Tavayogi Thangarasan Adigal's book Atma Gnanam (Tamil)

1. Mj;k
"hdk;
kiepajs k_f j ;amof
Fxjyaaf

2. Mj; k "hdk;
wha:ygjf j lf
1. Md;kht[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk;
2. ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;>
3. Mj;k "hdk:
4. $Ptd;
5. "hd thH;t[
6. "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs;
7. Md;k mwpt[ bgw
8. ghpRj;j kdk;
9. me;jf;fhuzk;
10. kdpj Md;kh
11. czh;r;rp - czh;t[ - kdk;
12. kdk; vd;Dk; khaNl;Rkf;fUtp
13. nahfk;
14. bka;g;bghUs:
15. $Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh
16. Md;kPf thH;t[
2

3. 17. jj;Jt tpsf;fk;
18. g";rg{j';fs;
19. mq gukhq kw;Wk;
caph;njhw;wk;
20.xspa[ k ; btg;gKk;
21.g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk;
22.g";rg{j';fs;
23.g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs;
24.jd;khj;jpiufs:
25.gpug";r ghpzhkk;
26.caph;fspd; njhw;wk;
27.kuzk;
28.kdpj clYk; mjd;
bray;ghLfSk;
29.,d;g[ w ;W thH cly; eyk;
ngqjy;
30.Jwt[ thH;f;if
31.tp";"hd nehf;fpy; gpug";rk;
3

4. Mj; k "hdk;
,e;j cyfpy; thGk; midj;J caph;fSk; xd;nw
xd;iwj;jhd; ikakhf bfhz;L Mdhy; mJ
v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W bjupahky; njoj; njo
Xahky; miyfpd;wd.
mJjhd; ,d;gk; ,d;gk; ,d;gk;.
Mk; ,d;gkhd thH;f;if. nkYk; nkYk;
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njo bghd; bghUs;
nghd;wtw;iw nrh;g;gjd; nehf;fk; me;j ,d;gk;
epiyahdjhf cz;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhfj;jhd;.
,J cz;ikapy; v';nf ,Uf;fpwJ> mij vg;go
miltJ> bgWtJ> vd;gij tpsf;Ftnj ,e;j
fl;Liuapd; nehf;fk;.
,jw;F Kjy; mog;gilahd njit bghd;
bghUs; gzk; brhj;J kf;fs; my;y.
mwpt[ xd;W jhd;.
mwpt[ mjpYk; bjspe;j mwpt[ vd;w xd;nw
xd;W nghJk; ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij
mila ,d;g[w;W thH.
4

5. ,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gk; ek;kplk; jhd;
,Uf;fpwJ/ ,e;j cyfpy; ntW v';Fk; ,y;iy
vd;w mwpt[ xd;nw nghJk;.
ehk; ahh; vd;gij bjhpe;Jbfhz;lhny nghJk;
,e;j cz;ikahd ,d;gj;ij mila.
ek;ikg;gw;wp bjhptJ vd;why; cz;ikapy; ehk;
ahh;>;/ Md;kh vd;why; vd;d>/ mwpt[ my;yJ
"hdk; vd;why; vd;d>/ Mj;k "hdk;
vd;why; vd;d>/ kdk; bjspe;j kdk; kdj;jpd;
,af;fk;/ ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;>;/ mq
gukhq/ g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk;
,af;fKk;/ cly;/ caph;/ cyfk; kw;Wk;
gpug";rk; nghd;w ,itfs; vg;go njhd;wpd/
vg;go ,a';FfpwJ vd;w mwpt[/ cly; cWg;g[fs;
Fwpj;j mwpt[ / cly; ,af;fk; / cly; eyk;
gw;wpa mwpt[/ cly;/ kdk;/ g";rg{j jj;Jt';fs;
gw;wpa bjspt[ ,itfisg;gw;wpa xl;Lbkhj;j
mwpnt "hdk; my;yJ Mj;k "hdk; vdg;gLk;.
,e;j Mj;k"hdj;jhy; fpilg;gnj cz;ikahd
,d;g thH;f;if.
1. Md;kht[ k ; mjd; Mw;wYk;
vz;zpyh nfho mz;l';fs; nguz;l';fs;
,g;gpug";rk; njhd;Wtjw;F y fhuzkhf
5

6. tps';FtJ mog;gilahf ,Ug;gJ xU
mqrf;jp. mijna rpj;jh;fs; "hdpfs; gukhq
vd;W brhy;fpwhh;fs;.
gukhq vd;;gJ gphpf;f Koahj mq vd;gJ
bghUs;. me;jg; gukhqnt gue;J tphpe;J
fp;lf;fpd;w mz;l nguz;l';fis ,af;fpf;
bfhz;oUf;fpd;wJ. mijna gukhj;kh vd;wdh;.
mnj y mqtpd; Mw;wny xt;bthU
$Ptuhrpfspd; ,af;f';fSf;Fk; fhuzkhf
tps';Ftjhy; $Pthj;kh vd;wdh;.
Mfnt Md;kh vd;gJ msg;gwpa Mw;wy;
kpf;fJ. me;j Mw;wy; ek;kplk; cs;sJ/ mJ
cUtkw;wJ/ mjd; rf;jpia Mw;wiy
czh;e;jth;fs; kl;Lnk gy;ntW mw;g[j';fs;
epfH;j;j Koa[k;. ek;kplk; cs;s kfj;Jtk;
tha;e;j Mw;wy; kpf;f Md;khtpd; rf;jpia
czh;e;J mij ekf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpf;
bfhs;tJjhd; Mj;k"hdkhFk;.
Mdhy; ehk; ek;kplk; cs;s Md;khtpd;
Mw;wiyg; g[hpe;J bfhs;shky; ek;kplk; cs;s
Mw;wiy vg;go btspf;bfhzh;tJ vg;go
,af;FtJ vdj;bjhpe;J bfhs;shky;
thH:f;ifapy; gytpj my;yy;fSf;F
Mshfpnwhk;. ,g;gog;gl;l my;yy;fspypUe;J
6

7. tpLjiy bgw Kad;W btw;wp fz;lth;fs;jhd;
"hdpfSk; rpj;jh;fSk;.
2. ,iwtd; vd;gtd; ahh;>
vz;zpyh nfho mz;l nguz;l';fspd; ,af;fk;
nfhlhd nfho mqf;fs; mqf;fspd;
bjhFg;ghd $Ptuhrpfs; midj;jpYk; cs;S;k;
g[wKk; nkYk; btspa[k; mJtjpy;
caph;rf;jpahf tps';Fk; nguhw;wny ,iwtd;.
,ij ts;sy;yhh; bgUkhd; brhy;Yk;nghJ
Fyt[ nguz;lg;gFjpnahh; mde;j
nfho nfhofSk; M';fh';nf
epytpa gpz;lg; gFjpfs; KGJk;
epfH;e;j gw;gy bghUs; jpuSk;
tpyFwhJ mfj;Jk; g[wj;Jk; nkyplj;Jk;
bka;awp thde;jk; tps';f
myFwhJ xHpahJ mJtjpy; tps';Fk;
mUl; bghU";nrhjp vd; munr
vd;W brhy;fpwhh;.
7

8. 3. Mj;k "hdk::
,e;j khbgUk; ,af;f rf;jpahd ,iwtd; kdk;
vd;Dk; khaf;fUtpahy; gpwe;jJ Kjy;
,wf;fpd;w tiu ekJ clk;ig ,af;fpf;
bfhz;oUf;fpwhh;. ,e;j ,af;f rf;jp ekJ
clypy; vg;gor; bray;gLfpwJ vd mwpe;J
mnj ,af;f rf;jpia ehk; czh;e;J me;j
rf;jpia ek;Kila cliya[k; capiua[k;
ngzg;gad;gLj;Jk; tHptiffis bjhpe;J
bfhs;tnj Mj;k "hdk;.
Mj;k "hdk; bgw;why; ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy;
Jd;g';fs; vy;yhtw;iwa[k; epth;j;jp bra;J
bfhz;L btw;wp fz;L epk;kjpahf thHyhk;.
Kjypy; Mj;kh vd;why; vd;d/ gpd; "hdk;
Kotpy;; Mj;k "hdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W
ghh;g;nghk;.
3.1 Mj;kh
Mj;kh vd;why; ek;Kila cliy capiu
,af;Ffpd;w vspjpy; g[hpe;J bfhs;sKoahj
Nl;rkf; fUtp vd;W brhy;yyhk;. caph;
,y;iynay; cly; ,Uf;fhJ/ cliy
itj;Jj;jhd; caph; cz;lh ,y;iyah
vd;gij mwpa Koa[k;. Mfnt caph; cly;
8

9. ,uz;ila[k; ,izj;J itf;fpd;w xg;gw;w
fUtpna Mj;kh vdg;gLtJ.
3.2 "hdk;
mqf;fs; njhd;wp mqf;fspd; ,izg;g[
,af;f';fshy; mz;l nguz;lkhfp
gpug";rkhfp cyfhfp caph;fs; gyt[khfp/
vj;jidnahnfho rPtuhrpfspy; ehDk;
xUtd; vd;fpw bjspt[ bgWtnj
"hdkhFk;.
Koitg; gpoj;Jf; bfhz;Lnghdhy;
bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. bjhlf;fj;ijg;
gpoj;jhy; Koita[k; mwpayhk;. Mf
gpwg;gpd; bjhlf;fj;ija[k; Koita[k;
mwptnj “"hdk;”;.
,ijna jhd; mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ
kfj;jhd uf!;aklh "hdkhh;f;fk;
,z';fpanjhh;me;ju';fkhd Nl;rk
Vfhe;j Nl;rbkd;w fijiaf; nfS
Fz';Ftpa Mjp me;jf; Fwpia ed;wha;
- brs rh 113.
nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; Mjp me;jf;Fwp
bjhptJjhd; "hdk; vd;gij mwpayhk;.
9

10. "hdk; vd;whny mwpjy; mwptpd; bjspe;j
epiy vd;W brhy;yyhk;. ,d;bdhU tif
tpsf;fk; "hyj;ij mwpjy; vd;Wk;
brhy;yyhk;. clypd; cs;ns caph;;
rf;jpahdJ RHd;W ,a';Fk;nghJ me;je;j
clypd; mqf;TWfSf;F Vw;g caphpd;
rpwg;ghw;wyhf vGk; tpist[fns
czh;r;rpfs;. ,e;j czh;r;rpfisj; Ja;j;J
capuhdJ bgUk; cz;ikj; bjspt[ jhd;
mwpt[ my;yJ "hdk; vdg;gLk;.
Md;kh vd;gJ gukhj;khtpd; Mw;wy;.
mwpt[ vd;gJ Md;khtpd; ,af;fr; rpwg;g[.
$Pt Md;khnth jd; epiy kwe;J
$k;g[yd;fspy; bray;fSf;F Ml;gl;L
g[yd;fspd; fth;r;rpapy; rpf;fp ka';Ffpd;w
kaf;f epiyna khia vdg;gLtJ/
jd;Dila jttypikahy;
g[yd;fth;r;rpapy; ,Ue;J kPz;;L khiaia
tpl;L tpyfp mwpit Md;khtpy; yapf;fr;
bra;J mnjhL xd;whfp gpize;J
yakhfpd;w epiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;wnghJjhd;
me;j epiya[k; gpwHhky; ,Uf;Fk;
nghJjhd; "hdk; vd;fpw tpHpg;g[ epiyapy;
Md;kh vd;gJ ,af;f Mw;wyhft[k; cly;
Md;khtpw;F fUtpahft[k; ,Uf;fpd;w
epiya[k; czug;gLk;.
10

