31. Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclass Patterns and Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Melissa A. Austin, PhD; Jan L. Breslow, MD; Charles H. Hennekens, MD; Julie E. Buring, DSc; Walter C. Willett, MD; Ronald M.
Krauss, MD
JAMA. 1988;260(13):1917-1921. doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410130125037.
刊登於 1988 年 10 月《美國醫學會雜誌》
由加州大學柏克萊分校主導的一篇論文表示:
小而密 (small, dense)LDL 比正常的 LDL
高出三倍更容易引起心肌梗塞 。
35. Tribble DL, Holl LG, Wood PD, Krauss RM. Variations in oxidative susceptibility among six low density lipoprotein
subfractions of differing density and particle size. Atherosclerosis. 1992;93:189-99.
發表於 1992 年 4 月《動脈粥樣硬化》雜誌,
由史丹佛大學醫學院所進行的一項研究表示:
在試管中較小的和更緻密的 LDL 接觸到氧化劑時
會更迅速的氧化。
47. FASEB J. 1994 Jan;8(1):121-6.
Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and lipoprotein response to a reduced-fat diet in men.
Dreon DM, Fernstrom HA, Miller B, Krauss RM.
刊登於 1994 年 1 月《美國實驗生物學協會聯盟期
刊》
由加州大學柏克萊分校進行的一項研究表示:減少飽和脂肪並增加碳水化合物的攝入量會將模式
A
轉移到模式 B - 並在過程顯著增加心臟疾病的風險。
71. 刊登於 2004 年 6 月《新陳代謝》期刊的一篇論文,
康乃狄克大學的研究人員發現,每天吃三個全蛋,
連續 12 週受試者的小而密 LDL 水平平均降低 18 %。
Metabolism. 2004 Jun;53(6):823-30.
High intake of cholesterol results in less atherogenic low-density lipoprotein particles in men and women independent of
response classification.
Herron KL, Lofgren IE, Sharman M, Volek JS, Fernandez ML.
121. 唐納德 · 米勒 心臟外科醫生 Dr. Donald W. Miller, Jr.
professor of surgery, cardiothoracic division, Univ. Washington
“ 我們必須明白我們經常掛在口邊的
‘ HDL 是好的’ 和 ‘ LDL 是不好的’ 是不對的。
”
122. 唐納德 · 米勒 心臟外科醫生 Dr. Donald W. Miller, Jr.
professor of surgery, cardiothoracic division, Univ. Washington
“ 膽固醇負責太多重要的工作了。
如果你有大量的膽固醇,你應該感到慶幸。”
123. 唐納德 · 米勒 心臟外科醫生 Dr. Donald W. Miller, Jr.
professor of surgery, cardiothoracic division, Univ. Washington
“ 事實上,你的 LDL 數字高可能並不是一件壞事。
’ LDL 是不好’的概念是完全沒有科學事實基礎的。
它只是被利用來嚇唬人和出售降膽固醇藥物的受害者。
”
Three-Hypers Series:Hyperlipidemia – 14 The most important thing you probably don't know about cholesterol
認識三高疾病系列:高血脂 – 14 99%的人都不知道關於膽固醇的事實
The simplified view of cholesterol as "good" (HDL) or "bad" (LDL) has contributed to the continuing heart disease epidemic
將膽固醇簡單的區分成為“好”(HDL)或“壞”(LDL)的觀點,其原因是心臟疾病的持續流行。
Not all LDL cholesterol is created equal. Only small, dense LDL particles are associated with heart disease, whereas large, buoyant LDL are either benign or may protect against heart disease.
並非所有的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇都是一樣的。只有小而密LDL顆粒與心臟疾病有關,而大的、具有浮力的LDL是良性的或是可以預防心臟疾病。
Replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates - which has been recommended by the American Heart Association for decades - reduces HDL and increases small, dense LDL, both of which are associated with increased risk of heart disease.
由美國心臟協會建議數十年 – 用碳水化合物取代飽和脂肪,會減少HDL和增加小而密LDL,這兩者都與心臟疾病的風險增加有關。
Dietary cholesterol has a negligible effect on total blood LDL cholesterol levels. However, eating eggs every day reduces small, dense LDL, which in turn reduces risk of heart disease.
