course materials

1. Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay HSMF 687-D01
Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay HSMF 687-D01ORDER NOW FOR
COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION PAPERS ON Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions
Essay HSMF 687-D01AbstractThis research paper will focus on the treatment options and
intervention approaches that are used to help those that are dealing with compulsive
buying disorder (CBD). Psychologists and economists around the world have researched
this disorder by looking for both a better understanding of why people over purchase and
are also looking for effective ways to treat them. Shopping addictions are fueled by a
powerful cycle of emotions; which generally begins with a feeling of tension or arousal
when thinking about going shopping When a purchase is made, some may experience
feelings of guilt soon after a purchase. Though shopping addictions do not vary greatly
between men and women, women may have a slightly higher risk are more likely to have
learned from an earlier age that shopping is a good way to deal with stress, it is fun and
exciting, and can help with their self-esteem. Therefore, counseling, medication, and
groups are the most well recognized treatment options and intervention approached to help
those dealing with shopping addictions. Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay
HSMF 687-D01.Description of Shopping AddictionsShopping is thought of as a necessary
part of modern life and it presents itself as a leisure activity that many may consider to be
harmless (Gallagher, Watt, Weaver & Murphy, 2016, p.37). Expressions such as
“shopaholic”, “retail therapy” and the notion of “shop til you drop”, have quickly become
commonplace in today’s popular culture (Darrat, Darrat, & Amyx, 2016, 103.) Research
suggests that consumers will often resort to compulsive buying out of their personal need
for affection and a sense of belongingness (Darrat, Darrat, & Amyx, 2016, p. 103). Gallagher
et al. (2016) compulsive buying involves some preoccupations with buying or urges to buy,
in which the experiences are intrinsic and uncontrollable (p. 37). Compulsive buying (CB)
which has been reported throughout the world is described as a pattern of chronic,
excessive, and repetitive purchasing behavior that has become extremely difficult to shot in
response to negative events, or feelings of uncontrolled urges (Zhang, Brook, Leukefeld, De
La Rosa & Brook, 2017, p. 208). According to Benson and Eisenach (2013) compulsive
buying has three cardinal features” irresistible impulses to shop, the loss of control over
shopping behavior, and the persistence of such behavior in the face of adverse personal,
social, and financial consequences (p. 5). Hague, Hall, and Kellett (2016) believes that
compulsive buying disorder is distinguished by a motivation to feel better, rather than it
being a factor that is derived from excessive spending and materialism alone, repeatedly

2. creating serious associated impacts on one’s lives, such as high debt, relationship problems,
elevated risk of criminal behaviors, and suicide attempts (p.379).Compulsive consumption
is defined as “a response to an unsubstance or any type of activity that can lead individuals
to repetitively allow themselves to engage in certain types of behaviors that will ultimately
cause harm to the individual and or/to other”(Darrat, Darrat, & Amyx, 2016, p. 103). Darrat,
Darrat, and Amyx (2016) asserts that for those that engage in compulsive behaviors, they
commonly do so in order to cope with stresses of life, to escape the demands and pressures
against them, or to overcome the unpleasantry of their emotions or situations (p. 103). In
addition to being used as a way to coped with the stresses of life, negative emotions and
everyday pressures, compulsive buying is often associated with a less than desirable self-
worth (Lee, Park, & Lee, 2016, p.1904). Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay
HSMF 687-D01.The Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery (An Affiliate of UnityPoint
Health) there are various social and cultural factors that can increase the addictive potential
of shopping and spending. The easy availability of applying for credit and the material focus
of society in general, tends to encourage people to accumulate possessions now and have to
worry about their financial responsibility later. The abilities to purchase has been made
much easier with the easy accessibility of on-line shopping and television stations; which
devote time to buy twenty-four hours a day. Compulsive buying is defined as an impulse
control disorder and has features similar to other addictive disorders without involving the
rise of an intoxicating drug (www.addictionrecov.org). Sohn and Choi (2013) compulsive
buying can be categorized and as “impulse control” disorder not otherwise specified in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders IV (DSM-IV-TR) (p. 244).