11. Md;k mwptpd; bjspnt "hdk;. mJ
mwk; jtk; vd;fpw Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf
fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp jj;Jt';fspd;
tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf mJ
rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F
bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k; tpsf;fpa[k;; Tw Koa[k;/
"hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.
3.3 "hdnk flt[ s ;
“mfu Kjy vGj;bjy;yhk; Mjpgftd; Kjw;nw
cyF”.
vd;w ts;Sth; Fwpg;gpd;go cyfj;J
caph;fs; Kjy; ,e;j cyfk; njhd;Wtjw;F
yfh;j;jhthd gfthd; tiu ‘m’ vd;w
xypahy; njhd;wpd. Mfnt mJnt Kjy;
xypahd ‘m’ vd;gjhFk;. gpuhzpfs; Kjy;
kdpjd; ,ae;jpuk; tiu thiaj;jpwf;fpd;w
bjhl';Ffpd;w xyp ‘m’ vd;gjhFk;.
Mfntjhd; ts;Stg;bgUkhd; nkw;fz;l
Fwspd; yk; ‘m’ fuj;ij
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;.
,e;j cyfj;jpy; cs;s caph;fs; vy;yhnk
mwpt[ rPtd;fshf cs;sd. Mdhy;
kdpjd; vd;w rPtDf;F kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[
cz;L. ,e;j rpwg;gwptpd; yk; bjspe;j
11

12. epiybgw;w bjspe;njhnu “"hdpfs;” vd
miHf;fg;gLth;. Jhprw;w J}a mwpt[
tothd ,aw;ifapd; ey;y rf;jpfis
epidj;J czh;e;J bjspt[ milahtpl;lhy;
xUtd; vj;jid fw;wpUe;Jk; gad; ,y;iy.
cyfpnyna kpfg;bghpa fy;tp xd;W cz;L
vd;why; mJnt “"hdf; fy;tp”.
"hdnk flt[s;. Mj;k "hdk;
mile;njhnu flt[s; Mthh;. ,aw;ifapy;
ciufpd;w nguhw;wiyna ,iwtd; vd
miHf;fpwhh;fs;. Mfnt ,aw;ifna
,iwtd;. mtd; ghj';fis tz';Ftnj
rpwg;gwpt[ MFk;. mJnt
"hdkhh;f;fj;jpd; jpwt[nfhy; vd;gij
kwthjPh;fs;.
Mj;k "hdk; vd;whny kdpjid
mjw;Fj;jFjpahf;Fk; rpwg;gwpt[ vd;gJ bghUs;.
rpwg;gwpt[ vd;d vd;fpw tpsf;fj;ijg; bgWtnj
"hdk; MFk;. "hdpahf ntzL;k;/ "hdk;
bgwntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf thH;f;ifia
thH;f;ifj; Jizia mh;g;gzk;
bra;aj;njitapy;iy.
,d;iwa kdpjd; thH;f;ifna ,ae;jpukak;/
,d;iwa cyfk; tp";"hd cyfk;/ njitfs;
kpFe;J ,ae;jpurhjd';fs; El;gkhd fUtpfs;
12

13. thH;f;iff;F njitahd bghUl;fspd;
mjpfhpg;g[ ,it kpFe;J bfhz;nl nghfpd;wd.
,g;gog;gl;l ,f;fhyj;jpy; vy;nyhUk; "hdk;
bgw Koa[kh vd;gJ vy;nyhh; kdjpYk;
vGfpd;w kiyg;ghd nfs;tp/
kiyg;g[j; njit ,y;iy. vy;nyhUk; "hdk;
bgwKoa[k;. j';fs; j';fspd; flikfis
flika[zh;nthL bra;J kfpH;nthL
,y;ywj;ija[k; brk;ikahf elj;jp ed;kf;fisg;
bgw;W xGf;fj;jpYk; mwj;jpYk; rpwe;jth;fshf
gapw;Wtpj;J mjd; yk; FLk;gk; Ch; ehL
cyfk; vd;w mstpy; mikjpahft[[k;
,d;gkhft[k; thHyhk;.
bjspe;j ePhpny ePhpd; MHj;jpny ,Uf;fpd;w
fw;fis fhz;gJ nghy btspr;rj;jpny
bghUs;fisf; fhz;gJ nghy xU
tpahghhpahdtDf;F jd;Dila bghUis
tpw;gid tpiyeph;zak; bra;tJ vspJ.
fhuzk; bfhs;Kjy; tpiy bjhpe;jtd; tpw;gid
tpiyia vspjhf eph;zak; bra;thd;.
mijg;nghynt Mirapdhy; FLk;gKk;
vz;z';fshy clYk; mwbewpahy; rKjhaKk;
jj;Jt "hd tpsf;fj;jhy; "hdKk; rkhjhd
thH;t[k; ek;ik Mf;ft[k; fhf;ft[k;
cjt[fpd;wd.
13

14. Mfnt ek;Kila thH;f;ifapy; ve;j mst[
"hdk; ,lk;bgWfpwnjh me;j msnt ekf;Fr;
rpwg;ghd thH;t[ ,d;g[w;W thH;fpd;w epiy
MH;e;j mikjp fpilf;Fk;.
Mj;k "hdk; vd;gJ Rlh;tpl;L gpufhrpf;Fk;
tpsf;F/ ,Uz;l thH;f;iff;F tHpfhl;o.
Mfnt xt;bthUtUk; Mj;k "hdk; bgw
Kayntz;Lk;. ,ayhjth;fs; "hdpfs;
tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp elf;f ntz;Lk;. J}a
kdj;jhy; jhd; Mj;k "hdk; milaKoa[k;;
vd;W typa[Wj;jpdh;. ehk; "hdk; bgw;whh;
tHpiag; gpd;gw;wp mtu; mwpit jd;kakhf
itj;Jf; bfhz;L ehk; Kiwahft[k;
rpwg;ghft[k; thHyhk;.
vdnt Mj;k "hdk; kl;Lnk thH;tpw;F
cah;t[k; ,d;gKk; mspf;Fk;. Mj;k "hdj;ij
Mz;-bgz; ,UghyUk; milayhk;. mjpy;
ve;jj; jila[k; ,y;iy/ ekf;F ntz;oaJ
vy;yhk;
1. jplkhd kdk; (A STRONG WILL POWER)
2. MH;e;j ek;gpf;if (DEEP FAITH)
3. mfj;jPrd; kPJ ghpg{uz ek;gpf;if itj;J
mtdplk; ruziljy; (TOTAL SURRENDER)
4. ey;y vz;z';fs; - vy;nyhUk; ed;whf
thHntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;; (GOOD THOUGHTS)
14

15. ehk; vg;nghJk; ekJ vz;zj;ij ghpRj;jkhf
itj;Jf; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. ghpRj;j kdk;
ntz;Lkhdhy; ek; kdjpd; bray;ghLfis
xG';F gLj;j ntz;Lk;. mjw;F Kjypy; $Ptd;
my;yJ kdpjd; vg;go caph; vLf;fpwJ vd;gij
g[hpe;J bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
4. $Ptd;
clypd; cs;ns caph;; rf;jpahdJ btl;l
btspapny cs;s Mw;wy;fis gpuhztha[tpd;
yk; r;Rf; fhw;why; clypd; cs;ns ,Gj;J
nfhof;fzf;fhd ekJ cly; mqf;fSf;F
Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J cliy ,af;f itf;fpwJ.
,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fshshd
,g;gpug";rj;jpy; ,Ue;J kdpj $Ptd; cw;gj;jp
MfpwJ.
Mjpapny ,g;gpug";rg; gilg;g[f;F ykhdJ
,uz;L rf;jpjhd;. mijj;jhd; rptrf;jp
vd;fpnwhk;. ,Jnt gukhqthFk;. mnj nghy
kdpj $Ptd; cUthtjw;F ,uz;L y mqf;fs;
fhuzkhf tps';Ffpd;wd. rptk; vd;fpd;w Mz;
Rf;fpyg;g[Gt[k; rf;jp vd;fpw bgz;
Rnuhzpjg;g[Gt[k; ,uz;od; fyg;gpdhy; $Ptd;
cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
15

16. ,g;go ,af;Ffpd;w me;j rf;jpiaj;jhd;
RUf;fkhf caph;; rf;jp my;yJ $Ptd;;
vd;fpnwhk;. ,e;j ,uz;Lk; mjhtJ clYk
capUk; nrh;e;J bray;gLfpd;w xU
bghUisj;jhd; $PPtd]; vd;fpnwhk;.
cyfpy; cs;s xt;bthUtUk; jdJ $Ptdpd;
r h p j ; j p u j ; i j f ; f z ; L b fh z ; l h y ; ; c y f p y ; v y ; y h k ;
,d;gk;jhd;. ,t;t[yfpy; vJt[k; ey;yJk;
,y;iy. ez;gd; giftd; fpilahJ. xt;bthU
Md;kht[k; jd; Ra J}a mwpit mwpe;J
tpl;lhy; vy;yhk; rkk;/ vy;yhk; ,d;gkak;
MFk;. mJnt Mj;k"hdk; bgWtJ/
,d;wpikahjJ.
$Ptdpd; gpwg;gpw;Fk; ,wg;gpw;Fk; ,ilna
eilbgWk; bjhlh;gaznk thH;f;ifahFk;.
thHj;bjhpe;J thH:gth;fshd "hdpfis ek;gp
mth;fisg; gpd;gw;wpa[k; thH;tnj "hd thH;t[
my;yJ "hd thH;f;ifahFk;. mJnt ,d;g
thH;f;ifahFk;/
5. "hd thH;t[
thH;f;if vd;gJ d;W mikg;gpny
bray;gLfpwJ.
16

17. 1. ,aw;if/
2.rKjhak;/
3. ,d;g Jd;g';fs;.
,k;d;Wk; kdpjd; thH;f;ifia
eph;zapf;fpd;wd. Mfnt ,k;d;W
gFjpfisa[k; bjspthf Muha;e;J mwptpny
KGik bgw;W thH;tnj "hd thH;t[/ ,J jhd;
,d;g thH;t[/
kdk; jd;trkhf ,Ue;J Ml;og; gilj;jjhy;
kdpjd; vd;W bgah; te;jJ. kdJ + jd;
vd;gJ jhd; kdpjd;. mnjnghy; ehd; vd;w
Mztk; nknyh';fp ,Ue;jtid eu + mfk;
(eumfk;) bfhz;ljhy; eud; vd;Wk; bgah;
cz;lhapw;W. ,d;bdhd;W eufk; vd;W Vd;
bgah; cz;lhapw;W vd;why; ehd; vdJ vd;
kf;fs; vd;bghUs; vd; M!;jp vd;W FWfpa
tl;lj;jpw;Fs; rpf;Fz;L mtDila mwpthdJ
bray;gLk;nghJ fhkk; Fnuhjk; nfhgk; nkhfk;
kjk; khr;rh;ak; lk;gk; <h;ir nghd;w jPa
Fz';fspd;; tpistha; gy;ntW Jd;g';fSf;F
Mshf nehpLk;. ,ijna eufk; vd;gJ. jPik+
mfk; jPikahd mfj;jhy; vGk;
bjhy;iyfisna eufk; vd;W Twpdhh;.
Mfnt Kjypy; J}a;ikahd kdj;ij mfj;ijg;
bgWtnj "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwahFk;.
17