飲食中的膽固醇對血液中總低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平的影響可以忽略。然而,每天吃雞蛋會減少小而密LDL,從而減少心臟疾病的風險。
The best way to lower small, dense LDL and protect yourself from heart disease is to eat fewer carbs (not fat and cholesterol), exercise and lose weight.
降低小而密LDL和保護自己免受心臟疾病的最好方法就是少吃碳水化合物(而不是脂肪和膽固醇),運動和減肥。
Not all cholesterol is created equal
The oversimplified view of HDL cholesterol as "good" and LDL cholesterol as "bad" is not only incomplete, it has also directly contributed to the continuing heart disease epidemic worldwide. 把高密度脂蛋白膽固醇當做“好”膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白當作“壞” 膽固醇的過度簡化的觀點,不僅是不完整的看法,這也直接促成了心臟疾病持續的流行全球。
By now most people have been exposed to the idea of "good" and "bad" cholesterol.
現在大多數人都有著“好”和“壞”膽固醇的想法。
But before we discover why, we first have to address another common misconception.
但是,在我們討論為什麼之前,我們首先要解決另一個常見的誤解。
LDL and HDL are not cholesterol. We refer to them as cholesterol, but they aren't. LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL (high density lipoprotein) are proteins that transport cholesterol through the blood.
LDL和HDL並不是膽固醇。雖然我們稱它們為膽固醇,但其實它們不是。LDL(低密度脂蛋白)和HDL(高密度脂蛋白)是運輸膽固醇通過血液的蛋白質。
Cholesterol, like all fats, doesn't dissolve in water (or blood) so it must be transported through the blood by these lipoproteins.
膽固醇,與所有的脂肪一樣,不溶解於水中(或血液),所以它必須藉由這些脂蛋白的運輸來通過血液。
The names LDL and HDL refer to the different types of lipoproteins that transport cholesterol.
LDL和HDL是指運輸膽固醇的不同類型脂蛋白。
In addition to cholesterol, lipoproteins carry three fat molecules (polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, saturated - otherwise known as a triglyceride).
除了膽固醇,脂蛋白攜帶三種脂肪分子(多不飽和,單不飽和的,飽和的 - 也稱為甘油三酯)。
Cholesterol is a waxy fat particle that almost every cell in the body synthesizes, which should give you some clue about its importance for physiological function.
膽固醇是一種蠟質脂肪粒,幾乎在身體的每一個細胞都會合成,顯示其生理功能的重要性。
You do not have a cholesterol level in your blood, because there is no cholesterol in the blood. When we speak of our "cholesterol levels", what is actually being measured is the level of various lipoproteins (like LDL and HDL).
你的血液中其實不存在膽固醇水平,因為在血液中不含膽固醇。當我們談到所謂的“膽固醇水平”,其實真正被測量的是各種脂蛋白(如LDL和HDL)的水平。
You do not have a cholesterol level in your blood, because there is no cholesterol in the blood. When we speak of our "cholesterol levels", what is actually being measured is the level of various lipoproteins (like LDL and HDL).
你的血液中其實不存在膽固醇水平,因為在血液中不含膽固醇。當我們談到所謂的“膽固醇水平”,其實真正被測量的是各種脂蛋白(如LDL和HDL)的水平。
the idea that all LDL cholesterol is “bad” is simply not true. 所有的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是“壞”的想法是不正確的。
In order for cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins to cause disease, they have to damage the wall of an artery. The smaller an LDL particle is, the more likely it is to do this.
為了使攜帶膽固醇的脂蛋白能夠引起疾病,他們必須先損傷動脈的壁。顆粒越小的LDL,越有可能這樣做。
the idea that all LDL cholesterol is “bad” is simply not true. 所有的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是“壞”的想法是不正確的。
In order for cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins to cause disease, they have to damage the wall of an artery. The smaller an LDL particle is, the more likely it is to do this.