Impulse buying can occur when a consumer experiences a spontaneous and unplanned urge
to purchase something and then will act on their impulse quickly, with little to no thought of
their purchase or the following consequences (Lucas & Koff, 2016, p. 330). Current Statistics
of Shopping AddictionsLee, Park, and Lee (2016) the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the
retail e-commerce saline in the United States for the last quarter of 2013 reached over 69
billion dollars in the United States. This totaled about 6 percent of all retail sales in that
period (p. 1901). Benson and Eisenach (2013) despite the variations in percentages and
sample populations, such studies have unveiled compulsive buying as a serious specter
hanging over millions of Americans. Bowen and Eisenach (2013) an all-time high of nearly
six billion credit offers went out to America’s three hundred million people–more than
twenty offers per year to every man, woman, and child (p. 6). This resulted in easy credit,
and that ubiquitous equation of “more equals better”, has led to plummeted savings and a
skyrocketing number of bankruptcies (Benson and Eisenach, 2013, p. 6). Yet the accurate
conception of the “typical” compulsive buyer remains elusive (p. 5). Research shows that
the popular stereotype; pinpoints a 30 something female who has been buying
compulsively (Benson & Eisenach, 2013, p. 5) sine her late teens or twenties. Compulsive
buying disorder (CBD) is a global disorder, with a lifetime prevalence of 5.8 percent in the
general population of the United States (Sohn & Choi, 2013, p. 244). These results were
based on results from a random telephone survey of 2,513 adults. Rose and Dhandaydham
(2014) currently estimates that 60 percent of the United Kingdom adult population has
begun to take part in online shopping activity and in 2012 saw a year-on-year growth of

3. about 16 percent in online sales against an overall increase in retail growth of 4 percent
(p.84). However, research showed that 92 percent of the respondents that were compulsive
shoppers were women (Black, 2007, p. 14). Black (2007) community based and clinical
surveys suggests that approximately 80 percent to 95 percent of those with compulsive
buying disorder are women. Benson and Eisemach (2013) conducted research study with a
much narrower focus; they assessed the prevalence of compulsive buying using three
sample groups (university staff, undergraduate students, and customers of an online
women’s clothing retailer) (p.4). They identified that about 8.9 percent of personnel staff,
15.5 percent of the undergraduate students and about 16 percent of the online customers
were compulsive buyers (p.5). This study showed that the prevalence of compulsive buying
among the men was 5.5 percent, and among the women it was 6 percent (Benson &
Eismach, 2013, p. 6). Benson and Eisenach (2013) sates that “as troublesome as it may be,
the likelihood that women are more likely to be overrepresented in the studies that are
conducted because the culture attaches far less stigma to women who shop compared to
men (p.5). Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay HSMF 687-D01Research into
shopping has proved that although shopping is an important need today, it can also be a
leisure activity and a form of entertainment that has its rewards and values for some people
(Maraz, Griffiths, & Demetrovics, 2016, p.5). Compulsive buying behavior goes unnoticed
and often results in negative consequences; 5.8 percent of large debt os accumulated, 41.7
percent of people cannot make payments towards the debt, 8.3 percent face legal and
financial consequences, 8.3 percent will have criminal legal problems and 45.8 percent will
experience some sort of guilt (Maraz, Griffiths, & Demetrovics, 2016, p. 5). The consumer
style is prevalent in many cultures throughout the world; and in the United States, 75
percent of the respondents to a survey reported having made an impulse purchase (Lucas &
Koff, 2016, p. 330). Women particularly have allocated a significant amount of economic
resources, spending $750 billion annually on clothing alone (Lucas & Koff, 2016, p.
330).Symptoms and Causes of Shopping AddictionsThe development of a shopping
addiction is thought to be influenced by a combination of several different factors. The most
common risk factors for shopping addiction are gender and age, with young women hang
the highest risk. Research and evidence suggests that compulsive shopping runs in families
where there are extremely high levels of mental health and substance abuse addiction
issues. Depression and general anxiety disorder are the most common comorbidities of
person suffering from compulsive buying disorder (Project Know, 2018).Despite multiple
studies highlighting the severity of the negative consequences that compulsive buying leads
to, the latest edition of the DSM-5 does not show compulsive buying disorder due to the
limited research in the field. Those individuals that have to deal with the condition are
placed within the residual category of “Unspecified disruptive, impulse-control and conduct
disorders” (Maraz, Griffiths, & Demetrovics, 2016, p. 4). According to Zhang et al. (2017)
early midlife (mid- forties) is the unique developmental period when the consequences of
many mental health problems, including compulsive buying manifest itself (p. 208).
However, to the extent that a person’s compulsive buying influences ones overall quality of
life is uncertain, especially in the United States; where compulsive buying has been viewed
as a behavioral condition (Zhang et al., 2017, p. 208).ORDER NOW FOR COMPREHENSIVE

4. SOLUTION PAPERSCompulsive buying is associated with mounting tension, general
distresses, and lower quality of a person’s psychological well-being (Muller et al., 2014, p.