18. 6. "hdk; bgWk; tHpKiwfs;
Md;k mwpt[ bgwntz;Lk;.ghpRj;jkhd
,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg; kdpjd;
bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy; jFjp
MFk;/ kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; yk;
"hdj;ijg; bgw Koa[k;/kdija[k; cliya[k;
nahfj;jpd; yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;JtJ "hdk; bgw
cfe;j tHpahFk;/
thH;f;ifapy; jpdrhp ehk; ekJ kdj;ij xU
Kf;fpakhd fUtpahff; bfhz;L ey;yJ bfl;lJ
,uz;Lf;Fnk cgnahfg; gLj;jp tUfpnwhk;.
kdk; ,a';fhky; vija[k; bray;gLj;j KoahJ.
gytpjkhd rf;jpfs; gpug";rj;jpy;
gutpf;fplf;fpd;wd. mjpy; Mf;fg{h;tkhd
rf;jpfSk; mHpt[ rf;jpfSk; Mfhaj;jpy; Rw;wpf;
bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; rpy rf;jpfs;
kpfgykhf ,a';Fk;/ rpy rf;jpfs; gytPdkhf
,a';Fk;/ ey;y rf;jp miyfs; gykhf
,a';Fk;nghJ ehk; vLj;j fhhpak; btw;wp
bgWk;. ekJ thH;tpy; btw;wp njhy;tpfs; ,e;j
ey;y bfl;l rf;jpfspd; Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy;jhd;
eilbgWfpwJ vd;fpw cz;ikia czu
ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; rpy ekJ vz;z';fspYk;/ rpy
btspapy; Vw;gLk; rf;jpfspd; Mjpf;fj;jhYk;
eilbgWk;. ekf;F mg;ghw;gl;l rf;jpapy;
18

19. rpf;fpf;bfhs;Sk;nghJ ehk; mjpypUe;J
kPsKoahJ. ,e;j jPa rf;jpapypUe;J
KGikahf tpLgl Md;k mwpt[ bgwntz;Lk;.
7. Md;k mwpt[ bgw
1. ehk; vg;nghJk; vy;nyhiua[k; md;g[ld;
nerpj;J re;njhrj;Jld; kdk; tpl;Lg;ngrp
gHfp tuntz;Lk;.
2. kdjhy; Tl xUtUf;Fk; jP';F
bra;af;TlhJ.
3. ekJ guk vjphpf;Fk; Tl bfLjy;
Vw;gLj;jf;TlhJ. ey;yijna bra;
vdt[k; mtUf;Fk; ey;y vz;zj;ijf;
bfhL vdt[k; ,iwtid ehk;
ntz;of;bfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
4. ve;jf;fhyj;jpYk; ve;j rkaj;jpYk; ahh;
ek;ik fhzte;jhYk;; ehk; mtiu
md;g[ld; tuntw;W cgrhpf;f ntz;Lk;.
md;ghf ngrp mDg;g ntz;Lk;/
5. ve;jf; fhuzj;ijf; bfhz;Lk; ahh; kPJk;
nfhgg;gLtnjh jfhj thh;j;ijfshy;
ittnjh TlhJ.
6. ntiyf;fhuh;fs; bghpath;fs; ekf;F
nfhgk; cz;lhf;Fk;go ngRgth;fs;
ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; md;g[ld;
ngrntz;Lk;. kdjpy; mth;fSf;F ey;y
19

20. vz;zj;ijf; bfhLf;Fk;go ,iwtid
gpuhh;j;jpf;f ntz;Lk;.
ghpRj;jkhd ,jaj;ijg; my;yJ kdj;ijg;
kdpjd; bgw;wpUg;gnj "hdk; bgWtjw;F Kjy;
jFjp MFk;/ ,e;j ghpRj;j kdk; mwk; jtk;
$gk; jpahdk; Kjypa gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J
bra;J te;jhy; jhd; bgw Koa[k;/ Kjypy; rpwe;j
FUtplk; brd;W jd;id mog;gilapy; jpUj;jp
mthplk; ey;yhrp bgw;W nkw;fz;l
gapw;rpapidj; bjhlh;e;J bra;J tuntz;Lk;.
,jw;F Kjypy; kdk; vd;why; vd;d vd;W
bjhpe;J bfhs;sntz;Lk;.
8. ghpRj;j kdk;
kdk; ,uz;L tifg;gLtJ. xd;W cs;kdk;
,d;bdhd;W g[wkdk; (btspkdk;)
8.1 btspkdk;
btspkdkhdJ gytpj Mrhghr';fSf;F
cl;gl;lJ. mjDila Jizth;fshd bka;
tha; fz; fhJ f;F Mfpa Ie;J g[yd;fs;
jhd; ek;Kila btspkdij
Ml;og;gilf;Fk;. gytpjkhd Rf';fis
mDgtpf;fj; J}z;Lk;. ,jd; yk; gy
20

21. ,d;dy;fs; neUk;. !;ghpr Rfk; jPz;ly;
,d;gk; nghd;wtw;iwj; njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
njfk; kdpjidj; jtwhd ghijapy;
nghfr;bra;a[k;. ,jpypUe;J tpLgl
Kaw;rpf;f ntz;Lk;.
tha; ngRtjw;Fk; rhg;gpLtjw;Fk; cjt[tJ.
mnj rkak; bfl;ltw;iw ngRtjw;Fk;
rhg;gpLtjw;Fk J}z;LtJ.
fz; ,J kpfg;bghy;yhjJ. kdpjDf;F
kpfkpf Kf;fpakhdJ. ,e;j fz; ghh;g;gJ
vy;yhk; mDgtpf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w
Miriaj; J}z;LtJk; mwpit tsh;f;f
gof;f cjt[tJk; ,f;fz;fns/
MH;kdija[k; ghh;itapy; ghh;j;J kdjpy;
gjpaitf;Fk; kpfKf;fpakhd
mitafkhFk;.
fhJ ,d;dpiriaf; nfl;gJ kw;Wk; ngRtJ
gy ey;yJ bfl;lJ nghd;w tptfhu';fis
nfl;f cjt[tJ.
f;F thridfis mDgtpg;gJld;
kdfpsh;r;rpfisa[k; Vw;glj;j ,e;j cWg;g[
bray;gLk; .
21

22. ,g;go Ik;g[yd;fs; tHpahf btspkdkhdJ
murhl;rp bra;J kdpjid ey;yJ bfl;lJ
,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;W Ml;og; gilf;Fk;.
Mfnt ,e;j btspkdk; ml';fpdhy;jhd;
cs;kdk; jpwf;Fk;.
8.2 cs;kdk;
cs;kdkhdJ vija[k; bra;af;ToaJ.
mjw;F ey;yit bfl;lit bjhpahJ.
btspkdk; vd;d brhy;fpwnjh mij
mg;gona bra;a[k; my;yJ
epiwntw;wptpLk; rf;jp ,jw;F cz;L.
cs;kdjpd; Mw;wy; mghukhdJ. ,jd;
rf;jpfis vGj;jhy; mstpl;Lf;Tw KoahJ.
gytpjkhd Mghr jPa vz;z';fis mfw;wp
ekf;F vJ njitnah mij
czh;t[g;g{h;tkhf cs; kdJf;Fj;
bjhpag;gLj;jp tpl;lhy; cs;kdk; mij
mg;gona epiwntw;wp tpLk;
Mw;wy;gilj;jJ.
Ik;g[yd;fshy; Ml;og;gilf;Fk;
btspkdij mlf;Ftjw;Fjhd r;Rgapw;rp
jpahdk; ke;jpu';fs; ghuhaz';fs; Kjypad
bra;antz;Lk;.
22

23. Kjypy; btspkdij xUepiyg; gLj;j
ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; btw;wp bgw;why;
cs;kdjpy; ekJ ntz;Lnfhis brhy;tJ
kpfr;Rygk;.
kdjpw;Fk; Rthrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilbtsp
,y;yhj bjhlh;g[z;L. kdk; ve;j mst[
bray;gLfpwnjh me;j mst[ r;Rf;
fhw;wpd; mst[k; bray;gLk;.
btspkdij mlf;fr; rhd;nwhh;fs; ,uz;L
cghaj;ijf; ifahz;lhh;fs;.
1. xd;W jj;Jt hPjpahf ,e;j vz;zk;;
jPikahdJ vdnt ,ijj; js;sptpl
ntz;Lk; vd;W jd;Dila
mwpt[g;g{h;tkhd rpe;jidapy;
xt;bthU jPa vz;zjija[k; xJf;fp
kdij jd;Dila mwptpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ.
2. ,d;bdhd;W r;Rf;fhw;W hPjpahf
ml';fhj fhisia mlf;Ftjw;F
bra;fpd;w cgak; nghy ml';fhj
kdij mlf;f r;R gapw;rp bra;J
r;Rf;fhw;iw mlf;fpj; jd;
fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; bfhz;L tUtJ.
,Jnt kdkl';fpdhy; r;R ml';Fk
23

24. r;rl';fpdhy; kdk; ml';Fk;
vd;gjhFk;.
3. kdpjd; rKjhak; vd;fpd;w gpizg;gpy;
mfg;gl;Lf; bfhz;Ls;shd;. mtd;
md;whlk; gy;ntW tpra';fis re;jpf;f
ntz;oa NH;epiyf; ifjpahfp
thGfpwhd;. Mfnt mtDf;F rpe;jpj;J
kdij mwpt[g;g{h;tkhfr; brYj;jp
kdkl';fr; bra;tJ vspjhd
fhhpakpy;iy. fhuzk; nahrpg;gjw;F
fhyk; nghJtJ ,y;iy. Mfnt jw;fhy
NH;epiyapy; r;Rg; gapw;rpapd;
yk;jhd; kdij mlf;f ntz;oa
fl;lha epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdjpd; bray; totk; Kd;ng ghu;j;njhk;.
kdk; jj;Jtf;Tw;wpy; bray;gLtij
,g;nghJ ghu;g;nghk;.
9. me;jf;fhuzk;-4
kdk; g[j;jp mf';fhuk; rpj;jk; vd ehd;F
tifg;gLk;. xU bghUis mwpa g[yd;fshd
bka; tha; fz; f;F brtp vd;git g[wj;nj
,Ue;J bray;gLfpd;wd. mit jUk;
tpra';fisg; gjpt[ bra;J mfk;; cs;ns ,Ue;J
bray; gLfpd;wd. mfj;nj epd;W bray;gLk;
24

