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1. COUNSELING THEORIES
TOPIC 4 (EDU3073)

2. BEHAVIOURIS THEORY

3. Human Natural Behaviour Main Concept / Purpose Techniques / Process
• Attitudes, habits, behavior is
determined by the behavior of
person
• Personality development is
determined by experience, the
interaction of individuals and
the environment
• Individuals vary due to different
experiences. Behavior is
influenced by environmental
stimuli
• Individual personalities are
formed due to the
reinforcement received either +
ve / -ve.
• A behavior can be emulated by
observation and reinforcement
• This theory provides an
environment in which all
unsuitable behavior can be
eliminated and guide clients to
master appropriate new
behaviors to replace unsuitable
behavior
Purpose
• Maladaptive behavior can be
eliminated and client will learn
to master appropriate new
behaviors
Proses
Define problem
Know the background
State the goals
Strategy in changing behaviour
Technique
Systematic Desensitization
Imaginal flooding
System token

4. Counselor Role Client Role
• Counsellors need to accept
unconditionally
• Pay attention to the behavior of the
client
• Understanding the client
• Play an active role
• Clients can experience directly

5. PERSON CENTERED THEORY
(Humanistic)

6. Human Natural Behaviour Main Concept/Purpose Technique/Process
• Humans are good and reliable
• Human credible on the basis of
the positive
• Human behavior resulting from
the individual self. He himself
made the choice behavior
• Psychological concept of
humanity (humanistic)
• Give a therapeutic environment
for clients to feel himself
Purpose
• Clients will be more realistic,
objective, and more accurate
and more effective in its
response in solving the problem.
Technique
Focus on the ability to build a
relationship counselor facilitates:
• reflection of feelings
• Encourage clients to share the
problem
• Counsellor position of
responsibility in every action,
thought and make decisions
Process
• Counselors explain what
happens in a counseling session
• Counsellors help clients express
feelings
• Clients understand the choices
available and counselors help
clients evaluate and understand
the options available

7. Counselor Role Client Role
• Encourage expression of feelings
that lead to insight.
• Treat clients equally with
counselor
• Create a therapeutic
environment
• Clients need to express
themselves orally
• Volunteer
• Clients feel more open

8. RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY
Albert Ellis (1913-2007)
By Abdul Wafi bin Abd. Halim

9. • Proposed by Albert Ellis in 1995.
• He believed, the therapist sought to help the client understand and act on the
understanding.
• This approach stressed actively working to change a client's self-defeating beliefs and
behaviours by demonstrating their irrationality, self-defeatism and rigidity.
• He believed, through rationalanalysis and cognitive reconstruction, people could understand
their self-defeatingness in light of their core irrational beliefs and then develop more rational
constructs.
• Ellis’s A-B-C model is the basis of his personality theory.

10. RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY VIEWPOINTS
• Rationality:
Thinking, feeling, and acting in ways that will help individuals attain
their goals. This is in contrast to irrationality in which thinking, feeling
and acting are self-defeating and interfere with goal attainment.
• Being vulnerable to emotional disturbance for both social and
biological reasons is a core view of Ellis. Although individuals desire to
be successful and happy, many irrational beliefs interfere with these
goals.

11. A-B-C THEORY OF
PERSONALITY

12. A – ACTIVATING EVENT
B – BELIEF SYSTEM
C – CONSEQUENCES

13. • The A-B-C model refers to what happens when an activating event (A)
leads to emotional and behavioral consequences (C).
• The emotional and behavioral consequences are not caused by (A)
the activating event but by the individual’s belief system (B).
• Irrational beliefs occur when the activating event (A) is an unpleasant
one.
• Irrational beliefs (B) can then partly cause difficult emotional and
behavioral consequences (C).

14. • According to Ellis, it is bad enough that individuals have irrational
beliefs, but they turn these beliefs into new activating events which
cause new irrational beliefs.
• Ellis refers to this as disturbances about disturbances.

15. Disturbances about Disturbances
• Musterbation: Albert Ellis’s phrase to characterize the behavior of
clients who are inflexible and absolutistic in their thinking,
maintaining that they must not fail or that they must have their way.
• Low frustration tolerance: Inability or difficulty in dealing with events
or situations that do not go as planned, for example, getting very
angry because someone does not do as you ask.

16. RATIONAL EMOTIVE THEORY OF
PSYCHOTHERAPY
• The A-B-C theory of personality affects the way RET therapists
determine goals for their clients, assess their clients, and select
therapeutic techniques. Disputing irrational beliefs is a most
important therapeutic intervention .