為了使攜帶膽固醇的脂蛋白能夠引起疾病,他們必須先損傷動脈的壁。顆粒越小的LDL,越有可能這樣做。
On the other hand, large LDL are buoyant and easily move through the circulatory system without damaging the arteries. 另一方面,體積較大的LDL較具浮力(buoyant)和容易通過循環系統移動而不致損壞動脈。
Another problem with small LDL is that they are more susceptible to oxidation. Oxidized LDL, or oxLDL, is formed when the fats in LDL particles react with oxidation and break down.
這種小而密LDL的另一個問題是,它們對氧化更敏感。被氧化的LDL或oxLDL,是當LDL顆粒中的脂肪與氧作用氧化並分解而形成。
Why does this matter? oxLDL is a far greater risk factor for heart disease than normal LDL.
I hope it's clear by now that the notion of "good" and "bad" cholesterol is misleading and incomplete.
我希望通過現在的“好”與“壞”膽固醇的概念是誤導和不完全清楚。
Not all LDL cholesterol is the same. Large, buoyant LDL are benign or protect against heart disease, whereas small, dense LDL are a significant risk factor.
不是所有的LDL膽固醇是相同的。較大且具浮力的LDL是良性或預防心臟疾病,而小而密的LDL是顯著的危險因素。
If there is truly a "bad" cholesterol, it is small LDL. But calling all LDL "bad" is a dangerous mistake.
如果有一個真正的“壞”膽固醇,應該是這個小而密的LDL。但稱呼所有LDL為“壞”是一個危險的錯誤。
Researchers working in this area have defined what they call Pattern A and Pattern B. Pattern A is when small, dense LDL is low, large, buoyant LDL is high, and HDL is high. Pattern B is when small, dense LDL is high, HDL is low, and triglycerides are high. Pattern B is strongly associated with increased risk of heart disease, whereas Pattern A is not.
模式A是當小而密LDL較低,大且具浮力的LDL較高,HDL較高。模式B是當小而密的LDL較高,HDL較低,甘油三酯較高。模式B強烈與心臟疾病的風險增加有關,而模式A沒有。
Researchers working in this area have defined what they call Pattern A and Pattern B. Pattern A is when small, dense LDL is low, large, buoyant LDL is high, and HDL is high. Pattern B is when small, dense LDL is high, HDL is low, and triglycerides are high. Pattern B is strongly associated with increased risk of heart disease, whereas Pattern A is not.
模式A是當小而密LDL較低,大且具浮力的LDL較高,HDL較高。模式B是當小而密的LDL較高,HDL較低,甘油三酯較高。模式B強烈與心臟疾病的風險增加有關,而模式A沒有。
It is not saturated fat or cholesterol that increases the amount of small, dense LDL we have in our blood. It's carbohydrate. 並不是飽和脂肪或膽固醇增加我們血液中的小而密LDL的量。而是碳水化合物。
In Dr. Krauss's study, participants who ate the most saturated fat had the largest LDL, and vice versa.
By size using gel fractionation
HDL3 (small) subfractions a,b,c (a is larger than c)
HDL3(小)亞組分A,B,C(一個是比C大)
HDL2 (large) subfractions a,b (b is larger than a)
Compared to diets high in both total and saturated fat, low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets decreased HDL2b levels.
相比於飲食中總的和飽和脂肪,低脂肪,高碳水化合物飲食減少HDL2b水平。
The LFD group showed decreases in cholesterol: 7% TC, 13% low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and 8% HDL.
所述LFD組顯示膽固醇減少:7%TC,13%的低密度脂蛋白(LDL),和8%的HDL。
Apolipoprotein A-I, decreased early. Apolipoprotein B did not change. Plasma triglyceride correlated with weight. Percent body fat and W:H correlated with the total and LDL-C.
載脂蛋白A-I,早下降。載脂蛋白B沒有改變。血漿甘油三酯體重相關。身體脂肪百分比和W:H與總的和LDL-C的相關性。
Changes in HDL-C and/or HDL2-C and LPL correlated directly with the changes in dietary fat and inversely with dietary carbohydrate.
在HDL-C和/或HDL2-C和LPL的變化與膳食脂肪的變化直接成正比而與膳食中碳水化合物的變化成反比。
Changes in total-C or LDL-C correlated with the changes in weight and W:H, but not with the changes in nutrient intake.