25. fUtp mff;fUtpfs; my;yJ me;jf;fuzk;
MFk;.
9.1 kdk;
VnjDk; xU bghwpthapyhf tUk;
bghwpfspd; bra;jpfis me;jg;bghUspd;
kPJ epWj;jp ,J ,d;djhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd
epidj;J re;njf epiyapy; ,Ug;gnj kdk;
vdg;gLk;/
9.2 g[ j ;jp
mJ ,Jjhd; vd epr;rapf;Fk;.
9.3 mf';fhuk;
,e;j epr;ra czh;t[ bray;totk; bgw
fUtp fuzhjpfs; Cf;Ftpf;f vGk;g[k;
epfH;r;rpna mf';fhuk;/
9.4 rpj;jk;
,e;j bray;ghLifs Kot[f;Ff; bfhz;L
tUjy; rpj;jk; vd;gjhFk;.
Md;khthdJ kdk; Kjypa fUtpfisf;
bfhz;L czUk;nghJ mt;t[zh;t[ gw;Wjy;
25

26. epr;rapj;jy; xUg;gl;L vGjy; rpe;;jpj;jy; vd
ehd;F tifg;gLk;. ,dp xU bghUis ,d;dJ
vd epr;rapf;Fk; g[j;jp/ mjid Kd;ida
gHf;fk; gw;wp mjd; tpidf;F <lhf mijj;
jdf;F cwthfnth gifahfnth bghJthfnth
czUk;. ,g;go czh;jyhy;; ,d;gk; Jd;gk;
kaf;fk; vd d;W tpj Fz';fSs; xd;whf
ghpzkpf;Fk;. ,t;thW ghpzkpj;J epw;Fk;
g[j;jpia Md;kh ,J Jd;gk; ,J ,d;gk; ,J
,uz;Lkpy;yhjJ vd mwpe;J gpd; mf;Fzk;
njhd;Wfpd;w fhuzj;jhy; ehd; ,d;g[w;nwd;
Jd;g[w;wnd; ka';fpndd; vd czUk;.
,t;t[zh;t[fs;; fhl;rpfs; MFk;. g[wj;nja[s;s;
fz;qf; fpdpabjhU bghUisf; fz;L ,d;g[Wk;
nghJ Kd;dh; ,J njhd;whfhl;rpa[k; ,d;dbjd
czUk; khdrf;fhl;rpa[k; ,J ,d;d ,d;gk;
vd;Dk; jd;; czh;t[ fhl;rpa[k; xd;wd;gpd;
xd;whf fhuz fhhpa Kiwapy; fly; miynghy;
Md;khtpd; czh;tpy; te;J njhd;Wk;.
,g;goahf Md;kjj;Jtk; 24-k; Md;kht[f;Fj;
J}atotpy; neu; bjhlh;g[ld; bray; gLfpd;wd.
rpj;jh;fs; kdij ghpgf;Ftk; bra;tjd; yk;
"hdj;ijg; bgwKoa[k; vd;W czh;e;J bjhpe;J
mjw;F m#;lh';f nahfk; vd;W vl;L tifahd
gapw;rpfis tFj;Jf; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;.
26

27. xUtd; j';f Mguzk; bra;a ntz;Lbkd;why;
ciyapy; ,l;L fha;r;rp j';fj;ij jfLfshf;fp
fk;gpfshf;fp gf;Ftkhf;fp Mguzk;
bra;fpd;whnd. mJnghy kdija[k; cliya[k;
nahfj;jpd; yk; gf;Ftg;gLj;jp "hdk; bgw
cfe;j tHpfisf; ifahz;lhh;fs;. kf;fSf;Fk;
gy;ntWtpjkhd nahf E }y ; f s ; yk;
vGjpitj;Js;shh;fs;.
Mfnt jFe;j gapw;rpapd; yk; g[yd;fis
btsp tptfhu';fspy; nghftpl;L Mjpf;fk;
brYj;jtplhky; g[yd;fis bty;tjw;Fg;
gapw;rp; Kiwfis fz;Lgpoj;jhh;fs;;. mjd;
yk; Rthrk; jhdhff; fl;Lg;gLk;. Rthrk;
fl;Lg;gLk;nghJ kdRk; fl;Lg;gLk;. kdk;
fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Uf;fpd;wth;fns rpwe;j
nahfpfs;.
mij mfj;jpah; TWk;nghJ
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brgpf;fntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia epWj;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; thrpia cah;j;j ntz;lhk;
kdkJ brk;ikahdhy; ke;jpuk; brk;ikahnk
nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; kdj;jpwk;
bfhz;lth;fSf;F vJt[k; ve;j gapw;rpa[k;
njitapy;iy vd;W TWtjpypUe;J kdij
27

28. brk;ikahf itj;J thH gHfpf;bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. vJt[k; gHf;fkhfp gpd;g[ tHf;fkhf
khWfpwJ. Mfnt ey;y tHf;fkhf
ey;yth;fshf thH KaYnthk;.
10. kdpj Md;kh
,iwtd; cyfpy; gy $Ptuhrpfisg; gilj;jhh;.
84 yl;rk;; $Ptuhrpfs; vd;W TWth; rhd;nwhh;.
Mdhy; ehk; mwpe;jJ vd;dnth xU E}W
,UE}W vd;whny mjpfk;. ,jpny kdpjdpd;
gilg;g[ kpft[k; mhpa xd;W. mwpt[
KGikaile;j xd;W vd;W brhy;fpd;wdh;
"hdpfs;.
7 tifgpwg;g[ 4tifj;njhw;wk; 84 yl;rk;
$Ptuhrpfs; midj;Jnk Md;khf;fs;
Tl;lk;jhd;. Mdhy; ,tw;wpy; kdpjDf;F
kl;Lnk rpwg;gwpt[ cz;L. mijj;jhd; MwhtJ
mwpt[ vd;W Md;nwhh;fs; TWfpd;wdh;.
kdpjdhy; kl;Lnk jhd; ahh; vd;W mwpa[k;
rpwg;ghw;wy; ,Ug;gjhy; kdpjd; kdpjdhfp
g[dpjdhfp gpd; flt[s; Mfpd;w nguhw;wiyg;
bgwKofpwJ. mjdhy; kdpjd;
kpfr;rpwe;jtdhfg; nghw;wg; gLfpwhd;.
fhuzfhhpa';fisf; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj
mwpt[f;F kl;Lnk cz;L.
28

29. mjdhny jhd; cly; ,af;fk; vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F
g[yd; ,af;fk; fhuzk;/ g[yd; ,af;fj;jpw;F
vd;w fhhpaj;jpw;F fhuzk; vz;zk;/ ,g;go
xt;bthd;iwa[k; fz;lwpa[k; Mw;wy; kdpj
Md;kht[f;F cz;L. mjdhy;jhd; g[yd;fs;
Ie;ija[k; fle;J mjw;F nky; brd;W xt;bthU
epfH;r;rpf;Fk;/ njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzk; vd;d
fhhpak; vJ vd;W fz;L gpof;Fk; Mw;wy;
Md;khtpw;F cz;L/ g[yd;fs; fl;Lg;ghL
eP';fpa Md;kh J}a Md;khthf khWfpwJ.
me;j J}a Md;khthy;jhd; gpw caph;fs;
bgWfpd;w Jd;g';ifs ,d;g';fis mtw;wpd;
czh;r;rpfspd; mst[fis fzpj;J ,w';fp
cjt[k; fUiza[s;sk; bgwKofpwJ.
kdpjdpd; cly; fUtpfSf;Fj; njitahf
Jizahf gytpjkhd Ma[j';fs;
,ae;jpu';fisf; fz;L gpoj;J gad;gLj;j jFjp
bgw;wJk; kdpj Md;khjhd;. jd; ,dk; njhd;wp
tHptHpahf gl;l mDgt';fspd; gpujpgypg;ghf
kdpj thH;f;ifia tskhf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ,nj
kdpj Md;khtpw;F cz;L.
gynfho caphpd';fs; thGfpd;w ,e;j g{kpna
cyfk;. ,e;j cyfj;ijg; nghd;W vj;jidnah
cyfk; vj;jidnah nfhs:fs; mz;l
nguz;l';fs; bfhz;l gpug";rkhf cs;sJ.
,e;jg; gpug";rj;jpy; kdpjd; vd;gtd; rpW mq
29

30. nghd;wtd; jhd;/ nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpy; kdpj
Md;kh mqnghd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk; kdpj
Md;khjhd; ,e;j gpug";rj;ij mspf;fpwJ.
nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd; xg;gw;w rf;jpfis
fz;Lgpof;fpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd;
mirt[fisf;Tl fzf;fpl;Lf; Tw KofpwJ.
nfhs;fspd; njhw;w';fisa[k;/ mjd;
r";rhuj;ija[k; el;rj;jpuf;Tl;l';fisa[k;
bray;ghLfisa[k; fzf;fpl KofpwJ. nghpaf;f
kz;ly ,af;fj;jpd; Mw;wy;fis vy;yhk; kdpj
Md;kh fzf;fpLk; Mw;wiyg; bgw;Ws;sJ
vd;why; ,e;j kdpj Md;khtpw;F nghpaf;f
kz;lyj;ijg; nghd;w khbgUk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ
vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ. me;j Mw;wy;
,y;iybad;why; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis
mwpa KoahJ.
kdpj Md;kh kfj;jhd rf;jp bgw;wJ. rpwg;g[g;
bgw;wJ. mjdhy; jhd; nfhs;fspy; eilbgWk;
,af;f';fisa[k; mjpy; fhqk;
njhw;wf';isa[k;/ Fz';fisa[k;/ fz;lwpe;J
rpwg;ghf Md;kh thH;fpwJ. mjd; rpwg;ig
kdpj Md;kh kl;Lnk czh;fpwJ. mjdhy;
jhd; kdpj Md;kh ,aw;ifg; gpug";rj;ij
czh;e;J nghw;wp tHpgl;L mjpy; fyf;f
Kaw;rpf;fpwJ. kdpjd; xUtnd ,e;j
,aw;ifapd; nguhw;wy; cz;ikia czh;e;jtd;;.
mwptpd; tsh;r;rp ghpzhkj;jpny kdpj mwpnt
30

31. Kothd cr;rkhd Koitj;jUfpwJ. kdpj
mwptpnyjhd; nghpaf;f kz;ly epfH;r;rpfis
mwpaKofpwJ. nghpaf;f kz;lyj;jpd;
Kot[fs;Tl kdpj mwptpny r';fkkhfpwJ.
mj;jifa mwpt[ clw;TW bgw;wtnd kdpjd;.
mtd; jd; Md;khit czh;fpd;w J}a nguwpnt
"hdk;.
Md;kh jdJ jPa gjpt[fis ePf;fpg;
guk;bghUis czh;e;J kPz;Lk; gpwthj tHp
czh;e;J fiunawnt cliy fl;of; bfhz;lJ.
mijf;fhj;Jk; tUfpwJ. g[yd;fshy; rpf;fpj;
jtpj;J fl;Lz;L khia vd;fpw tpy';fpd;
thapy; mfg;gl;L mwpt[ bjspt[ mw;w epiyapy;
brayhw;Wk; mnj rkak; mJnt jd;Dila
gl;lwpthy; bjspe;j mwpt[ bgw;W bjspe;j
epiyapYk; brayhw;Wfpd;wJ.
11. czh;r;rp - czh;t[ - kdk;
kdpj cliy czh;r;rp vd;w bray;ghL bghpJk;
gPoj;Jf; bfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpj clypy; ,uj;jk;
btg;gk; fhw;W mjdjd; ghijfspy; rPuhf
bray;gl;L tUfpwJ. clypYs;s mqf;fs;
Tl;lj;jpw;F mJnt Mnuhf;fpaj;ijf;
bfhLf;fpwJ. ,it rPuhf Kiwahf
bray;glhky; ,uj;jnkh fhw;nwh btg;gnkh
khWgl;L bray;gLkhdhy; ve;j ,lj;jpy;
31