103). Muller et al., (2014) those that have compulsive buying tends to suffer from the
comorbid psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, binge eating disorder,
substance abuse use disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and compulsive hoarding (p.
103). Compulsive buying disorder was included in the earliest attempts at classifications of
mental disorders as “impulsive insanity” but has since largely ignored until the last few
decades (Hague, Hall, & Kellett, 2016, p. 379). Hague, Hall, and Kellett (2016) states that
“compulsive buying disorder is has also been conceptualized to be a form of obsessive
compulsive disorder” (p. 379).Weinstein, Mezig, Mizrachi, and Lejoyeux (2014) depression
continues to display high frequency among compulsive buyers (p.46). A study that was
conducted showed that when depressed, participants were only happy and felt better when
they were shopping. A high prevalence of 31.9 percent of depressives has been diagnosed as
compulsive buyers (Weinstein, Mezig, Mizrachi, & Lejoyeux, 2014, p. 47). Compulsive
buying is also high among persons who are depressed and have been diagnosed with
impulse disorders (intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, pathological
gambling, trichotillomania, and non-specified impulse control disorder) (Weinstein, Mezig,
Mizrachi, & Lejoyeux, 2014, p. 47). Bani-Rshaid and Alghraibeh (2017) believes that
“Compulsive buying also appears to be a little more common in depressed individuals and
people who have a tendency to falsely believe in the benefits of buying (p.47). According to
Ozer and Gultekin (2015) as stated “affect, mood, emotions, and feelings are effective at all
levels of the process of consumer decision making”, but mood is said to be a “taken as
feeling state” (p. 71). Mood is not intense and continuous; however, it might also be
regarded as a more general feeling state. It is claimed that when a person has as more
positive mood; they spend more (Ozer & Gultekin, p. 72). When an individual is having a
positive mood, they avoid factors that threaten their mood, so as they maintain their
present mood; they are experiencing “mood maintenance”. When an individual has negative
mood, they tend to participate in activities that make them feel better; they are experiencing
“mood management” (Ozer & Gultekin, 2015, p. 72). Women in Counseling: Shopping
Addictions Essay HSMF 687-D01.Granero et al. (2016) finds the study of clinical profiles and
various risks factors for compulsive buying disorder to show that some gender-dependent
differences do exist, on the send that risk, prevalence, and rates of initiation and frequency
of misuses are higher for women (p. 2). The primary basis for placing Obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD) as an anxiety disorder is the central role anxiety plays in OCD.
Obsessiveness that leads to a sense of mounting anxiety and engaging in compulsive
behavior or mental acts can reduce anxiety (Bartz & Hollander, 2006, p. 338). As theory and
research progresses, Obsessive compulsive (OC) spectrum disorders are placed into three
clusters. The second cluster is characterized by impulsivity; with respect to behavior that
can lead to negative consequences (p. 340). Those that suffer with obsessive compulsive
disorder have impulse control and will experience increased arousal and tension in relation
to their impulsive behaviors, but aside from those with OCD, engaging in the impulsive
behavior that is typically associated with pleasure, albeit short lived (Bartz & Hollander,
2006, p. 340).In contrast, the behavior theory explains that compulsive buying disorder is

5. an acquired behavior that results from associations between a conditioned and a natural
stimulus when the individual make a purchase he or she begins to experience the joy, and
thus buying becomes an “enhanced stimulus” that is again repeated to gain joy (Bani-Rshaid
& Alghraibeh, 2017, p. 47). The cultural theory describes compulsive buying as an existing
cultural phenomenon that constructs buying—more specifically, the compulsion to satisfy a
wide variety of needs which in turns compels individuals to make unnecessary purchases.