TC或LDL-C的變化與重量和W :H的變化相關,但與營養攝入的變化不相關。
A reduction in dietary total and saturated fat decreased both large (HDL(2) and HDL(2b)) and small, dense HDL subpopulations, although decreases in HDL(2) and HDL(2b) were most pronounced.
減少膳食中總體和飽和脂肪的攝入,降低了大(高密度脂蛋白(2)和HDL(2b)中)和小而密HDL的亞組,儘管降低的HDL(2)和HDL(2b)是最為明顯。
Eating cholesterol reduces small LDL
吃膽固醇降低小LDL
The amount of cholesterol in the diet is only weakly correlated with blood cholesterol levels.
飲食中的膽固醇的量僅微弱地與血液中的膽固醇水平相關。
對於70%的雞人口,食用雞蛋對血液中膽固醇水平沒有明顯影響。在另外的30%人口(稱為“超反應者, hyperresponders”),食用雞蛋會增加LDL和HDL膽固醇的循環。
egg consumption has no discernible impact on blood cholesterol levels in 70% of the population. In the other 30% of the population (termed "hyperresponders"), eggs do increase both circulating LDL and HDL cholesterol.
The lack of connection between heart disease and egg intake could partially be explained by the fact that dietary cholesterol increases the concentrations of both circulating LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in those individuals who experience an increase in plasma cholesterol following egg consumption (hyperresponders).
心臟疾病和雞蛋攝取之間的缺乏連接可能部分地基於以下事實,飲食中的膽固醇增加了LDL和HDL膽固醇的濃度 對於那些攝取雞蛋後會呈現血漿的膽固醇增加的人(超反應者hyperresponders)。
It is also important to note that 70% of the population experiences a mild increase or no alterations in plasma cholesterol concentrations when challenged with high amounts of dietary cholesterol (hyporesponders). 同樣重要的是要注意,當使用高含量的膳食膽固醇(超應答者)的挑戰的人口的70%經歷了輕度增加或血漿膽固醇濃度沒有改變。
The lack of connection between heart disease and egg intake could partially be explained by the fact that dietary cholesterol increases the concentrations of both circulating LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in those individuals who experience an increase in plasma cholesterol following egg consumption (hyperresponders).
心臟疾病和雞蛋攝取之間的缺乏連接可能部分地基於以下事實,飲食中的膽固醇增加了LDL和HDL膽固醇的濃度 對於那些攝取雞蛋後會呈現血漿的膽固醇增加的人(超反應者hyperresponders)。
It is also important to note that 70% of the population experiences a mild increase or no alterations in plasma cholesterol concentrations when challenged with high amounts of dietary cholesterol (hyporesponders). 同樣重要的是要注意,當使用高含量的膳食膽固醇( hyporesponders ) 70%的人口的血漿膽固醇濃度呈現了輕度增加或沒有改變。
Egg intake has been shown to promote the formation of large LDL, in addition to shifting individuals from the LDL pattern B to pattern A, which is less atherogenic.
食用雞蛋已被證明可以促進大LDL的形成,除了從LDL模式B轉移到模式A,這是較不易形成動脈粥樣硬化。
Eggs are also good sources of antioxidants known to protect the eye; therefore, increased plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in individuals consuming eggs are also of interest, especially in those populations susceptible to developing macular degeneration and eye cataracts.
雞蛋也是保護眼睛的抗氧化劑的良好來源;因此,食用雞蛋可以增加血漿中葉黃素(lutein)和玉米黃素(zeaxanthin)的濃度,對那些人群易患視網膜黃斑區退化和白內障的人特別有益處。
Why is this?
Why is this? Cholesterol is such an important substance that its production is tightly regulated by the body. When you eat more, the body produces less, and vice versa. This is why the amount of cholesterol you eat has little - if any - impact on the cholesterol levels in your blood. 為什麼是這樣?因為膽固醇是一個重要的物質它的生產是由身體緊密的調節。當你吃多了,體內就會產生較少,反之亦然。這就是為什麼你吃入膽固醇的量不大會 - 如果有的話 –影響你血液中的膽固醇水平。
Eating cholesterol is not only harmless, it's beneficial.
