1. +
postmodern
ARCHITECTUR
AL HISTORY
AND THEORY

2. +
The end of modern architecture
------------------------------------------------------------ 1972 [C. Jenks]

3. +
Minoru Yamasaki: the Pruitt-Igoe Housing,
St. Louis
---winner of CIAM Award, destroyed in 1972

4. Relationship of
Man and Nature
Ideology and Art
BEFORE
MODERN
MODERN
AFTER
MODERN
Man
Rational
Ecole de
Beaux
Arts
Renaissance Bauhaus
CIAM
Relationship of
Man and Nature
Ideology and Art
Man
Rational
Pluralism
Metaphor
Communication
De-Construction
etc. etc. etc. etc.
The End
of mo-
dernism

5. + postmodern
Back to History
“Return of "wit, ornament and reference“-
breaking away from convention”

6. +
[post] modern
Start to questioning many things
Renewing architecture from the
inside

7. +
Late Modern
 FRANK LOYD WRIGHT
 LE CORBUSIER
 ALDO ROSSI : MENGKRITIK
KERAS ‘FORM FOLLOW
FUNCTION
 LOUIS I. KAHN : mulai dari
ruang  ‘EXPERIENCE’
architecture

8. +
TEAM X

9. +
Peter & Alison
Smithson
Architecture is not made with the
brain

10. +
Ralph Erskine [1960]
Mengkritisi bahwa pemahaman
tentang modern terlalu naif
sehingga membelenggu
kebebasan
Mengajukan proposisi house
participating dalam
pembangunan perumahan

11. +
Aldo van Eyck [1962]
Mengkritisi bahwa Industrialisasi
bangunan mereduksi arsitektur
menjadi
“packaging of space”
Mengajukan proposisi integrasi
“twin phenomena” ketimbang
separasi dalam design

12. +
NEW STATEMENT

13. +
Robert Venturi
A controversial critic of the purely functional and spare
designs of modern orthodox architecture,Venturi has
been considered a counterrevolutionary
Less is
Bore

14. + Robert Venturi
The Author of Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, 1966
The book was metaphorically the postmodern rebuttal to Modernism’s most
influential manifesto, Le Corbusier’s Towards a New Architecture, published nearly
forty years before

15. +
Vanna Venturi house

16. +
Robert Venturi (1966)
LESS is
BORE
Both-andeither or
Hybrid formPure form
Riches of meaningClarity of meanings
"Learning from Las Vegas"
(1972-1978)

17. +
With regards to Robert Venturi

18. +
Learning from
Las Vegas

21. +
Las Vegas
Modernist 'honesty' was replaced by
Postmodern superficiality at first,
which revealed multiple layers of
meaning ressed in humor

23. +
Aesthetics and order in
Las Vegas
treatment of walls, proportions of windows, the
relation of wall-space to window-space.
treatment of the exterior of a building as a whole
the effect of our senses of the treatment of the
interior, the sequence of rooms

24. +
Signage and
Communication over
space

25. + Complexity in architecture
The new architecture is self-similar, like tree growths. If you look at any leaf on any tree branch it's
similar to but not exactly a repetition of the previous branch. So the new science of complexity or
showing how an architecture can be produced just as quickly, cheaply and efficiently by using
computer production methods to get the slight variation, the self-similarity.

26. +
Charles Jenks
•The death of modern architecture
[1972]
•The new language of architecture
[1981]
•Architecture of the Jumping universe
[1995]
•What is postmodernism? [1996]
•The new paradigm in architecture
[2004]

27. + According to Jenks
it's a big black box, huge, scale-less and
repetitive, endlessly repetitive.These black
boxes were built all over the world in every
downtown from the 60s to the 80s, and still
there's some of them are still being built.
“ I mean it is dumb and boring
frankly, although it has great
details and it has a sleek elegance
and it became the businessman's
vernacular. “
Mies van der Rohe's Chicago Civic Centre.

28. +Charles Jencks on Postmodern Architecture
 1. The most obvious new convention concerns beauty and
composition. Instead of Renaissance harmony and
Modernist integration, we have dissonant beauty or
disharmonious harmony. In a new pluralist society an
oversimplified unity is either false or unchallenging. The
juxtaposition of tastes and world views is more real than
modernism was prepared to allow. This also comes from
contemporary science's conviction that the universe is
dynamic and changing. Classical forms have mirrored a
universe that was static and in harmony. The Renaissance
gave us architecture that was well proportioned, on Greek
lines, and mirrored the microcosm and the macrocosm. Now,
we don't have any one theory of the microcosm that is "true".