32. khWghlhfr; bray;gLfpwnjh me;j ,lj;jpy;
cs;s mqf;Tl;lk; eypt[Wk;. mg;nghJ
$Ptrf;jpahd capUf;Fj; Jd;gk; vd;fpw
czh;itj;jUk;. ,j;jifa Jd;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J
tpLgl VjhtJ xU tHpiaj;njLfpwJ. mJ xU
brayhfnth bghUshfnth NH;epiyahfnth
,Uf;fyhk;/ ,e;j njlny ehl;lkhfpwJ/
Kaw;rpahfpwJ/ gpd;g[ brayhf;fk; bgWfpwJ.
,e;j njlypd; bjhlh;gaznk Jd;g
czh;thft[k; njita[zh;thft[k;
Kaw;rpahft[k; brayhft[k; ,d;gJd;g
tpist[fshft[k; bjspthft[k; Kothft[k;
tphpe;J bray;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhf clnyhL
bfhz;l bjhlh;ghy; capUf;F Vw;gLk;
mDgt';fspd; bjhFg;ghf kdk vd;w
Nl;Rkf;fUtp bray;gL:fpwJ.
12. kdk; vd;Dk; khaNl;Rkf;fUtp
kdjpy; cjak; MFk; xU bray;ghl;il
vz;zk; vd;W TWfpnwhk;. vz;zk; vd;gJ
kdjpd; xU rf;jp MFk;. btl;lbtsp
btspa[yfpy; g[wg;bghUsplk; Mfh;#zk; vd;w
fth;e;jpGf;Fk; <h;g;g[r; rf;jp ,Ug;gijg;
nghyt[k; me;j <h;g;g[r; rf;jpia vjphpilahf
tpyf;fpj;js;Sk; tpfh;#z rf;jp ,Ug;gijg;
nghyt[k; vz;zk; vd;gJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk;
xUtif rf;jpahFk;. ,aw;ifapy; vy;iyaw;w
32

33. Mw;wy; ml';fpa[s;sd. ,e;j ,aw;iff;
fs";rpaj;jpypUe;J kdJ vd;w fUtpahdJ
rpwpjst[ Mw;wiy fpufpj;J vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ.
mt;tpjk; fpufpj;j me;j rf;jpia kdk;
jdf;Fhpajhf Mf;fpf;bfhs;fpwJ. gpwF me;jr;
rf;jpia mJ vz;z';fshf btspna
brYj;JfpwJ. ,e;j rf;jp ekJ cztpd; yKk;
Rthrpf;fpd;w fhw;wpd; yKk; tUfpwJ/
cztpd; yk; cly; ,af;fk;
eilbgWtJnghy/ mnj cztpd; yk;
Nl;rkkhd ntW rf;jpfSk; cz;L
gz;zg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Nl;Rk rf;jpfis mJ
ehk; vz;z';fs; vd;W brhy;Yk; totj;jpy;
btspna js;SfpwJ.
Mfnt kdk; vd;W brhy;yg;gLtJ
mwpt[s;sjy;y vd;gij mwpfpnwhk;. Mdhy;
mJ mwpt[s;sJ nghy; njhd;WfpwJ. mt;tpjk;
mJnjhd;Wtjw;F vd;d fhuzk; vd;why;
mwpt[s;s Mj;kh mjd; gpd;dhy; ,Uf;fpwJ.
cz;ikapy; Mj;kh xd;nw xd;W kl;Lk;jhd;
mwpt[g; bghUshf ,Uf;fpwJ. kdk; vd;gJ
btspa[yfj;ij Mj;kh gw;Wtjw;Fg; gad;gLk;
fUtpahf kl;Lnk ,Uf;fpwJ.
cjhuzkhf ,e;jg;g[j;jfj;ij
vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;. g[wj;jpy; g[j;jfk; vd;w
totj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jg;bghUis
33

34. cz;ikapy; ehk; mwpe;J bfhs;tjpy;iy.
mwpe;J bfhs;s Koahj ,e;jg;bghUs; ekJ
kdijr;brd;W jhf;fp xU J}z;Ljiy mjhtJ
miyfis cz;L gz;qfpd;wd. ,e;j
J}z;LjYf;F gjpy; jUk; tifapy; kdk;
g[j;jfk; vd;w totj;ijg; bghUs;gLj;JfpwJ.
,t;tpjkhf jz;zPhpy; miyfs;
cz;lhtijg;nghy kdjpy; vz;z miyfs;
njhd;Wfpd;wd. btspna ,Uf;fpd;w cyfk;
kdjpy; miyfs; njhd;Wtjw;F fhuzkhf
,Uf;fpwJ. g[j;jfj;jpd; cUtnkh ahidapd;
cUtnkh kdpjdpd; cUtnkh btsp cyfj;jpy;
,y;iy. mjhtJ mtw;iwg;gw;wp
btspapypUe;J tUk; J}z;LjYf;Fg; gjpyhf
ekJ kdjpy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpfisg; gw;wp
kl;Lk;jhd; ehk; mwpe;jpUf;fpnwhk;. g[wj;jpy;
,Ug;gJ kdjpy; ,r;rj;jpia cz;L
gz;qtjw;F fhuzkhf kl;Lnk
mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
,e;j cz;ikia tpsf;Ftjw;F xU Kj;Jr;
rpg;gpia cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; bfhs;nthk;.
Kj;J vg;go cz;lhfpwJ vd;gJ vy;nyhUf;Fk;
bjhpe;jnj. g[wj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xl;Lz;zpahf
xU fpUkp Kj;Jr;rpg;gpapd; Xl;Lf;Fs; g[Fe;J
mij cWj;JfpwJ. mjhtJ rpg;gpf;Fs;
,Uf;Fk; g{r;rpia mJ epdt[f;F cl;gLj;JfpwJ.
,e;j bjhe;jutpypUe;J tpLtpg;gjw;fhf rpg;gp
34

35. kpDkpDg;ghf xUtpj jputj;ij mjhtJ
vdhky; giria ff;fp btspg;gLj;JfpwJ. gpwF
rpg;gp jdf;F cgj;jputk; tpistpj;j fpUkpia
Rw;wpYk; me;j vdhky; giriag; g{rp fpUkpia
o kiwj;J tpLfpwJ. ,jdhy; Kj;J
cz;lhfpwJ. ekJ mDgtj;jpy; Kj;J
cz;lhtjw;F xl;Lz;zp fpUkp fhuzkhf
,Ug;gJnghy btspcyfk; ekJ mDgtj;jpw;F
mog;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
rpg;gpf;Fs; fpUkp g[FtJ nghy; Ik;g[yd;fs;
tHpahf g[Fe;J gpug";rk; ekf;Fg; g[yg;gLfpwJ.
rpg;gp vdhky; giria btspg;gLj;JtJ nghy
,e;j gpug";r braiy ehk; mwpfpnwhk;.
,t;tpjk; kdjpy; eilbgWk; braiy rhjhuz
kdpjdhy; xUnghJk; mwpe;J bfhs;s KoahJ.
Vbddpy; mt;tpjk; mtd; bjhpe;J bfhs;s
Kaw;rp bra;a[k; mnjrkaj;jpy; jd; vdhky;
giria btspna mDg;g[fpwhd;. gpwF
jd;Dila me;j vdhky; g{r;irna ghh;f;fpwhd;.
Mfnt kdk; cz;Lgz;zpa mDgtj;ijj;
jtpu ntW vija[k; kdpjdhy; g[hpe;J bfhs;s
,aYtjpy;iy.
cz;ikahd Md;kh kdjpw;F gpd;dhy;
,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; ifapy; cs;s fUtpahf kdk;
,Uf;fpwJ. cz;ikahd kdpjdhfpa eP (Mj;kh)
epw;Fk;nghJjhd; kdk; mwpt[ilajhfpwJ.
35

36. mg;nghJjhd; kdJf;F mwpe;J bfhs;Sk;
jpwika[z;lhfpwJ. Mj;kh kdijf;
iftpl;LtpLk;nghJ mJ J}s;Jshfr;
rpjwpg;ngha; xd;Wnk ,y;yhky; btWik
mile;J tpLfpwJ.
,g;nghJ kdk; vd;d vd;gijg; g[hpe;J
bfhz;Oh;fs;. rpj;jk; kdk; vy;yhk; xU
,Ug;gplkhFk;. mjpy; vGfpd;w miyfSf;Fk;
RHpfSf;Fnk tpUj;jp vd;w bgah;. ,e;j
t p U j ; j p a p d ; y n k e k ; kh y ; m w p a g ; g L k ; c y f k ;
ekf;F gpug";rkhf tps';FfpwJ.
Md;kh kdk; vd;w epiyapy; tpUj;jp vd;w
miyfshYk; RHpfshYk; ,d;g';fisa[k;
Jd;g';fisa[k; mDgtpj;J mjpnyna MH;e;J
yapj;J jdJ gpwtp nehf;fj;ij kwe;J kha
cyfpy; thGk;nghJ mof;fo
czh;r;rptrg;gLfpwJ. mj;jifa
czh;r;rptrg;gLk; Md;khjhd; nguhir rpdk;
gw;W ghy;fth;r;rp cah;t[ jhH;t[ t";rk;nghd;w
mWtif Fz';fshf khw;wk; bgWfp;wJ.
Md;kh ,g;gog;gl;l Fz';fspd; vGfpd;w
vGr;rpapd; fhuzkhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
gHpr;bray;fs; bra;J jdf;Fk; gpwh;f;Fk;
Jd;gj;ij cz;lhf;FfpwJ. Mfnt gpug";r
khiaapy; Md;kh cHd;W jtpg;gij jtph;j;J
36

37. khia kaf;fj;jpypUe;J tpLgl rpj;jh;fs;
cz;lhf;fpa gapw;rpna nahfh my;yJ nahfk;
vd;gjhFk;.
13. nahfk;
nahfj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhf gad;gLk; fUtpna
kdkhFk;. ,e;j kdkhdJ J}a;ikahf
,Uf;fntz;Lk;/ kdk; khR kUtw;w J}a;ikapy;
,Uf;Fk; nghJ bjspthf ,Uf;Fk;. ePhpy; ePhpd;
mokl;lj;ijf; fhz;gJnghy bjspe;j kdj;jhy;
cz;ikg; bghUisf; fhz Koa[k;. me;j khR
goe;j Jha;ikaw;w kdijg; gz;gLj;Jk;
bewpna nahfk;.
kdkhdJ mwpthfp Md;k czh;itg; bgw;W
tpHpg;gpy; jd; yk; eho xL';Fk;nghJ jd;id
bka;bghUshfnt czh;e;J bfhs;fpd;w ,e;j
KGik ngw;wpid miltjw;Fj; njit nahfk;;
vd;w clw;gapw;rpna MFk;.
14. bka;g;bghUs:
btl;lbtspjhd; cz;ikahd bka;g;bghUs;.
mg;bghUspny ehDk; ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;W
czh;e;J btl;l btspapny njhd;wpa
caphpd';fs; mj;jida[k; vd; cld;
37