吃膽固醇不僅是無害的,它是有益的。
In fact, one of the best ways to lower small, dense LDL is to eat eggs every day!
事實上,要降低小而密LDL的最佳途徑之一,是天天吃雞蛋!
Yes, you read that correctly.
是的,你沒看錯。
Eating cholesterol is not only harmless, it's beneficial.
吃膽固醇不僅是無害的,它是有益的。
In fact, one of the best ways to lower small, dense LDL is to eat eggs every day!
事實上,要降低小而密LDL的最佳途徑之一,是天天吃雞蛋!
Yes, you read that correctly.
是的,你沒看錯。
University of Connecticut researchers recently found that people who ate three whole eggs a day for 12 weeks dropped their small-LDL levels by an average of 18 percent.
康涅狄格大學的研究人員最近發現,每天吃三個全蛋,連續12週受試者的小而密LDL水平平均降低18%。
Let's review what we've been told for more than 50 years: 讓我們回顧一下超過50年來我們已經被告知了的信息:
1. Eating saturated fat and cholesterol in the diet raises "bad" cholesterol in the blood and increases the risk of heart disease. 2. Reducing intake or saturated fat and cholesterol protects us against heart disease.
1.食用飽和脂肪和膽固醇的飲食會提高血液中的“壞”膽固醇和增加心臟疾病的風險。
2.減少攝入飽和脂肪和膽固醇能保護我們免受心臟疾病。
1. Eating saturated fat and cholesterol in the diet raises "bad" cholesterol in the blood and increases the risk of heart disease. 2. Reducing intake or saturated fat and cholesterol protects us against heart disease.
1.食用飽和脂肪和膽固醇的飲食會提高血液中的“壞”膽固醇和增加心臟疾病的風險。
2.減少攝入飽和脂肪和膽固醇能保護我們免受心臟疾病。
Let's review what we've been told for more than 50 years: 讓我們回顧一下超過50年來我們已經被告知了的信息:
1. Eating saturated fat and cholesterol reduces the type of cholesterol associated with heart disease. 2. Replacing saturated fat and cholesterol with carbohydrates lowers "good" (HDL) cholesterol, raises triglyceride levels, and increases our risk of heart disease.
1. Eating saturated fat and cholesterol reduces the type of cholesterol associated with heart disease. 2. Replacing saturated fat and cholesterol with carbohydrates lowers "good" (HDL) cholesterol, raises triglyceride levels, and increases our risk of heart disease.
In other words, the advice we've been given by medical "authorities" over the past half century on how to prevent heart disease is actually causing it.
How to reduce small LDL
Eating fewer carbs is perhaps the best place to start. Reducing carbs has several cardio-protective effects. It reduces levels of small, dense LDL, reduces triglycerides, and increases HDL levels. A triple whammy. 吃少碳水化合物也許是最好的開始地方。減少碳水化合物有幾個心臟保護作用。它減少小而密LDL的水平、降低甘油三酯、並增加HDL水平。三重打擊。
Eating fewer carbs is perhaps the best place to start. Reducing carbs has several cardio-protective effects. It reduces levels of small, dense LDL, reduces triglycerides, and increases HDL levels. A triple whammy. 吃少碳水化合物也許是最好的開始地方。減少碳水化合物有幾個心臟保護作用。它減少小而密LDL的水平、降低甘油三酯、並增加HDL水平。三重打擊。
Exercise and losing weight also reduce small, dense LDL. In fact, weight loss has been shown to reverse the evil Pattern B all by itself.
運動和減肥還可以減少小而密LDL。事實上,減肥已被證明全部由自己來扭轉惡圖案B。
As we saw above, eating three eggs a day can reduce our small LDL by almost 20%. Interestingly, alcohol has also been shown to reduce small LDL by 20%.
正如我們上面看到的,每天吃三個雞蛋,可以使用幾乎20%減少我們的小LDL。有趣的是,醇也已顯示了20%,以減少小LDL。
The study included a cross-sectional analysis of 1850 participants of the Cardiovascular Health Study aged 65 yr and older and free of clinical cardiovascular disease.
Alcohol intake was associated with total low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles in a U-shaped manner.