29. +
The New York A.T.&T.
Building

30. +
 2. Pluralism is also important. Stylistic variety is important, and the
celebration of difference is always apparent. Different "languages" of
art and architecture are mixed together. It is not just a matter of whim,
but is tied to specific functions and symbolic intentions. Ambiguity is
often valued – it is up to the reader to supply the "unifying text".
 3. Postmodern architects try to achieve an urbane urbanism. New
buildings should both fit into and extend the urban context, reuse
such constants as the street, arcade and piazza, yet acknowledge too
the new technologies and means of transportation. Elements of the
city must be balanced – public to private, working to living,
monument to infill, short blocks to city grid.This will end up looking
more like the 18th century European city, where you have small
blocks and mixed-use planning, rather than the modern
overcentralised city.
Charles Jencks on Postmodern Architecture

31. + Cabot Square, Canary Wharf

32. +
Charles Jencks on Postmodern
Architecture
4. Anthropomorphism is another important
trait. Many postmodern architects
incorporate ornaments and mouldings
suggestive of the human body.There might
be a hidden or suggested face, for instance,
or a full figure.

33. The Turning Torso

34. +
Charles Jencks on Postmodern
Architecture
5. Another theme is the continuum between the
past and the present. Recall that for modernism
there is a positive break with the past. In
postmodern architecture there is parody,
nostalgia, and pastiche. It is almost like a half-
remembered dream – bits of classical reference.
The technical term is "anamnesis" – suggested
recollection, or unforgetting.
6.There is a kind of return to painting in
postmodernism, although it is a return that does
not simply replicate the modernist search for
form.There is a return to content.There is no
sense that we are looking for the pure "spiritual"
form, but rather we are playing with the images
of the past, without the narrative of the past.‘Great Urban Construction’
[Aldo Rossi 1978]

35. +
Charles Jencks on
Postmodern Architecture
7. Postmodernism uses double-
coding, irony, ambiguity, and
contradiction.The unexpected is
incorporated. Opposites are
juxtaposed.

36. +
Charles Jencks on Postmodern Architecture
8.When several codes are used coherently they produce another quality, multivalence. A
univalent work or building attempts to refer only to itself. A multivalent building reaches out
to the rest of its environment and makes different associations.This ensures that a work will
have multiple resonances, and different readings.

37. +
 9.This multivalence comes only with the displacement of
conventions and the reinterpretation of tradition. A
classical form may be pressed into new service, and look
strange to begin with but actually make sense once you
understand the references.
 10. Postmodernists also try to elaborate new rhetorical
figures.
Charles Jencks on Postmodern Architecture

38. +
Trafford Centre
Manchester

39. +
Trafford Centre
Manchester

40. +
Manchester Trafford Centre Pantheon Rome

41. +
Crystal Palace Trafford Centre Manchester

42. +
 11. Postmodernism finally has a return to an absent centre.
It has always been linked with other "posts": post-western,
post-Christian. It suggests a culture that has a sense of
departure, but no clear sense of direction.We don't have any
grand narratives anymore, but we are led back to ourselves
and our "petit recit" through the work of the postmodernists.
And, just as post-industrial incorporates the industrial as well
(it is not a repudiation or abandonment), so the post-modern
incorporates the modern as well.
Charles Jencks on Postmodern Architecture

43. + Charles Jencks

44. +Evolutionary
Tree
[the language of
architecture]

47. +
post modern architecture
As a style

48. +
Neo eclectic :
where reference and
ornament have
returned to the
façade, replacing the
aggressively
unornamented
modern styles. This
eclecticism is often
combined with the
use of non-orthogonal
angles and unusual
surfaces

49. + Used classical styles in new combinations:
pillars, arches, domes, curtain wall facades;
green and roman conventions

50. +
The Federal Branch
Bank of Houston
by Robert Stern, at first appears as an
abstracted Greek temple from far away, but
the highly contrasting colors, the broken
façade planes, and the gigantic painted
‘brick’ mortar joints reveal a rather
postmodern treatment.The front façade of
the building resembles more a child’s
drawing of house than a temple, and the
gaps between the punched planes
undermine the bank’s traditional image as
being a strong fortress that protects wealth.