38. gpwe;njhh;fns vd;w mf czh;t[ gpwe;J ve;j
caphpd';fSf;Fk; Jd;gk; mspf;ff;TlhJ.
Jd;gg;gLfpd;w caph;fs; kPJ fUiz fhl;o
,d;gj;Jld; thGk; thH;f;ifjhd; tPLngW
MFk;. ,ij mila[k; $Ptd;jhd;
Md;khthFk;.
btl;lbtsp bgUbtspahfpa
bka;g;bghUisna thdk; vd;Wk; thd; vd;Wk;
TWth;. tPL ngW bgw;wth;fis (thd;+ mth;)
thdth; vd;W TWth;/ njth; vd;Wk; TWth;.
(jhd; + mth); jd;id mtuhff; fz;l
fhuzj;jhy; jhdth; jiytd; vd;Wk; TWth;.
jdJ gue;j mwpthy; vg;bghGJk; btl;l btsp
bka;bghUSld; ,izj;J rjhfhyk; epyt[k;
braYkhf ,Uf;fpd;wth;fSf;F mth;fspd;
cs;sj;jpd; epiy Rth;f;fk; (Rth; + mfk;). Rth;
vd;why; nghpd;gk;.
fLe;jtj;jpd; yk; Md;khthdJ jd;dpiy
tpsf;fk; bgWfpwJ/ mg;go tpsf;fk; bgWfpd;w
J}a epiyiaj;jhd; "hdk; vd;fpd;wdh;. ,e;j
KGik ngw;iwna rhd;nwhh;fs; tPLngW
vd;Wk; TWfpd;wdh;. tPL vd;why; ,lk; my;yJ
Mjhuk; vd;W bgah;. fhuzk; ,y;yhky; fhhpak;
gpwg;;gjpy;iy. Mjhuk; ,y;yhky; Mnjak;
gpwg;gjpy;iy. ve;j njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; xU Mjhuk;
38

39. ,Ue;njahfntz;Lk;. mJnghy; Md;khtpw;Fk;
Xh; Mjhuk; ,Ue;jhfntz;Lk;. mjw;F Mjhuk;
(vJ) ,lk; Mf cs;sJ vd Muha;e;jhy;
Kothf ekf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpil ve;j
MjhuKk; ,y;yhj xU bghUns
vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Mjhukhft[k; ,lkhft[k;
,Ug;gJ czug;bgWk;. cjhuzkhf
nfhapy;nky; fyrk; ,Uf;fpwJ. fyrj;jpw;F
nfhapy; nfhg[uk; Mjhukhf cs;sJ/
nfhg[uj;jpw;F g{kp Mjhukhf cs;sJ. g{kpf;F
btl;lbtsp ,lkhf cs;sJ. btl;lbtspf;F
Mjhuk; ,Uf;fpwjh> ,y;iy. mjd; moKoiaf;
fhzKoahJ vd;gij tpsf;fnt mfj;jpaUk;
ghug;gh moKoa[e; njog;nghd
gjpthd khyaD'; fhzh bud;W
neug;gh ntj Kiuj;jpl;l bra;jp
ePs; g[tpapy; ahth;f;Fk; ciuj;jpl;l bra;jp
brsrh -118
btl;lbtspia msf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij
tpsf;fnt jpUkhy; gd;wp mtjhuk; vLj;J
rptd; ghjj;ijf;fhzr; brd;whh; vd;t[k; gpuk;kh
md;dg;gl;rp totk; bfhz;L rptd;Ko fhz
nkny brd;whh; vdt[k fij yk;
brhd;dhh;fs;. btl;lbtsp vd;why;
mjw;bfd;W Mjhuk; ,y;iy. Mfnt mJ
KjyhfpwJ. mjpypUe;Jjhd;njhw;wg;bghUs;
39

40. njhd;wpapUf;f ntz;Lk;. vdnt btl;l
btspna MjpahdJ/ mjw;F ntW Mjhuk;
,y;yhjjhy; mJnt mehjpahdJ. btl;lbtsp
vd;fpw tPl;od; ,af;f rf;jpahy; mfk;njhd;wp
mfj;jhy; ,d;gk; njhd;wp; gpd;du; nghpd;g
cs;sj;ijg; bgw;wth;fns Rth;fnyhf thrpfs;
vd;gjhFk;.
btl;lbtspjhd; bka;g;bghUs; vd;gjw;F
bka;g;bghUs; fz;L tps';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F
fw;g';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
fhzhkw; fz;L fUj;njhL ,Ug;nghh;f;F
tPzhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
epj;jpiu bfl;L epidnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F
Kj;jpiu VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
je;jpukhd jye;jd;dpy; epw; nghhf;F
ke;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
Kj;jkpH; fw;W Ka';Fk; bka; "hdpf;F
rj;j';fs; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
cr;rpf;F nky; brd;W cah;btsp fhz;nghh;f;F
,r;rpg;gp';F VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
ntfhky; bte;J btspapidf; fhz;nghh;f;F
nkhfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
rhfhky; jhz;o jdptHp nghnthh;f;F
Vfhe;jk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
Mde;jk; bgh';fp mwpnthL ,Ug;nghh;f;F
J}de;jhd; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
40

41. rpj;jpuf; Tlj;ij jpdk; jpdk; fz;nlhh;f;F
gj;jpuk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
jd;id mwpe;J jiytidr; nrh;e;njhh;f;Fg;
gpd;dhir VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
brj;jhiug; nghyj; jphpa[k; bka; "hdpf;F
ifj;jhsk; VJf;fo> Fjk;gha;
Fjk;igr;rpj;jh;
gpwg;gpd; Mjpiaa[k; Koita[k; mwpe;j
"hdpfSf;F vJt[nk njitapy;iy vd;gij
tpsf;fnt Fjk;igr;rpj;jh; nkw;fz;l ghly;
yk; tpsf;fp TWtijf; fhzyhk;.
cz;ikahd bghUspd; tpsf;fj;ij Md;kh
mwpa[k;nghJjhd; ek;Kila kaf;fkhd khia
ek;ik tpl;L tpyFfpwJ. mg;nghJjhd;
bghUshf ,Uf;Fk; xd;iw bghUshff; fUJk;
bka;a[zh;t[k; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;nghJ bka;g;bghUs; vd;why; vd;d
vd;gjw;F tpsf;fk; fpilj;Js;sJ.
15. $Pthj;kh guhkhj;kh
v';nfnah btl;lbtspapy; njhd;wpa
guhkhj;khtpy; njhd;wpaJjhd;; $Pthj;kh/
gukhj;khtpw;F Mjhuk; ,y;iy. mijna
ts;syhh;
41

42. jha; tapw;wpy; gpwthJ jhnd Kisj;jtu;f;F
bjz;ldpl;nld; vd;W brhy;yo
vd;w ghly; yk; bjhl;Lfhl;oaij mwpayhk;.
$Pthj;khtpw;F gukhj;kh Mjhuk;.
gukhj;khtpw;F vd;d Mw;wy; cz;nlh mnj
Mw;wy; $Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. gukhj;kh Xh;
,aw;if. mnjnghy gukhj;khtpy; njhd;wpa
$Pthj;kht[k; ,aw;ifapd; TW. gukhj;khtpy;
msg;gwpa Mw;wy;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mnjnghy
$Pthj;khtpYk; cz;L. ,e;j $Pthj;khtpd;
mg{h;t rf;jpia gad;gLj;Jtnj Mj;k "hdk;
MFk;. ,ij mwpahky; ,f thH;f;ifapy; rpf;fp
khiaf;F Ml;gl;L ekJ Md;khit gy
Jd;gj;jpw;F Mshf;Ffpnwhk;/ mjdhy;
jhd; Md;khit Jd;g[Wj;jy; TlhJ. Md;khit
tijf;ff;TlhJ/
Mdhy; Md;kh gyJd;g';fSf;F mshfpd;wJ.
mJ vg;go vd;why;
1. flt[isj;njo mila Kad;Wk; mtdhy;
flt[isf;fhz Koahj epiy.
2. thH;tpy; tWikbaDk; gw;whf;Fiw
42

43. 3. bra;fpd;wbray;fspd; tpist[fisg;gw;wp
mwpahik. mwpe;Jk; myl;rpak;
bra;fpd;w epiy/ mtkjpj;J mjdhy;
Jd;gk; mDgtpf;Fk; epiy.
4. Md;khtpd; kfj;Jtk; g[hpahky; gpwh; kPJ
mr;rKk; gif Jd;g[Wj;jy; nghd;wtw;why;
my;yYWk; epiy/
nkw;fz;l Fiwfs; xd;nwhblhd;W ,ize;J
thH;f;ifapy; gytpj rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshfp
mtw;iw yFthfj; jPh;f;f Koahky; jtpj;J jhd;
Jd;g[w;W gpwiuj; Jd;g[Wj;jpa[k; thH;fpwhd;.
,g;gog;gl;l rpf;fyhd ,f;fl;lhd NH;epiy
tUfpwnghJ kdpjd; bjhpe;njh bjhpahknyh
,e;j ,f;fl;oypUe;J tpLjiy bgwntz;Lk;
vd Kay;fpwhd;. xt;bthU $Pthj;khtplKk;
Fiw eP';fp KGik bgwntz;Lk; vd;w Mh;tk;
jJk;gpf;bfhz;oUf;fpwJ. mjd; tpist[
rpe;jid Xl;lk; gpwf;fpwJ/ rpe;jpf;fpwhd;/
Kaw;rp bra;fpwhd;/ Kaw;rpapd; tpist[
bray;fspy; ,w';fp Xuhst[ czut[k;
bra;fpwhd;. mtd; braYf;nfw;w tpist[fisf;
fhz;fpwhd;. Mj;k "hdk; ,g;nghJ mtDf;F
g[yg;gl Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
kdpjdpd; beLe;J}ug; gazj;jpy; gyrpe;jid
thjpfs; rPh;jpUj;jthjpfs; ty;Ydh;fs; rpj;jh;
43

44. bgUkf;fs; nghd;nwhh;fs; gyE}y;fs; vGjpa[k;
nghjidfs; Twpa[k; kdpjd; FiwghLfis
KGikahf ePf;f Koatpy;iy/ fhuzk; kdpjd;
rKjhak; vd;fpw r';fypg; gpizg;gpy; thH;e;J
bfhzL ,Ug;gjhy; jhd; FiwghLfs;
vy;yhhplKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. fhuzk; mtdpd;
njit gHf;fk; mwptpd; tsh;r;rp re;jh;g;g
NH;epiyfs; ,tid Fiw cs;stdhf
Mf;FfpwJ. ,tw;wpy; mwptpy; rpwe;j
rpyh;kl;Lk; rpe;jpf;fpwhh;fs.; fhuz fhhpa';fis
gFj;J czUfpwhh;fs;. mjdhy; jd; mstpy;
gapw;rp bgw;W jd;Dila Fiwia ePf;fpf;
bfhs;fpwhh;fs;. ,iwtidf; fhzntz;Lk; vd;w
Mh;tj;jpy; jd; mwptpd; tpsf;fj;jhy;
Fiwiag;nghf;fpf; bfhz;lth;fs; rpyh;.
,tw;iw czh;e;njhuhy; czh;j;jg;bgWfpwhh;fs;
gyh;. ,g;go gyh; czh;e;Jk; cgnjrk;
bgw;whYk; mth;fspy; gyngh; jh';fs; bgw;w
tpsf;f';fSf;F Vw;g gHf;fj;ij
khw;wpf;bfhs;Sk; mst[ Jzpt[ bgWtjpy;iy.
xt;bthU kdpjDk; xd;iw kwe;JtpLfpwhd;.
xt;bthU braYk; Md;khtpy;
gjpg;gpf;fgg;LfpwJ. Mfnt ehk; gHpr;brhy;
,Hpthd bray; nghd;w gjpt[fis Rj;jg;gLj;jp
J}a;ikahf;fp guk;bghUnshL ,uz;lwf;
fyf;fnt ek; cly; xU fUtpahfr;
bray;gLfpwJ vd;gij kwe;J cz;ikfis
44