The social learning theory describes compulsive buying a learned behavior that occurs
through social interaction with other compulsive buyers. This in turn states that those that
suffer from compulsive buying behaviors have learned through observing others and being
heavily influenced by them (Bani-Rshaid & Alghraibeh, 2017, p. 48).Treatments for
Shopping Addictions At present, there are no proven standard pharmacological
treatments for compulsive buying disorder (Sohn & Choi, 2014, p. 244). For those
individuals that are dealing with a shopping addiction, some may have a co-curring
psychiatric disorder, so some parts of their treatment are treating those other disorder;
which may have residual effects of reducing compulsive shopping behaviors. Research
shows that the best way to treat shopping addictions is with cognitive behavioral therapy
(CBT). CBT is a form of talk therapy–primarily done in a group setting. According to Kopala
and Keitel (2017) cognitive behavioral therapy in the form of exposure and response
prevention (ERP) has been established as a highly effective treatment for obsessive
compulsive disorder (OCD) (p. 457). Black (2007) when individuals choose to participate in
psychotherapy it helps then to discover and tell their stories as a means of understanding
and to ultimately gain control of heir symptoms. Individual psychotherapy may be the
choice for the very high functioning individual who does not present other major addictive
issues but are those who are very much in the minority.Even though data for group therapy
is still being collected, group therapy is believed to provide the most positive consistent
evidence of successful treatment. According to Benson and Eisenach (2013) there are
several reasons why a homogeneous group can effectively help those recover from
compulsive buying. Group settings will help, an individual diminish the feelings of
loneliness and helps them to increase feelings of being intuitively understood. Group
therapy helps individuals to release overwhelming feelings of failure, guilt, shame,
humiliation that triggers CBB (p. 8). The groups participants are able to provide feedback
from each other; which helps them to correct the distorted self-concepts, to reframe from
dysfunctional thoughts (Benson & Eisenach, 2016, p.9). Counseling is also good for
compulsive buyers because if helps individuals to focus on the specific problem and helps
them to create an action plan to stop the behaviors. The primary goal of counseling is to
stop the compulsive buying cycle and to produce a stable financial situation that will
enhance, rather than tarnish, and individuals quality of life (Benson & Eisenach, 2013, p. 6).
The prevalence and impacts of addictive disorders are well searched and provides a context
for the rationale for the creation of an addiction counseling specialty. On the lower end of
the spectrum, one in four Americans struggle with some kind of addiction disorder; this
number fails to account for those affected vicariously ((Hagerden, Culbreth & Cashwell,
2013, p. 124).Granero et al. (2017) indicates there are no specific medications that are
approved for the treatment of compulsive buying behaviors (p58) and no studies have

6. shown any medications to be effective (Lejoyeux & Weinstein, 200, p.
52). Psychopharmacologic treatment studies have yielded some varied results. In earlier
studies, it has been suggested that antidepressants could curb cognitive behavioral disorder
and an early open-label trial using fluvoxamine, showed benefit (Black, 2007, p. 17). Kopala
and Keitel (2017) research has found that clomipramine (a non-selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor) of any SSRI (e.g. fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline), can effectively
treat obsessive compulsive disorder. In general, a combination of pharmacotherapy and
psychotherapy is recommended in cases where obsessive compulsive disorder or when
individuals fail to respond to psychotherapy alone (Kopala & Keitel, 2017, p. 458). Women
in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay HSMF 687-D01.Jack and Ronan (2008)
bibliotherapy is of recent origin. However, the idea of reading as a means to produce change
in the human behavior was recognized in the human behavior in the early days (p. 162).
The prescribed use of books to help heal the human condition appears to have began in
institutional, medical, and correctional facilities in the early days to help people cope with
mental and physical conditions (Jack and Ronan, 2008, p. 164). Today, the use of
bibliotherapy has sense moved outside of hospitals and into therapeutic, educational and
community settings. It is currently positioned as a sensitive, non-intrusive method of
helping to guide individuals towards helping them to problem solve and cope in their
personal lives, a technique that is used to stimulate discussion about problems which
otherwise, at least in some cases, might not be discussed out of fear, guilt, or shame (Jack &
Ronan, 2008, p. 172). Benson and Eisenach (2013) Debtors anonymous a twelve-step
program is treatment that helps individuals get cured with solvency, which means that
abstinence from any new purchases or debt is the equivalent of sobriety for an alcoholic.