酒精攝入用總低密度脂蛋白(LDL)顆粒在一個U形的方式相關聯。
Consumers of one or more drinks per week had the highest number of large LDL particles, whereas consumers of 7-13 drinks per week had the lowest number of small LDL particles.
每週飲用一杯以上酒精飲料的受試者有大LDL顆粒的數量最多,而每週飲用7-13杯酒精飲料的受試者的小LDL顆粒的數量最低。
Consumers of one or more drinks per week had the highest number of large LDL particles, whereas consumers of 7-13 drinks per week had the lowest number of small LDL particles.
每週飲用一杯以上酒精飲料的受試者有大LDL顆粒的數量最多,而每週飲用7-13杯酒精飲料的受試者的小LDL顆粒的數量最低。
Alcohol intake was strongly positively associated with large- and medium-sized high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles but had an inverse relationship with concentrations of small HDL particles and small- and medium-sized very-low-density lipoprotein particles.
酒精攝入量與大型和中型的高密度脂蛋白(HDL)顆粒呈強正相關,但與小型HDL顆粒和小型和中型極低密度脂蛋白顆粒濃度成反比關係。
但與小型HDL顆粒和小型和中型極低密度脂蛋白顆粒濃度成反比關係。
Average particle sizes of all three lipoproteins were positively associated with alcohol intake.
三種脂蛋白的平均粒徑與酒精攝入量都呈正相關。
CONCLUSIONS:
Alcohol intake is associated with less total LDL particles, lower levels of small LDL, HDL, and very-low-density lipoprotein particles, and higher levels of large LDL and medium- and large-sized HDL particles in older adults free of prevalent clinical cardiovascular disease.
結論:
醇攝入較少總LDL顆粒,小LDL,HDL和極低密度脂蛋白顆粒的較低水平,而大LDL和中型和大型HDL顆粒的更高水平的老年人免費普遍臨床心血管的相關聯 疾病。
In other words, if you want to reduce your risk of heart disease, do the opposite of the American Heart Association (and probably your doctor) tells you to do.
換句話說,如果你想降低心臟疾病的風險,做美國心臟協會(也可能是你的醫生)告訴你相反的事。
Eat butter. Eat eggs. Eat traditional animal fats. Reduce your intake of carbs, vegetable oils and processed foods, and stay active and within a healthy weight range. 吃黃油、吃雞蛋、吃傳統的動物脂肪。減少碳水化合物、植物油和加工食品攝入量,並保持運動和健康的體重範圍。
In other words, if you want to reduce your risk of heart disease, do the opposite of the American Heart Association (and probably your doctor) tells you to do.
換句話說,如果你想降低心臟疾病的風險,做美國心臟協會(也可能是你的醫生)告訴你相反的事。
Eat butter. Eat eggs. Eat traditional animal fats. Reduce your intake of carbs, vegetable oils and processed foods, and stay active and within a healthy weight range. 吃黃油、吃雞蛋、吃傳統的動物脂肪。減少碳水化合物、植物油和加工食品攝入量,並保持運動和健康的體重範圍。
Testing your small LDL level
First, keep in mind that a regular cholesterol test at your doctor won't tell you anything about your small LDL level.
首先請記住,定期的膽固醇測試不會告訴你關於小型LDL水平任何信息。
The standard tests measure your total cholesterol, LDL and HDL. But they don't distinguish between the dangerous small LDL and benign or protective large LDL.
標準的測試只是測量你的總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白。但他們對於危險的小型LDL和良性或具保護性的大型LDL並不做出區別。
The fastest and cheapest, albeit most indirect, route is to test your blood sugar both before and then 60 minutes after a meal (this is called a "post-prandial" glucose test).
最快、最便宜(儘管是間接)的方法是在飯前60分鐘和飯後60分鐘測試你的血糖(被稱為“餐後”血糖測試)。
The reason a post-prandial blood glucose test can be a rough indicator for small LDL is the same foods that trigger a rise in blood sugar also increase small LDL. Namely, carbohydrates.
餐後血糖測試可以是對小型LDL的粗略指標的原因在於,觸發血糖上升同樣的食物也會增加小型LDL。這種食物也就是碳水化合物。
The fastest and cheapest, albeit most indirect, route is to test your blood sugar both before and then 60 minutes after a meal (this is called a "post-prandial" glucose test).
