2. 3 situations
• Normal development & then regression
• Delayed development & then regression
• Episodic regression with stepwise
deterioration
3. 2nd
Question
• Is there delay or is there definitely
regression?
• Is it a pseudoregression or True
regression?
• Is it a static disorder or progressive
disorder?
4. 3rd
question
• If there is a true regression is it global
Regression or Focal Regression?
• Example- Global regression is seen in
Lysosomal storage disorders while
• Focal predominantly language-social regression
is seen in ASD
• Motor regression alone may be seen in Aquired
LMN disorders like DMD
• Motor regression may be the initial manifestation
in LeukoDystrophies also.
5. Isolated regression
• Language & social regression- Autistic
spectrum disorders
• Isolated language regression –
– Landau kloeffner syndrome
– Certain epilepsies
– Stroke involving language area
6. Isolated motor regression
• MYELOPATHIES
– Compressive-Spinal cord tumours
– Non compressive-Hereditary spastic paraparesis
• Infections of anterior horn cells- polio, West nile
• SIDP & MADSAM
• Genetic Ataxias-eg Fredericks , ATelengiectasia
• Early stage of Leukodystrophies
• Muscular dystrophies eg DMD
• Metabolic or endocrine myopathies eg GSD
•
7. Global Regression- cerebrum
involved
• Grey matter
• White matter
• Basal Ganglia
• Mitochondrial D
• Peroxisomal D
• PMEs- progressive myoclonic epilepsies
• IEMs- inborn errors of metabolism
8. • Pecuiliarity of IEMs is that they are small
molecule defects & may have different
types of presentations like-
– Episodic dysfunction/ acute encephalopathy
• - Step pattern deterioration or
– progressive deteriorartion
– When we talk of NDD we are predominantly
concerned with the large molecule group slow
neurodegeneration like NCL,LKD etc
11. Combined Grey + White- Rare
• Usually this pattern is produced by
• Mitochondrial
• Leighs D
• MELAS
• MERRF
• Peroxisomal disorders
• Zell weger
• Refsum disease
• Adreno leukoDystrophy
• Certain IEMs
• Methyl malonic acidemia
• Glutaric aciduria
• Urea cycle disorders etc
12. GM - presentations
• Seizures
• Myoclonus
• Dementia- intellect deterioration
• Aphasias – language dysfunction
• Academic deterioration
• Psycho behavioural disturbances
• Involuntary movements( Gm of BG)
• Apraxia- loss of learned motor skills or daily living skills
• Vision loss of retinal type
• Hypotonia , ataxia along with these above
• Spasticity & plantar abn are late if at all they occur.
13. WM- presentations
• Initially there may be a normal motor development or a
motor delay followed by regression
• Motor Clumsiness, Recurrent falls & walking difficulty are
usual
• Examn shows Spasticity , Ataxia weakness ,UMN
signs
• Later Visual dysfunction & neuropathic involvement
occur Hypotonic weakness with reduced reflexes
• Seizures & intellect deterioration are very late if at all
noticed
• Visual dysfunction may be presenting feature in
posteriorly beginning leukodystrophies like
AdrenoleukoD
14. Grey matter White matter
Dementia early Late
Seizure Early and prominent late
Psychological
Symptoms
May be present uncommon
Disturbance of tone
gait and reflexes
Uncommon and late prominent
Basal Ganglia present absent
15. Peripheral
Neuropathy
Not seen Seen in some case
Retinitis pigmentosa
with consecutive
optic atrophy
May or may not absent
Primary optic atrophy rare May be seen
Electroretinogram May be abnormal normal
Visual evoked
response And BERA
Usually normal abnormal
18. History
Till what age the child was normal
Type of onset
Any precipitating factor
Course of illness ; Usually later the first signs
appear, the slower the disease progresses
Videotapes and photographs of the child’s
appearance and performance at earlier ages
should be reviewed
19. History of present illness:
Onset/Age of onset
Fits ,Clumsiness or difficulty in gait
Deterioration of HMF
Ataxia or imbalance
Headache,Blindness,Vomiting, deafness
Change in personality and behaviour
Deteriorance in school performance
20. Below 2 years
• Failure to thrive, seizures, and inability to sit and stand at
1 year and to speak in short sentences at 2 years.
