The document discusses sex determination and how mutations can affect it. It explains that sex is determined by the combination of X and Y chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and Y. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or be caused by external mutagens like chemicals and radiation, and can result in changes like base substitutions or deletions. These mutations can be passed down to offspring and contribute to genetic variation in populations over generations through evolution.
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