before joining i.lab.
He has a number of award-winning works that are
exhibited in Japan and Europe.

consent.
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59
Thank
you!

i.school, The University of Tokyo "The purposes and methods of technological research and case studies"

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