School-aged child
• regresses in language skills and withdraws socially
Older children and adolescents,
• gait difficulties
• and loss of vision and intellectual facilities
• .
21. • prenatal and perinatal histories are important, as they
help determine whether the disorder is congenital or
whether it began at some later time.
• development: feeding, sleep, motor milestones,
expressive and receptive language, behavior, social
attainment
Family History and mode of inheritance
previous affected siblings, even when the diagnosis
seems to be unrelated such as neonatal sepsis, sudden
infant death
Formulate a Diagnostic/Differential D hypothesis with
History itself & proceed to examn
History - otherHistory - other
22. Examination
• General Examination
• Head to foot Examination
• Anthropometry for FTT
• Developmental assessment
• Focussed Neurological examination
tailored to age & condition of child
• Other systems examination esp for
organomegaly , cardiomegaly etc
24. Macrocephaly
• Alexander disease
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Canavan disease
• Sandhoff’s disease
• Glutaricaciduria type I
Microcephaly
Grey matter D
Neuronal ceroid
lipofuscinoses
Krabbe s disease
Rett syndrome
25. Hurler phenotype
• Mucopolysaccharidoses
• Oligosacharidoses
• Mucolipidosis
• GM1 gangliosidosis
• I-cell disease
• Doll like phenotype
• Zellweger syndrome
• Von giercke D
• Menke s disease
56. Hurler phenotype ?
yes no
Urine screen for MPS Zellweger s
syndrome
Neonatal
adrenoleukodystrophy
+ _
Mucopolysaccharidosis Urine screen for
oligosaccharides
+ -
Manosidosis
57. Abnormalities of skin or hair
no yes
MRI reveling demyelination Menky
kinky hair disease
no yes Fabry
disease
Biotinidase deficiency
ocular pathology
Cockayne s syndrome
yes no sjogren
64. • Gray matter disease
Bone marrow for storage cells ;
Niemann pick - vacuolated foam cells
Gaucher disease- crumpled paper
appearance
Urine copper , serum ceruloplasmin
Hair microscope – Menke kinky
conjunctival , skin , rectal biopsy- NCL(fingerprint
bodies)
Enzyme analysis in leukocytes , skin fibroblast-
Lysosomal storage disease
Urine MPS and skeletal survey
Serum and CSF lactate and pyruvate for
65. • White matter disease
Aryl sulfates assay –MLD
VLCFA for Adrenoleukodystrophy
N Acetyl aspartic acid – canavan s disease
Galactocereamidase – Krabbe’s
66. • Directed towards the treatment of the
underlying disorder, other associated
features and complications
• Supportive :The treatable complications :
• feeding difficulties, Gastoresophageal reflux
• spasticity, drooling
• skeletal deformities, and recurrent chest infections
• epilepsy, sleep disorder, behavioral symptoms
• A multidisciplinary approach(pediatrics,
neurology, genetics, orthopedics, physiotherapy,
and occupational therapy.
67. Neurodegenerative
disorders
Specific treatment modality
Krabbe leukodystrophyKrabbe leukodystrophy Bone marrow transplantation
MetachromaticMetachromatic
leukodystrophyleukodystrophy
Bone marrow transplantation
AdrenoleukodystrophyAdrenoleukodystrophy Lorenzo s oil ;Glyceryl trioleate and
trierucate,steroids for adrenal
insufficiency, diet low in VLCFA, bone
marrow
transplantation
MucopolysaccharidosisMucopolysaccharidosis Bone marrow transplantation,
Enzyme replacement therapy
69. • A precise history confirms regression of
developmental milestones, and the
neurologic examination localizes the
process within the nervous system.
• Outcome of a neurodegenerative
condition is usually fatal and available
therapies are often limited in effect
• It is important to make the correct
70. • Onset of inherited disease can occur at
any age
• Bone marrow transplantation and other
novel therapies may prevent the
progression of disease in certain
presymptomatic individuals
71. • Nelson textbook of Pediatrics
• Fenichel Pediatric Neurology
• Approach to Neurodegenerative Disease
IJP 1990
• Veena Kalra Practical Pediatric Neurology