17. Objectives of Therapy
• A general goal of RET is to help clients minimize emotional disturbances, decrease
self-defeating behaviors, and become happier.
• If individuals can think rationally and have fewer irrational beliefs, Ellis believes
they will live happier lives.
• RET teaches clients how to deal with negative feelings such as sorrow, regret,
frustration, depression, and anxiety.
• Virtually all client problems are viewed from the perspective of the contribution
of their irrational beliefs.

18. ASSESSMENT
• RET therapists try to assess which thoughts and behaviors create
problems for their clients.
• They may listen for themes that repeat themselves.
• Identifying activating events (A), rational and irrational beliefs (B), and
emotional and behavioral consequences (C) is the most basic form of
assessment in RET.
• This assessment continues in each session and is not limited to the
first few sessions.

19. Counselor/client Relationship
• Rational-emotive therapists do not believe a warm relationship between
counselee and counselor is a necessary or a sufficient condition for effective
personality change.
• REBT therapists fully accept clients as fallible humans without necessarily giving
personal warmth.
• To keep clients from becoming unduly dependent, REBT therapists deliberately
use hardheaded methods of convincing clients that they had damned well better
resort to more self-discipline.

20. THE A-B-C-D-E THERAPEUTIC APPROACH
• D are three parts of disputation. When irrational beliefs are disputed,
the client will experience E, a new effect. In essences, the client will
have a logical philosophy that allows her to challenge her own
irrational beliefs.

21. A (activating Event)
• Therapists often divide activating events into two parts:
• 1)what happened and
• 2)what the patient perceived happened.
• Typically, therapists focus only on a few activating events at a time.
• Sometimes previous consequences (C) become activating events.

22. B (Beliefs):
• Irrational or self-defeating beliefs, rather than self-helping beliefs, are
the focus of therapy.
• Changing irrational beliefs can change consequences.

23. C (Consequences):
• Sometimes it is difficult for therapists to distinguish between
consequences and beliefs.
• Consequences tend to be feelings such as “I feel so stressed out.”
• Feelings cannot be disputed, but beliefs that bring about feelings can.
• Changing beliefs (B) can alter consequences (C).

24. D (Disputing)
• Disputing irrational beliefs is the major therapeutic technique in RET.

25. Disputing is often done in three parts.
• 1. Detecting – the client and therapist detect the irrational beliefs
that underlie activating events.
• 2). Discriminating – the therapist and client discriminate irrational
from rational beliefs.
• 3). Accepting 1 and 2, knowing that insight does not automatically
change people, and working hard to effect change.

26. E (Effect):
• Developing an effective philosophy in which irrational beliefs have
been replaced by rational beliefs is the product of successful RET.

27. Emotive Techniques Used
• Imagery
• Role-playing
• Shame-attacking exercises
• Forceful self-statements
• Forceful self-dialogue

28. Behavioral Techniques Used
• Activity Homework
• Reinforcements & penalities
• Skill Training

29. COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY

30. Cognitive Therapy is based on the premise that what
we think affects our emotions, what we choose to do
or avoid, and our physiological reactions.

31. Characteristics of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies:
1. Thoughts cause Feelings and Behaviors.
2. Brief and Time-Limited.
3. Emphasis placed on current behavior.

32. 4. CBT is a collaborative effort between the therapist and the client.
Client role - define goals, express concerns,
learn & implement learning
Therapist role - help client define goals, listen,
teach,encourage.
5. Teaches the benefit of remaining calm or at least neutral
when faced with difficult situations. (If you are upset by
your problems, you now have 2 problems: 1) the problem,
and 2) your upsetness.

33. 6. Based on "rational thought." - Fact not assumptions.
7. CBT is structured and directive. Based on notion that maladaptive
behaviors are the result of skill deficits.
8. Based on assumption that most emotional and behavioral reactions
are learned. Therefore, the goal of therapy is to help clients unlearn
their unwanted reactions and to learn a new way of reacting.
9. Homework is a central feature of CBT.

34. CBT effective for use with
● Self / Personal Growth
● Individual Clients
● Groups
● Marriage / relationships
● Family
● Workplace
● Varying Intellectual ability/learning impairments

35. REFERENCES
• Ahmad, I. (2002). Perkhidmatan Bimbingan Dan Kaunseling Di Sekolah
Rendah. Cheras, Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publication & Distributors Sdn
Bhd.
• Mizan Adillah Ahmad Ibrahim, Wan Mohd Fazrul Azdi Wan Razali,
Hanit Osman. (2012). Kaunseling Dalam Islam. Bandar Baru Nilai,
Negeri Sembilan: Universiti Islam Malaysia.
• Sapora Sipon, Hapsah Yusof. (2013). Pengenalan Kepada Profesion
Kaunseling. Bandar Baru Nilai, Negeri Sembilan: Universiti Sains Islam
Malaysia.