最快、最便宜(儘管是間接)的方法是在飯前60分鐘和飯後60分鐘測試你的血糖(被稱為“餐後”血糖測試)。
The reason a post-prandial blood glucose test can be a rough indicator for small LDL is the same foods that trigger a rise in blood sugar also increase small LDL. Namely, carbohydrates.
餐後血糖測試可以是對小型LDL的粗略指標的原因在於,觸發血糖上升同樣的食物也會增加小型LDL。這種食物也就是碳水化合物。
X 毫克/分升(mg/dl)---->可唸為每分升X毫克. ex 三酸甘油酯應小於150mg/dl 三酸甘油酯應小於每分升150毫克.
mg/dl 就是每100cc含有多少"毫克"的濃度單位。
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If your post-prandial glucose is higher than 120 mg/dl, that may be suggestive of a higher than desired small LDL level. This test is not a perfect approximation of small LDL, but it's the cheapest and and easiest way to get a sense of it. 如果你的餐後血糖高於120毫克/分升,這可能是一個暗示表明高於所希望的小型LDL的水平。這個測試不是小型LDL完美的近似值,但它是最便宜和最簡單的方法。
If you want to get more specific, there are two tests I recommend for small LDL that use slightly different methodology:
如果你想獲得更具體的數據,我推薦兩個測試,使用略為不同的方法來測量小型LDL:
1. LDL-S3 GGE Test. Gradient Gel Electrophoresis 梯度凝膠電泳
1. LDL-S3 GGE測試。
Proteins from your blood are spread across a gel palette.
將血液中的蛋白分布在凝膠調色板上。
As the molecules move from one end to the other, the gel becomes progressively denser.
當分子從一端移動到另一端時,凝膠逐漸變密。
Large particles of LDL cholesterol can't travel as far as the small, dense particles can, Dr. Ziajka says.
大型LDL移動速度較慢而小而緻密的LDL顆粒可以移動較快,Ziajka博士說。
After staining the gel, scientists determine the average size of your LDL cholesterol particles. Berkeley Heart Lab. About $15 with insurance.
染色凝膠後,科學家們就可以確定你的LDL膽固醇顆粒的平均尺寸。伯克利實驗室的心。約15$保險。
(Note: Berkeley HeartLab was acquired by Celera Corp. in 2007. Celera was acquired by Quest Diagnostics Inc. in 2011. Berkeley HeartLab is a Quest Diagnostics service: http://www.bhlinc.com.)
(注:伯克利HeartLab被塞萊拉公司公司於2007年收購了塞萊拉公司由Quest Diagnostics公司公司於2011年伯克利HeartLab收購是Quest Diagnostics公司服務:http://www.bhlinc.com)
2.The VAP (vertical auto profile) Test. 自動化垂直概況分析測試
該VAP測試。
Your sample is mixed into a solution designed to separate lipoproteins by density.
血液樣品被混合溶劑中,通過密度來分離脂蛋白。
Small, dense particles sink, and large, fluffy particles stay at the top.
小而緻密顆粒會下沉,大而蓬鬆的顆粒會留在頂部。
The liquid is stained and then analyzed to reveal 21 different lipoprotein subfractions,
然後將液體染色進行分析,可以顯示出21種不同的脂蛋白亞組,
Why is this?
Why is this?
Dr. Donald Miller is professor of surgery, cardiothoracic division, Univ. Washington
Donald W. Miller, Jr.
For 40 years, from 1974-2014, I performed and taught cardiac surgery at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, the Seattle VA Medical Center, and the University of Washington School of Medicine.
Dr. Donald Miller is professor of surgery, cardiothoracic division, Univ. Washington
Donald W. Miller, Jr.
For 40 years, from 1974-2014, I performed and taught cardiac surgery at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, the Seattle VA Medical Center, and the University of Washington School of Medicine.
Dr. Donald Miller is professor of surgery, cardiothoracic division, Univ. Washington
Donald W. Miller, Jr.
For 40 years, from 1974-2014, I performed and taught cardiac surgery at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, the Seattle VA Medical Center, and the University of Washington School of Medicine.