52. + Similar to old cathedrals, draws the eye upwards toward the sky

53. +Reconciled differences between old and new generations (culture wars)
Postmodern architecture takes old styles and updates them

54. + Post modern
1970’s- Rebelling against the minimalism of
Modern Architecture of the 60s which
rebelled against the conformity of the 50s

55. +
universalism
= boring

56. +6 common themes in postmodern
architecture

57. + Theme #1: Historicism
Back to History
-- krisis pada arsitektur modern 
meningkatkan kesadaran diri, analitis, image
baru , dan orientasi pada alam dari periode
postmodern. Para arsitek postmodern kemudian
lebih menaruh perhatian pada mereka sendiri
dengan suatu sejarah yang mempengaruhi

58. +
Definition of historicism in
postmodern architecture
 1. Sikap yang perhatian pada tradisi
masa lalu
 2. Praktek artistik dari penggunaan
bentuk sejarah
 Revisi postmodern dengan tema
historikisme bertujuan mencari
kesinambungan dengan hasil karya
yang lebih awal, dan mempertanyakan
apakah suatu perubahan yang radikal
itu layak? -- dari gaya historikalnya.

59. +
Sainsbury wing
Robert Ventury
Connection between the original museum
and old and the new galleries

60. + Sainsbury Wing
“arsitektur tidak muncul begitu saja , namun berasal dari suatu sejarah, yang memiliki identitas dan unsur historis.”
–RobertVenturi-
Ia juga menggunakan elemen klasik pada SainsburyWing dengan cara ‘ menempel’ maupun rekonstruksi ulang dari
bangunan national galeri.

61. +
Theme #2: Meaning

62. +
The lack of modern
architecture
Rasionalisasi bentuk tanpa memperhatikan bahwa
suatu penemuan bentuk desain baru memainkan
suatu peranan yang sangat penting dalam dunia
desain.
Funsi dalam arsitektur modern dilihat sebagai suatu
yang rasional dan ilmiah merupakan intisari dari
arsitektur modern fungsi sebagai suatu yang
external,apa yang ada di dalam (jiwa) memancar
keluar,ditentukan oleh fungsi.

63. + Peter Eisenman
menentang fungsi yang menjadi suatu aspek yang
berkelanjutan dari teori arsitektur yang terus-
menerus digunakan sejak jaman renaissance dan
hubungan yang mendasar dengan humanism
sehingga arsitektur terus-menerus dalam
kungkungan modernsm, bahwa seharusnya teori
dapat menyempurnakan apa yang telah ada, dengan
demikian arsitektur terus bertumbuh sejalan dengan
perbedaan modernism dan humanism yang
rumit,tidak sesimple yang dijelaskan pada teori
modernism.

64. + House VI
•As annoying as the house was to inhabit, Eisenman
was able to constantly remind the users of the
architecture around them and how it affects their
lives. He succeeded in building a structure that
functioned both as a house and a work of art, but
changing the priority of both so that function
followed the art. He built a home where man was
forced to live in a work of art, a sculpture, and
according to the clients who enjoyed inhabiting
Eisenman’s artwork and poetry, the house was very
successful.

65. + Michael Grave
Grave yang bekerja sejak tahun 1976-1977
menggambarkan suatu hubungan antara
arsitektur dengan alam dan budaya. Pada
tahun 1980 yang merupakan masa kejayaan
untuk arsitek banyak muncul‘signature
building’ yang dapat mempengaruhi
masyarakat.
adanya suatu bentukan “imitasi” yang justru menjadi suatu fenomena
komersiil “pukulan” bagi dunia arsitektur. Apabila suatu produk
arsitektur mengalami peng”imitasi”an maka akan terjadi pengurangan
pada komponen aslinya.

66. + Guggenheim Museum : Frank Gehry
How those ideas generate? What are the process?
What does the eyes see? What is the connection between form and function?

67. +
Theme #3: Place

68. +
Man, Nature and
Architecture
 sebagai bagian kecil pada permukaan
bumi yang diidentifikasi dengan nama,
obyek material dan hal-hal yang lain.
(Albert Einstein)
 posisi yang berhubungan dengan alam
adalah usaha untuk memperkaya
pengalaman manusia (Heidegger)
 Tugas arsitek adalah menghubungkan
alam dengan keadaan dan penggunaan
landscape. Keindahan yang
berlangsung di dalam penyusunan site
mencerminkan hasrat untuk membuat
tempat.
What is a place?