45. czuhky; ,fthH;t[ khiaapy; cHd;W bfhz;L
,Uf;fnwhk;. Md;kh mwpt[ Kjph;e;J
rpe;jidapy;; bjspt[ bgWk;nghJ jhd;
bjspe;jth; Rl;of;fhl;o czh;j;Jk; nghJ jhd;
mwpt[ tpHpg;g[ epiy milfpwJ.
mijna ts;syhh;
“grpj;jpU” “jdpj;jpU” “tpHpj;jpU” vd;W
TWfpwhh;.
“grpj;jpU” vd;why; vg;bghGJk;
"hdg;grpnahL ,U vd;gjhFk;.
“jdpj;jpU” vd;gJ khiaapy; g[yd;fis
brYj;jhky; jdpj;jpUvd;gjhFk;/
“tpHpj;jpU” vd;gJ Md;kh khRglhky;
tpHpg;nghL ,Ug;gJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j mwptpd;
tpHpg;g[ epiy jhd; Md;kPf thH;thFk;.
16. Md;kPf thH;t[
kdpjdpd; thH;f;if fPH;fz;l epiyfspy;
,a';FfpwJ
1. ,d;gk; Jd;gk; vd;fpw thH;t[ epiy.
2. ,aw;if tpjpj;j CH;tpid ,iwepiy/
45

46. 3. rKjha mikg;g[ ePjp mwbewp.
4. murh';fk;.
nkw;fz;l epiyfspy; kdpj Md;khthdJ gl;L
bjsptila[k; bjspt[jhd; thH;it
ca;tpf;fty;yJ. Jd;g';fis fise;J
,d;gj;ijf; ju ty;yJ.
nkw;fz;l; e pi y f s p y btw;wp fhznt
rhd;nwhh;fs; ey;y E}y;fis vGjp rpwg;ghf
thH tHp tiffisr; Twpr; brd;whh;fs;.
mtw;wpy; fij thapyhff; TWfpd;w E}y;fs;
gftj;fPij nghd;wJ/ fw;gidahff;TWk;
fijfs; rpy ,uhkhazk; nghd;w fhtpa';fs;.
,j;jifa E}y;fis gog;gjpd; yKk; thH;f;if;
mDgt';fspd; yKk; gapd;W mwbewp
gpwHhJ rj;jpak; jh;kk; ePjp vd;fpd;w xG';F
Kiwapy; cWjpahd gHf;fj;ij filgpoj;J
thH;e;jhy; kdpjDila thH;t[ rpwg;ghft[k;
,d;gkhft[k; mikjpahft[k; mika[k;. ,Jnt
Md;kPf gazj;jpw;F jpwt[nfhyhf mika[k;.
,e;j cah; bewpna Md;kPf thH;t[ vd;W
Twyhk;.
Md;khtpd; epiyawpe;J mjd; ,ay;iga[k;
czh;e;J vz;zk; brhy; bray; ,tw;why;
mwbewp gpwHhJ thH;e;J tUtJ Md;kPf
thH;thFk;. ,g;go mwbewp nghw;wp xGfp
46

47. thH;tjhy; Md;kh J}a;ik bgw;W KGik
milfpwJ. ,J xU rpwg;ghd Md;kPfg; gazk;
vd;W Twyhk;. jd;Dila mwptpd; bjspthy;
,g;go thH;f;if nkw;bfhs;tjhy; ,tw;iw
xUtif Md;k "hdk; vd;W bfhs;syhk;.
Md;kPf thH;t[ jhd; Md;k "hdj;ij jUk;/
,jw;F jdpkdpj xGf;fk; kpf kpf Kf;fpak;/
jdpkdpj xGf;fk; Md;k "hdj;jhy; kl;Lnk
bgw Koa[nk jtpu kw;w bray;ghLfshy; bgw
KoahJ. jdpkdpj xGf;fnk xg;gw;w
xGf;fkhd rKjhakhf khw cjt[k; vd;gjpy;
Iakpy;iy. mwtHp gpwHhJ thGk; bka;"hd
tpsf;fj;jpd; ynk jdpkdpj xGf;fk; tsUk;.
cyf kf;fs; eyk;ngz Koa[k;.
bka;"hd tpsf;fk; vd;fpw Md;k mwptpd;
bjspnt "hdk;. mJ mwk; jtk; vd;fpw
Kaw;rpa[s;sth;fl;nf fpilf;Fk;. jtg;gapw;rp
jj;Jt';fspd; tpsf;f';fis mwpe;jth;fSf;nf
mJ rhj;jpak;. mth;fs; kl;Lk;jhd; kw;wth;f;F
bjhl;Lf;fhl;oa[k; t p s f; f p a [ k ; ; Tw Koa[k;/
"hdj;ij mspf;f ,aYk;.
17. jj;Jt tpsf;fk;
mz;l btspapy; cz;lhd Mw;wYf;F Vw;g ekJ
clyhdJ 24 jj;Jt';fnshL To bray;gLfpwJ/
47

48. 18. gr";g{j';fs;
epyk; ePh; beUg;g[ fhw;W Mfhak; Mfpa Ie;J
g{j';fspd; Tl;Lf;fyitahy; cz;lhdnj kdpj
cly;. nkw;fz;l Ik;g{jk; xt;bthd;wpw;Fk;
totk; Fzk; epwk; vGj;J cz;L vd;W
"hdpfs; Twpa[s;sdh;. mJ gpd;tUkhW cs;sJ.
g{jk; tot[ epwk; vGj; Fzk; bjhHpy; Fwp bja;tk fiy
J ;
kz; ehw bghd; y fodk; jh';fy; tr;rpfu mad; epth;j;j
nfhz ik k; p
k;
ePh; gpiw btz;i t jd;ik ghjk; jhki jpUkhy gpujp#;i
k bra;jy; u ; l
jP Kf; brk;i u btk;i xd;W Rthjpf tpj;ij
nfhz k k tpjpj;j k;
k; y;
fhw; mWnfh fUg; a gue;J rhpj;jy; mWg[s; knfrd; rhe;jp
W zk; g[ sp
Mfha tl;l g[ifi Q btspah ,lk; mKj rjhrpt rhe;jpa
k; k; k jy; bfhLj;j gpe;J k; fPij
y;
48

49. 19. mq gukhq kw;Wk;
caph;njhw;wk;
Ie;J g{j';fs; xt;bthd;Wf;Fk; vl;L tpjkhd
Fzhk;r';fs"; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Nl;rk
Fz';fs; vd;fpw jd;khj;jpiu cz;L. mJnt
rg;jk; !;ghprk; +gk; urk; fe;jk; vdg;gLk;
,ijna Xir CW xsp Rit kzk; vd;Wk;
TWthu;fs;. ,e;j Ik;g{j';fs; vg;go clypy;
bjhHpy;g[hpfpd;wd vd;W Muha[k; nghJ gukhq
vd;fpw Mjpapy; njhd;wpa rptrf;jpapd;
jd;dpaf;f RHw;rpapdhy; mz;l nguz;l';fs;
cUthapd vd;gJ bjupatUk;. ,e;jg;gukhq
vd;gJ Vnjh ,d;W tp";"hdpfs;
fz;Lgpoj;jjy;y. ,J vd;nwh "hdpfshy; myrp
Muhag;gl;lit. mqf;fs; gw;wp itnrrpf
rpj;jhe;jk; KGf;f KGf;f TWfpwJ. me;j
VLfs; ,d;W ,y;iy. fhyj;jhy; mHpe;J
tpl;ld.
mq vd;gJ jj;Jt "hdj;jpy; Kot[f;F
Kothd xU cz;ikiaf; TWtJ. ,e;j
gpug";rk; my;yJ cyfj;jpd; bjhlf;fj;jpid
mwpa Kaw;rpj;jhy; Kjypy; Koit ehk; bjhpe;J
bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. Kot[ v';nfnah m';nfjhd;
bjhlf;fKk; Muk;gkhFk;. v';nfh btl;l
btspapypUe;J xU E}y; bjh';Fkhdhy; mjd;
Koitg;gpoj;Jf; bfhz;L Vwpdhy; mjd;
49

50. bjhlf;fj;ij mwpayhk;. mJnghy
gpug";rj;jpw;F mHptpida[k; Muk;gj;ija[k;
mwpa d;W epiyahd mst[ nfhiyf;
fz;lhh;fs;. xU t!;Jt[f;F mHpt[ vd;gJ
gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jy;. ,jw;F nky; gphpf;f
Koahj epiytiu mHpj;Jf; bfhz;nlnghdhy;
Kotpy; mqf;fspy; brd;W Koa[k;.
,t;tqf;fs;jhd; cyfpd; xLf;fk;.
,tw;wpypUe;Jjhd; cyfk; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
g[yd;fis btd;W jd;Dila Th;ikahd
Mw;wyhy; gphpf;f Koahj gukqtpy; ,Ue;J
mz;l nguz;l';fs; njhd;wpaij mjd;
mqj;jpwid Ma;e;jth;fs; mwpe;jth;fs;
fjputd; xypapy; kpd;Dfpd;wd vd;why; mjw;F
vd;d fhuzk>; thdtpy; Fsph;e;J mHfhf
fhl;rp jUfpwJ vd;why; vd;d fhuzk>; vd;W
Muha;e;jdh;. mjd; tpist[ rpd;d";rpW
Jfs;fs; ,Ue;jhf ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;ldh;.
xU bghUis Jz;oj;Jf; bfhz;nl brd;why;
filrpapy; mjd; epiy gw;wp rpj;jh;fs;
Ma;e;jdh;.
mqtpy; mqtpid Mjpgpuhid
mqtpy; mqtpid Mapuk; Twpl;L
mqtpy; mqtpid mqf ty;yhh;f;F
mqtpy; mqtpid mqfYkhnk
- jpUyh;
50

