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Ch 18
Mirrors and Lenses
Plane Mirror
         flat, smooth surface that
          reflects light in a regular
          way;
         it produces an image that
          is virtual, erect, and the
          same size as the object;
         left and right appear to
          be interchanged, but
          front and back are
          interchanged
Types of Images
   Real image - source of converging light rays; can
    be projected; are always inverted
   Virtual image - source of diverging light rays;
    cannot be projected; are always erect
Concave Mirror




   reflects light off its inner surface
   Focal point - (f) point on the principle axis where
    reflecting light converges;
   f equals one-half the radius of curvature (C)
Spherical Aberration




   defect of all spherical mirrors when the parallel rays
    don’t all reflect through the focal point;
   correct this by using a parabolic mirror
Concave Mirror Characteristics
                  If the object is outside C,
                   the image is real,
                   inverted, and smaller
Concave Mirror Characteristics
                  If the object is at C, the
                   image is real, inverted,
                   and the same size
Concave Mirror Characteristics
                  If the object is between
                   C and f, the image is real,
                   inverted, and larger
Concave Mirror Characteristics
                  If the object is inside f,
                   the image is virtual, erect,
                   and larger
Mirror Equation
   1 = 1 + 1 or di = f x do
    f do di                do – f
   f is the focal length
   do is the object distance
   di is the image distance
   magnification - the ratio of the image size (hi) to the
    object size (ho)
   m = hi = - di
           ho do
Mirror Equation Rules
   di is positive for real images, negative for virtual
    images
   hi is positive for erect images, negative for
    inverted images
   f is positive for concave mirrors, negative for
    convex mirrors
Convex mirror
          reflects light off the
           outer surface
          images are always virtual,
           erect, and smaller
          these are used as safety
           mirrors because you get a
           wider angle of vision
Lens
   transparent material with a refractive index
    larger than air
   The focal length of the lens depends on the
    shape and refractive index of the material
Convex Lens
   Convex lens - (converging lens) thicker in the
    middle than at the edges; acts like a concave
    mirror.
   Chromatic aberration - caused when light passes
    thru the edge of a lens; the light is dispersed;
    correct using an achromatic lens
Convex Lens Characteristics
                 Outside 2f, image is real,
                  inverted, and smaller
Convex Lens Characteristics
                 At 2f, image is real,
                  inverted, and same size
Convex Lens Characteristics
                 Between 2f and f, image
                  is real, inverted, and
                  larger
Convex Lens Characteristics
                 Inside f, image is virtual,
                  erect, and larger
Concave lens
         (diverging lens) thinner
          in the middle than at the
          edges
          acts like a convex
          mirror.
         Always produces virtual,
          erect, and smaller image
Lens Equation Rules
   The equation and rules stay the same except f is
    positive for convex lens and negative for
    concave lens
Corrective Lenses
Near-Sighted People




   have too short a focal length
   correct this using a concave (diverging) lens
Far-Sighted People




   have too long a focal length,
   correct this using a convex (converging) lens

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Mirrors and lenses

  • 2. Plane Mirror  flat, smooth surface that reflects light in a regular way;  it produces an image that is virtual, erect, and the same size as the object;  left and right appear to be interchanged, but front and back are interchanged
  • 3. Types of Images  Real image - source of converging light rays; can be projected; are always inverted  Virtual image - source of diverging light rays; cannot be projected; are always erect
  • 4. Concave Mirror  reflects light off its inner surface  Focal point - (f) point on the principle axis where reflecting light converges;  f equals one-half the radius of curvature (C)
  • 5. Spherical Aberration  defect of all spherical mirrors when the parallel rays don’t all reflect through the focal point;  correct this by using a parabolic mirror
  • 6. Concave Mirror Characteristics  If the object is outside C, the image is real, inverted, and smaller
  • 7. Concave Mirror Characteristics  If the object is at C, the image is real, inverted, and the same size
  • 8. Concave Mirror Characteristics  If the object is between C and f, the image is real, inverted, and larger
  • 9. Concave Mirror Characteristics  If the object is inside f, the image is virtual, erect, and larger
  • 10. Mirror Equation  1 = 1 + 1 or di = f x do f do di do – f  f is the focal length  do is the object distance  di is the image distance  magnification - the ratio of the image size (hi) to the object size (ho)  m = hi = - di ho do
  • 11. Mirror Equation Rules  di is positive for real images, negative for virtual images  hi is positive for erect images, negative for inverted images  f is positive for concave mirrors, negative for convex mirrors
  • 12. Convex mirror  reflects light off the outer surface  images are always virtual, erect, and smaller  these are used as safety mirrors because you get a wider angle of vision
  • 13. Lens  transparent material with a refractive index larger than air  The focal length of the lens depends on the shape and refractive index of the material
  • 14. Convex Lens  Convex lens - (converging lens) thicker in the middle than at the edges; acts like a concave mirror.  Chromatic aberration - caused when light passes thru the edge of a lens; the light is dispersed; correct using an achromatic lens
  • 15. Convex Lens Characteristics  Outside 2f, image is real, inverted, and smaller
  • 16. Convex Lens Characteristics  At 2f, image is real, inverted, and same size
  • 17. Convex Lens Characteristics  Between 2f and f, image is real, inverted, and larger
  • 18. Convex Lens Characteristics  Inside f, image is virtual, erect, and larger
  • 19. Concave lens  (diverging lens) thinner in the middle than at the edges  acts like a convex mirror.  Always produces virtual, erect, and smaller image
  • 20. Lens Equation Rules  The equation and rules stay the same except f is positive for convex lens and negative for concave lens
  • 22. Near-Sighted People  have too short a focal length  correct this using a concave (diverging) lens
  • 23. Far-Sighted People  have too long a focal length,  correct this using a convex (converging) lens