Types of biotechnology

1. Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology on Modern
technological platform
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Biotechnology
 Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make
useful products.
“Any technological application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for
specific use".

3. Biotechnology
 Applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop
production and agriculture, nonfood (industrial) uses of crops and other products
(e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, bio fuels), and environmental uses.
 For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for
the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk products).

4. Biotechnology
 Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in
bioleaching. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, cleanup sites
contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce
biological weapons.
 Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, cleanup sites contaminated by
industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons.

5. Branches of Biotechnology
 Bioinformatics
 Blue biotechnology
 Green biotechnology
 Red biotechnology
 White biotechnology
 Modern biotechnology
 Industrial Biotechnology
 Environmental Biotechnology

6. Bioinformatics
 Conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics
techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these
molecules, on a large scale.
 Plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics, structural
genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and
pharmaceutical sector.

7. Blue biotechnology
 A term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of
biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.

8. Green biotechnology
 A biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the
selection and domestication of plants via micro propagation. Another example is
the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the
presence (or absence) of chemicals.
 More environmentally friendly
 Examples:
• The engineering of a plant to express a pesticide
• Bt corn

9. Red biotechnology
 Applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to
produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic
manipulation.

10. White biotechnology
 Also known as industrial biotechnology.
 An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical.
 Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce
valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals.
 White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional
processes used to produce industrial goods.

11. Modern biotechnology
Modern biotechnologies involve making useful
products from whole organisms or parts of
organisms, such as molecules, cells, tissues and
organs.
Recent developments in biotechnology
include genetically modified plants and animals,
cell therapies and nanotechnology. These products
are not in everyday use but may be of benefit to us
in the future.

12. Genetic engineering
 It is in vitro DNA technology used to isolate genes from an organism manipulate them in
laboratory as per desire and insert them into other cell or system for specific character. It
is also called gene cloning.
 Recombinant DNA technology is one of the recent advances in biotechnology, which
was developed by two scientists named Boyer and Cohen in 1973.
 Herbert Boyer (1936) who constructed the first recombinant DNA using bacterial DNA
and plasmids

13.  Biotechnology can compress the time frame required to translate fundamental
discoveries into applications.
 This is done by controlling which genes are altered in an organized fashion.
 For example, a known gene sequence from a corn plant can be altered to improve yield,
increase drought tolerance, and produce insect resistance (Bt) in one generation.

14. Conventional breeding
Plant breeding is the
process of
selecting plants with the
most desirable qualities to
produce offspring that
inherit these desired traits

15. Industrial biotechnology
Industrial biotechnology is a
set of practices that use living
cells (such as bacteria, yeast,
algae) or component of cells like
enzymes, to generate
industrial products and
processes.

16. Application of biotechnology

17. Environmental Biotechnology
Environmental
biotechnology is the solving
of environmental problems
through the application of
biotechnology.

18. Why environmental biotechnology?
It is needed to:
• Eliminate the hazardous wastes
produced by our other technologies.
• Distinguish between similar species
and ensure species are not at risk of
extinction.
• Create alternative energy sources (i.e.
Biofuel).

19. Bioremediation
Bioremediation is the use of bacteria (or fungi)
to clean up hazardous environmental wastes.

20. Biosensors
A biosensor uses chemicals to monitor levels of certain
biological entities.
Current uses of biosensors include:
• Detecting levels of toxins in an ecosystem
• Detecting airborne pathogens (i.e. anthrax)
• Monitoring blood glucose levels

21. Biofuels
 Biofuels are designed to replace gasoline, diesel fuel
and coal, which are called “fossil fuels” because they
are made from animals and plants that died millions of
years ago. Biofuels are made mostly from plants that
have just been harvested.
 There are three main types of biofuel. Ethanol,
biodiesel, and biojet fuel.

22. Human Application:
 Biotechnical methods are now used to produce many proteins for pharmaceutical
and other specialized purposes.
 A harmless strain of Escherichia coli bacteria, given a copy of the gene for human
insulin, can make insulin.
 As these genetically modified (GM) bacterial cells age, they produce human
insulin, which can be purified and used to treat diabetes in humans.

23. Human Insulin Production:

24. Digestive Enzymes:
 Enzymes are specific proteins serving as biological catalyst in living organism.
The role of enzymes in animal vital activity is great.
Enzymes are responsible for metabolic process, digestion, nutrient assimilation,
synthesis and degradation of protein, fat, carbohydrates and other compounds.
 Enzymes are capable of enhancing feed nutrient value up to 10%.
 Microorganisms can also be modified to produce digestive enzymes. In the future,
these microorganisms could be colonized in the intestinal tract of persons with
digestive enzyme insufficiencies.

25. Gene therapy:
 Altering DNA within cells in an organism to
treat or cure a disease – is one of the
most promising areas of biotechnology
research.
 New genetic therapies are being
developed to treat diseases such as cystic
fibrosis, AIDS and cancer.