Simplicity Circles provides a place for individuals to gather with others to discuss their
personal transformations and living in the satisfactions of a more simpler life. These
simplicity circles introduce healthy ways to meet some of one’s principles needs that a
compulsive buyer sees to fill through shopping, including belongs to a community of like-
minded individuals (Benson & Eisenach, 2013, p. 8).Biblical Perspective on Shopping
Addictions God’s word teaches us, that controlling our circumstances will not change
our hearts when it comes to spending or suffering from and addiction. A woman’s mind will
go back and forth with spending; whether it is five dollars or one hundred dollars. Before
one ever had a problem with where their money went, they already had a problem with
where their “eyes” went. When an individual is constantly thinking about their next
shopping trip or has their mind on their next small/big purchase, they have steered their
minds and heart in the wrong direction; which has allowed them to become enslaved to
their own skewed perspectives. There are millions of women who are addicted to what is
known as “compulsive shopping”. Compared to other addictions, shopping is a seemingly
respectable habit and often goes under the radar in most of their lives.Matthew 5 (KJV) Now
when Jesus saw the crowds, he went up on a mountainside and sat down, His disciples came
to him, and he began to teach them. In Jesus ‘Introduction to the Sermon on the Mount’,
Jesus warns his disciples not to “lay up for themselves treasures in heaven, where moth nor
rust destroys and where thieves do not break in and steal”. For where your treasure is,
there your heart will be also. Matthew 5:3-12 (KJV) The Beautitudes: Jesus said the finely

7. fortunate people are those who are rich in things that matter to God, not those who have
money, power, popularity, or fame. The things that are important in God’s kingdom are
often opposite of the worldly things we find so attractive. For the poor in spirit may lack
money, fine clothes, luxury cars, or even the necessities of life, but they put their trust in
God instead of worldly things.Matthew 28:15-16 (KJV) So they took the money, and did as
they were taught: and this saying commonly reported among the Jews until this day. Then
the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed
them. Like all addictions, they are so very hard to break from because they seem to have a
life of their own. Jesus has all the authority in heaven and on earth. Galatians 5:1 (KJV) “For
freedom Christ freed us. Stand fast therefore and do not be entangled again with the yoke of
bondage”. Jesus power can break those who are suffering and living in bondage; he can be
called the “bondage breaker” He is the only one that can break a person and free them from
the bondage of compulsive shopping. If a compulsive shopper does not deal with the root of
their addictions, then they will simply replace the current one with another one. Freedom
from addictions come to those who trust in Christ and allows him to bring deliverance from
their addictions of compulsive shopping. Once a person understands the truth about their
addiction, they will be able to stand on the line with the enemy and resist the temptation to
give in. So, the next time a person finds themselves dealing with their addiction, they should
stand fast on God’s word and battle with the truth. God comforts those that love and believe
in him; and he “covers” those that are believers and stand firm on his word. Most
importantly, when all else fails; ask “What Would Jesus Do?’. Colossians 2:10 (KJV) Christ
has provided all the fulfillment we could ever need. Women in Counseling: Shopping
Addictions Essay HSMF 687-D01.ORDER NOW FOR COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION
PAPERSHomework Assignments to help with Shopping Addictions According to Eng
(2010) she suggests there are several different things that a person can do to avoid
shopping binges. She suggests that paying for purchases by cash, check, or debit card. It is
wise to make a shopping list and only making purchases that are on your list. It is suggested
that one destroy all credit cards; only keeping one for emergency purposes. It is also
suggested that one avoids discount warehouse. It is very important that if one, wants to go
to a discount warehouse, to only allocate a certain amount of money. Also, to avoid binge
shopping she thinks it is best to window shop, only after the business has closed, take a
walk or exercise when the urge to shop comes up, avoid phoning in catalog orders and avoid
shopping channels.In conclusion, shopping addictions are prevalent among many
Americans. It is very imperative that if one has any inclination that they are suffering from
compulsive buying disorder, they need to recognize they have a problem, seek treatment,
and continue to seek guidance.ReferencesBani-Rshaid, A. M., & Alghraibeh, A. M. (2017).
Relationship between compulsive anddepressive symptoms among males and females.
Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 14, 47-50. Doi:
10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.05.004Bartz, J. A. & Hollander, E. (2006). Is obsessive-compulsive
disorder an anxiety disorder?Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological
Psychiatry, 30 (3), 338-352.Doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.003Benson, A. L. & Eisenach, D.
A. (2013). Stopping overshopping: An approach to thetreatment of compulsive-buying
disorder. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 8, 3-24. Doi:

8. 10.1080.1556035X.2013.727724Black, D. W. (2007). A review of compulsive buying
disorder. World Psychiatry,6,14-18.Darrat, A., Darrat, M. A., & Amyx, D. (2016). How
impulse buying influences compulsivebuying: The central role of consumer anxiety and
escapism. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 103-108. Doi:
10.1016/j.jretcpnser.2016.03.009Eng, R. (2010). How can I manage compulsive shopping
and spending addiction: Shopoholism.Indiana University’s Medlines.