69. +
James Stirling
Electa Book Shop

70. + Puri Ahimsa
Ketut Artana

71. +
Themes #4: Urban Theory

72. +

73. +
•Read and Understanding
•City Image (Kevin Lynch)
•Tipologi sebagai alat analitik dan sebagai
dasar rasional untuk proses desain pada
transformasi. (Aldo Rossi)

74. +
Themes#5: Politics
and Ethics

75. + Etika lingkungan
William MCDonough, berpendapat bahwa
perkembangan arsitektur juga mengakui hak-
hak generasi yang akan datang yang tidak
merusak lingkungan. Jadi semestinya
diusahakan bahan daur ulang dan bahan yang
ramah lingkungan.

76. Arsitektur ternyata juga dikaitkan dalam hal politik & etika,
sehingga para arsitek diharuskan untuk :
•bisa memberikan penggambaran yang nyata mengenai keadaan
sosial dalam karyanya.
•bisa mendukung status Quo dan keadaan yang ada.
•bisa mempengaruhi masyarakat untuk ikut dalam hal-hal tertentu
•bisa mengubah status dan tradisi masyarakat
Keterkaitan dengan masalah politik menimbulkan munculnya teori
dari Adorno (1962) bahwa politik yang bisa ditentang dalam seni
mencapai otonominya.
Arsitektur adalah seni atau jasa; hal ini menjadi masalah dalam
arsitektur sementara Etika adalah pengamatan masalah moral
manusia dalam budayanya dan etika didalam arsitektur dipakai
untuk mengikat peraturan.

77. +
Theme#6: Body
fenomenologi, poststrukturalis, dan
feminis.

78. +
Badan digambarkan sebagai tubuh (fisik) manusia sedangkan
subjek menunjukkan individu; dan setiap individu berbeda
pengenalannya.Badan dalam arsitektur klasik menurut Vidler ,
badan digambarkan sebagai skala dan dapat menyatakan alam
pada umumnya dalam perencanaan bangunan
BADAN, SUBJEK DAN OBJEK

79. +
Jean-Paul Sartre mengklaim dalam Being & Nothingless
bahwa badan menggerakkan pengetahuan itu sendiri dari
proyek didunia.
Eisenman menjelaskan bahwa kaitan manusia dan
modernisme adalah manusia merupakan fungsi yang
bersambungan antara satu sama lain di antara system bahasa
yang kompleks.

80. +
Renovasi postmodern
Hilangnya gagasan kemanusiaan tentang anthroposentrisme
dikemukakan oleh Graves sehingga manusia tidak dapat
merasa terpusat dalam suatu ruang.
Sedang Perez Gomez berpendapat bahwa arsitektur modern
perlu menunjuk citra badan yang berbeda dari arsitektur
klasik.
Vidler membahas badan adalah studi yang aneh yang
berfokus pada penjelmaan anthropomorfis dalam arsitektur,
menyebabkan bangunan dalam rasa sakit.

81. + The Piazza d’Italia by Charles Moore, 1978

82. Bank of America Centre
in Houston

83. +
Michael Grave
colorful iconic

84.  Portland Building in
Portland , Oregon

85. +The City of Arts and
the Sciences in
Valencia, Spain. By
Santiago Caltrava,
2002

86. +
The Milwaukee Art Museum by Santiago
Calatrava,2003

87. +Auditorio de tenerife by Santiago
Calatrava, 2003

88. +
NeueStaatsgalerie in
Stuttgard,
Germany,1843

89. +NeueStaatsgalerie in Stuttgard, Germany by
James Sterling converted in 1987

90. +
Petronas Towers in Kaula
Lumpur, 1998

91. +
Taipei 101, in Taiwan,
by C Y Lee and
partner in 2004

92. + BurjKhalifa in Dubai, 2010

93. +
30 St Mary Axe, by Sir
Norman Foster ,2003

95. +The Expo MRT Station, part of
the Mass Rapid Transit system
in Singapore,2002

96. +
The Guggenheim,
Abu Dhabi, planned to
be completed
between 2011-2012

97. +
In contrast to modern
functionalism
What do you think?

98. +
Homework
due Mid semester
'metabolism - the city of the future -
dreams and visions of reconstruction
in postwar and present-day japan’.
'individuals should be protected by
capsules in which they can reject
information they do not need and in
which they are sheltered from
information they do not want,thereby
allowing an individual to recover his
subjectivity and independence' -
kisho kurokawa
What are the design concept of
Nakagin Capsule Tower?
Why those concept failed?

99. +