26. DNA fingerprinting:
 DNA fingerprinting is the process of cross matching two
strands of DNA. In criminal investigations, DNA from samples
of hair, bodily fluids or skin at a crime scene are compared
with those obtained from the suspects.
 In practice, it has become one of the most powerful and
widely known applications of biotechnology today.
 Another process, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is also
being used to more quickly and accurately identify the
presence of infections such as AIDS, Lyme disease and
Chlamydia.

27. Cont..
 Paternity determination is possible because a
child’s DNA pattern is inherited, half from the
mother and half from the father. To establish
paternity, DNA fingerprints of the mother, child and
the alleged father are compared.
 The matching sequences of the mother and the
child are eliminated from the child’s DNA fingerprint;
what remains comes from the biological father.

28. Cont..
 These segments are then compared for a match
with the DNA fingerprint of the alleged father.
 A paternity test establishes genetic proof
whether a man is the biological father of an
individual, and a maternity test establishes
whether a woman is the biological mother of an
individual.

29. DNA Testing:
 DNA testing is also used on human fossils to determine how
closely related fossil samples are from different geographic
locations and geologic areas.
 The results shed light on the history of human evolution and
the manner in which human ancestors settled different parts of
the world.

30. Agriculture Biotechnology:
 Experts in United States anticipate the world’s population in 2050 to be
approximately 8.7 billion persons. The world’s population is growing, but its
surface area is not.
 Compounding the effects of population growth is the fact that most of the earth’s
ideal farming land is already being utilized. To avoid damaging environmentally
sensitive areas, such as rain forests, we need to increase crop yields for land
currently in use.
 By increasing crop yields, through the use of biotechnology the constant need to
clear more land for growing food is reduced.

31. Cont…
 Countries in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere are grappling with how to continue
feeding a growing population. They are also trying to benefit more from their
existing resources.
 Biotechnology holds the key to increasing the yield of staple crops by allowing
farmers to reap bigger harvests from currently cultivated land, while preserving
the land’s ability to support continued farming.

32. Research on Golden Rice:
 Malnutrition in underdeveloped countries is also being combated with
biotechnology. The Rockefeller Foundation is sponsoring research on “golden
rice”, a crop designed to improve nutrition in the developing world.
 Rice breeders are using biotechnology to build Vitamin A into the rice. Vitamin A
deficiency is a common problem in poor countries. A second phase of the project
will increase the iron content in rice to combat anaemia, which is widespread
problem among women and children in underdeveloped countries.
 Golden rice, expected to be for sale in Asia in less than five years, will offer
dramatic improvements in nutrition and health for millions of people, with little
additional costs to consumers.

33.  Similar initiatives using genetic manipulation are aimed at making crops more
productive by reducing their dependence on pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation, or
by increasing their resistance to plant diseases.
 Increased crop yield, greater flexibility in growing environments, less use of
chemical pesticides and improved nutritional content make agricultural
biotechnology, quite literally, the future of the world’s food supply.

34. Recombinant human insulin
 It was the first biopharmaceutical product.
 Launched in 1982
 Only 30% of the worldwide available insulin is isolated from the porcine or bovine
pancreas of slaughtered animals.
 Insulin is targeted at Type 1 diabetes patients.
 About 30% of type 2 diabetes patients require additional insulin to regulate their blood
glucose levels.

35. Type 1 Diabetes
 Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune condition in which the immune system is
activated to destroy the cells in the pancreas which produce insulin.
• Occurs when the pancreas does not produce insulin.
• Represents around 10% of all cases of diabetes and is one of the most common
chronic childhood conditions

36.  In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach, stops making
insulin because the cells that make the insulin have been destroyed by the body’s
immune system.
 Without insulin, the body’s cells cannot turn glucose (sugar), into energy.
 New research suggests almost half of all people who develop the condition are
diagnosed over the age of 30.

37.  Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin injections several times a day or the use
of an insulin pump.
 In 2003 there were about 194 million diabetes patients worldwide and this figure is
expected to increase to more than 330 million by 2025.

38.  Recombinant human insulin seems to be more expensive than animal insulin.
 Insulin analogues are developed by using genetic engineering to produce fast and
slow acting human insulin.

39. Different types of insulin
 Rapid acting
 Short acting
 Intermediate acting
 Long acting

40. Multiple sclerosis:
 MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the CNS
 It occurs in young adults and affects women more often than men.
 In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve
fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your
body.
 In 2015 about 18,900 people died from MS, up from 12,000 in 1990.

42. Symptoms
 Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during eye movement
 Double vision
 Tingling or pain in parts of your body
 Slurred speech
 Fatigue
 Dizziness

43. Risk factors
 When the protective myelin is damaged and nerve fiber is exposed, the messages that travel along that
nerve may be slowed or blocked. The nerve may also become damaged itself.
 Risk factors:
 These factors may increase your risk of developing multiple sclerosis:
 Age
 Family history
 Certain infections
 Race
 Climate
 Certain autoimmune diseases
 Smoking

44. Treatment with interferon beta
 MS was treated with corticoids to accelerate recovery from relapses corticoids do
not cure MS.
 Later on MS is treated with interferon beta it does not cure MS but slow down the
development of some disabling effects and decrease no of relapses.

45. “All this modern technology just makes
people try to do everything at once.”
But patience and hardwork is what you need
to deal with your own modren technology. :)