http://www.indiania.edu/~engs/hint/shops/htmlGallagher, C. E., Watt, M.C., Weaver, A. D.,
& Murphy, K. A. (2017). I fear, therefore, Ishop!” explaining anxiety sensitivity in relation to
compulsive buying. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 37-42. Doi:
10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.023. Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay HSMF 687-
D01Granero, R., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Bano, M., Steward, T., Mestre-Bach, G., del Pino-
Gutierrez,A., Jimenez-Murcia, S. (2016) Compulsive buying disorder clustering based on sex,
age,onset, and personality traits. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 68. 1-10doi:
10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.003Granero, R., Fernandez-Aranda, F., Mestre-Bach, G.,
Steward, T., Bano, M., Aguera, Z.,Mallorqui-Bague, Aymami, N., Gomez-Pena, M., Sancho, M.,
Menchon, J.M., Martine-Romera, V., & Jimenez-Murcia. (2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy
for compulsivebuying behaviors: Predictors of treatment outcome. European Psychiatry, 39,
57-65.Doi: 10.1016/i. eurpsy2016.06.004Hagerden, W.B., Culbreth, J.R., & Cashwell, G.S.
(2012). Addiction counseling accreditation:CACREP’s role in solidifying the counseling
profession. The Professional Counselor, 2(2), 124-133.ORDER NOW FOR
COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION PAPERSHague, B., Hall, J., & Kellett, S. (2016). Treatments for
compulsive buying: A systemic reviewof the quality, effectiveness, and progression of the
outcome evidence. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 379+ doi:
10.1556/2006.5.2016.064Jack, S.J., & Ronan, K.R. (2008). Bibliotherapy. International
School of Psychology,29(2), 161.Kopala, M. & Keitel, M. (2017). Handbook of counseling
women. (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage PublicationsLee, S., Park, J., & Lee, S. B. (2016).
The interplay of internet addiction and compulsiveshopping behaviors. Social behavior and
Personality, 44(11), 1901-1902. Doi: 10.2224/sbp.2016.44.11.1901Lejoyeux, M. &
Weinstein, A. (2010). Compulsive buying. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol
Abuse, 36(5), 248-253. Doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.493590Lucas, M. & Koff, E. (2014).
The role of impulsivity of and of self-perceived attractiveness inImpulse buying in women.
Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 111.115.Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.032Lucas,
M., & Koff, E. (2017). Body image, impulse buying, and the mediating role of negativeaffect.
Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 330-334.Doi:
10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.004Maraz, A., Griffiths, M.D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2016). The
prevalence of compulsive buying:A meta-analysis. Addiction, 111(3),408-419.Doi:
10.1111/add/13223. Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay HSMF 687-
D01.Muller, A., Claes, L., Georgiadou, E., Mollenkamp, Voth, E.A., Faber, R. j., Mitchell, J. E.,
&de Zwaan. (2014). Is compulsive buying related to materialism, depression,
ortemperament? Findings from a sample of treatment-seeking patients with cb.Psychiatry
Research, 216, 103-107. Doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.012Ozer, L., & Gultekin, B. (2015).
Pre-purchase and post-purchase stage in impulse buying:The role of mood and satisfaction.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, 71-76. Doi:

9. 10.1016/j.retconser.2014.10.004Project Know: Understanding addiction. (2018).
https://www.projectknow.comRose, S., & Dhandayudham, A. (2014). Towards and
understanding of internet-basedproblem shopping behaviour: The concept of online
shopping addiction and itsproposed predictors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(2),
83+ doi: 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.003Sohn, S. & Choi, Y. (2014). Phases of shopping
addiction evidenced by experiencesof compulsive buyers. International Journal Mental
Health Addiction, 12(3),243-254. Doi: 10.1007/s11467-013-9449-yThompson, E.R., &
Prendergast, G. P. (2015). The influence of trait affect and the five-factor personality model
on impulse buying. Personality and Individual Differences,76, 215-221. Doi:
10.1011/j.paid.2014.12.025Weinstein, A., Mezig, H., Mizrachi, S., & Lejoyeux, M. (2014). A
study investigating theassociation between compulsive buying with measures of anxiety
and obsessive-compulsive behavior among internet shoppers. Comprehensive Psychiatry,
57, 46-50. Doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2914.11.003Illinois Institute for Addiction
Recovery: An Affiliate of UnityPoint Health Http://www.addictionrecov.orgZhang, C.,
Brook, J. S., Leukefeld, C., G., De La Rosa, M., & Brook, D. W. (2017). CompulsiveBuying and
quality of life: An estimate of the monetary cost of compulsive buyingamong adults in early
midlife. Psychiatry Research, 252 (3), 208-214. Doi:
10.1016/p.psychres.2017.007Women in Counseling: Shopping Addictions Essay HSMF 687-
D01.