51. mqitj; Jisj;J VH;fliy g[fl;o
-xsitahh;
nkw;fz;l ghly; yk; rpj;jh;fs; mqitg;
gw;wp vd;nwh Twpa[s;sij mwpayhk;.
mqbfhs;iffis ntj fhyj;jpw;F Kd;gpUe;j
mE g{jpkhd;fs; rhd;nwhh;fs; fp.K.500
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng Twpa[s;sdh;.
,tw;iwbay;yhk; ekJ Mfk E}y;fspy;
fhzyhk;. jkpHwp"h;fs; rpj;jh;fspd;
Ma;t[j;jpwdhdJ gpug";rj;jpd; iy
KLf;Ffisbay;yhk; myrp Ma;t[f; fskhf;fp
mjida[k; RUl;o jdJ ff;fj;jpy;
itj;Js;sdh;. rpj;jh;fs; mth;fisg; ghuhl;l
ekf;F ehtpy;iy.
20. xspa[ k ; btg;gKk;
fz;qf;F vl;lhj Jfs;fs; cU gz;g[ Kjypa
,ay;g[fs; ,y;yhjd. ,j;Jfs;fs; Mw;wiy
nkw;bfhz;L jd; khj;jpiufs; vd;Dk;
Jfs;fshf khWfpd;wd. gy jd;khj;jpiufs;
x d ; W T o x U g u k h q t h f j ; j pu s ; f p d ; w d . ,e;j
jd;khj;jpiufs; tpiutha;j; Jog;gjhy; xspa[k;
btg;gKk; njhd;Wfpd;wd. bghUs;fspy;
tpisa[k; ,uhrhad tpist[fisa[k; rpj;jh;fs;
jd; bfhs;ifapy; tpsf;fpa[s;sdh;.
51

52. ,Uf;fpy; ,Uf;fk; vz;zpyh nfho
,Uf;fpd;w yj;Js; m';nf ,Uf;Fk;
mUf;fDk; nrhkDk; Muoy; tPr
cUf;fpa nuhkk; xsp tpLe;jhnd
- jpUke;jpuk; -21
nkw;fz;l ghl;od; bghUs; nfhof;fzf;fhd
mqf;fspy; mjd; yj;Js;ns ,Uf;fpd;w
xspa[k; btg;gKk; mHy;fis tPRfpd;wd vd;W
TWtijf; fhzyhk;.
xspa[k; btg;gKk; mqj;jd;ik bfhz;lit
vd;W rpj;jh;fs; Twpdhh;. mz;lk; vd;whny
Kl;il totk; vd;gJ bghUs;. vg;go
g{kpahdJ jd;dpiy RHw;rpahy; tl;l totk;
bgw;Ws;snjh mnjnghy g{kpapy; gpwf;Fk;
midj;Jk; tl;l totKld; njhw;wk;
cz;lhfpwJ/ tpij Kisf;Fk;nghJ tl;l
totk;/ gwit Kl;il tl;l totk;/ g{kpapy;
tpGk; kiHj;Jsp tl;l totk; nahdpapy; fU
tl;l totk;/ ,g;goahf njhw;wk; cz;lhtijf;
fhzyhk;. ,g;goahf mz;lj;jpy; cs;s
nfhlhd nfho nfhs;fs; mj;jida[k; tl;l
totkhfnt tps';Ffpd;wd. ,tw;wpd;
,ay;g[fs; mjdjd; kpd;fhe;j <h;g;g[
miyfSf;nfw;g cz;lhd vGr;rpapd;
52

53. ntWghLfshy; fzf;fpl Koahj nfhof;
fzf;fhd ntWghLfis bfhz;Ls;sJ.
,itfs; jk;nkhL jhKk; gpwpJkhf fye;J
mqf;fshft[k; mqj;jpushft[k; bghUshft[k;
Mfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l mqj;jpus;fspd;
fyitfs; bfhz;lJjhd; $Ptuhrpfs; mz;lk;
gpug";rk; midj:Jk; MFk;.
rpj;jh;fs; j';fspd; nahf ty;yikahy; cyfpd;
gilg;g[f;Fk; fhj;jYf;Fk; mHptpw;Fk;
cz;lhd fhuz fhhpa';fis fz;L bjspe;J
fhuz fhhpa';fs; vy;yhk; mqthf cs;sJ
vd;W Twpdhh;fs;. mqf;fs; vy;yh
caph;fspSk; vy;yh cyf';fspSk; vy;yh
cyfpaw;bghUs;fspYk; epiwe;J
,Uf;fpwgoahy; v';Fk; mqf;fs; jhd; epiwe;J
cs;sd vd;W fz;ldh;.
21. g";rg{jKk; mjd; jj;JtKk;
gukhqtpdhy; g";rg{jk; cz;lhdJ. mjd;
fyg;ghy; $Ptuhrpfs; cz;lhapw;W. $Ptuhrpfns
g";rg{j fyg;gpd; Mw;wiyf;bfhz;ljhFk;.
me;jg; g";rg{j Mw;wy; vg;go kdpj rhPuj;jpy;
bray;gLfpwJ vd;gijg; ghh;g;nghk;.
53

54. kdpjdhd $Ptdplk; mDgtKk; rpe;jida[k;
To mwpt[g; bgUf;fk; Vw;gl;L jd; fhuz
epiyeho Muha[k; nghJ guepiy eho
Muha[k;nghJ me;epiy czh;e;j kdpjdhy;
jj;Jt tpsf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ.
,t;t[yfnk Ik;bgUk; g{j mqf;fshy; MdJ.
,e;j Ik;g{j mqf;fspy; cs;s xt;bthU
mqtpY[k; 96 jj;Jt';fs; mike;Js;sd. ,e;j
96 jj;Jt';fns kdpj rhPuj;jpy;
bray;gLfpd;wd.
21.1.2 jj;Jt';fs; 96
1. Kjy; jj;Jtk; - 30
2. ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - 30
3. d;whk; jj;Jtk; - 36
------
Mf 96
------
21.1.1 Kjy; jj;Jtk; tpguk; -
30
1. g{jk; - 5
2. bghwp - 5
3. g[yd; - 5
4. fd;nke;jphpak; - 5
54

55. 5. fd;k tprak; - 5
6. fuzk; - 4
7. mwpt[ - 1
------
Mf 30
mjd; tpguk; tUkhW.
g{jk;-5
1. gpUjptp - kz;
2. mg;g[ - ePh;
3. nja[ - mf;dp
4. tha[ - fhw;W
5. Mfhak; - btsp
bghwp-5
1. brtp
2. njhy;
3. fz;
4. ehf;F
5. f;F
g[yd;-5
1. rj;jk; - nfl;fg;gLtJ
(brtpf;F caph;f;TW)
55

56. 2. !;ghprk; - bjhL czh;t[ mwptJ
(clk;g[f;F caphf;;TW)
3. cUtk; - fhz;gJ
(fz;qf;F caph;TW)
4. ,urk; - mWRit mwptJ
(ehf;Ff;F caph;f;TW)
5. fe;jk; - thrid mwpt[
(f;Ff;F caphf;;TW)
fd;nke;jphpak;-5
1. tha;
2. if
3. fhy;
4. mghdk;
5. Fwp
fd;k tprak;-5;
1. ngRjy; - thf;Ff;F
caph;f;TW
2. flj;jy; - fhYf;F
caph;f;TW
3. bfhLj;jy; th';fy; - iff;F
caph;f;TW
4. tpLjy; - vUtha;
caph;f;TW
56

57. 5. kfpH;jy; - Fwpf;F
caph;f;TW
fuzk;-4
1. kdk; - xd;iw ,izg;gJ
2. g[j;jp - mjid tprhhpg;gJ
3. mf';fhuk; - mjidf; bfhz;L
nky; vGk;g[tJ
4. rpj;jk; - mjidr; bra;J
Kog;gJ
mwpt[-1
1. mwpt[ - jd;idf; fz;L
kfpH;e;jpUj;jy;
21.1.2 ,uz;lhk; jj;Jtk; - 30
1. eho - 10
2. tha[ - 10
3. ra';fs; - 5
4. nfhrk; - 5
------
Mf 30
------
1. eho - 10
57

58. 2. tha[ - 10
mitahtd
1. gpuhzd;
2. mghdd;
3. tpahdd;
4. cjhdd;
5. rkhdd;
6. ehfd;
7. Th;kd;
8. fphpfud;
9. njtjj;jd;
10. jd";brad;
1. gpuhzd; - g[Ut
kj;jpapy; njhd;wp
rpj;jpu ehoapy; g[Fe;J
yhjhuj;ij mile;J
bjhg;g[s; gpd; f;Fj;
jhdj;jpy; Kl;o
,lfiy gpd;fiyfspy;
Xo fghyj;ijr; Rw;wp
f;F Jthuj;jpy;
btsptUk; Rthrk; 12
m';Fyk; ePz;L
btspte;J ehd;F
58

59. m';Fyk; fHpe;j 8
m';Fyk; cs;ns
brd;W kPz;Lk;
g[wg;gl;l
,lj;jpypUe;J Rthrk;
Jt';FfpwJ. ,g;gor;
bray;gLk; Rthrk;
ehHpif xd;Wf;F 360
Rthrk; ,ut[ gfy; 60
ehHpiff;F 21600
Rthrk; kdpj clypy;
bray;gLfpwJ.
Fwpg;g[ 24 epkprk;
bfhz;lJ - 1 ehHpif
59

60. ,e;j Rthrk; 21600-f;F tpguk;
1. yhjhuj;jpy; Rthrk; - 600
2. Rthjpl;lhdj;jpy; Rthrk; -
6000
3. kzp g{ufj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
4. mdhjfj;jpy; Rthrk; - 6000
5. tpRj;jpapy; Rthrk; - 1000
6. Mf;fpidapy; Rthrk; - 1000
7. rf!;;uhfhuj;jpy;; Rthrk; - 1000
-------
21600
Rthrk;
--------
ehs; xd;Wf;F 21600 Rthrk; ,a';fp
,jpy; 7200 Rthrk; fHd;W 14400
Rthrk; cs;ns brd;W kdpj cliy
brayhf;fg; gLj;JfpwJ.
2. mghdd; - Fjj;ija[k;
Fa;aj;ija[k; gw;wp epd;W
kyryhjpfis fHpg;gJ.
3. tpahdd; - njhypny epd;W
ghpr';fis mwptpg;gJ.
4. cjhdd; - grpia cz;lhf;fp
cz;l czit cztpd; rf;jpia
60

61. mjhtJ rhuj;ij 72000 eho
euk;g[fspy; brYj;jp rhPuj;ij
tsh;g;gJ.
5. rkhdd; - vy;yh tha[ita[k;
VWjy; ,w';Fjy; ,y;yhky;
rkdhff; bfhz;L ,a';FtJ.
6. ehfd; - tpf;fYk; ff;fYk;
cz;lhf;FtJ.
7. Th;kd; - fz;zpny epd;W
,ikg;gJ.
8. fphpfud; - g[Utkj;jpiag; gw;wp
epd;W Jk;ky; mGtpj;jy; bra;tJ.
9. njtjj;jd; - tpHpj;jpUf;Fk;nghJ
XLtpj;jYk; cyht[jYk; a[j;jk;
gz;qtpj;jy; bra;tJ.
10. jd";brad; - gpuhzd; clk;ig
tpl:Lg;nghdYk; jhd; gphpahky;
epd;W clk;ig ,a';fr; bra;J
tphptpj;jYk; bra;J d;W
ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF fghyj;ijg;
gpse;J Xog;nghtJ.
61

62. 3. ra';fs;; - 5
1. mkh;thrak;
2. gfph;thrak;
3. rythrak;
4. kythrak;
5. Rf;fpy thrak;
1. mkh;thrak; - cz;l
czt[ rhuk; mkUkplk;
2. gfph;thrak; -
md;d rhuk; gfph;e;J
bfhLf;Fkplk;
3. rythrak; - ePh;
,w';Fk; ,lk;
4. kythrak; - kyf;FHp
,w';Fk; ,lk;
5. Rf;fpy thrak; -
Rf;fpyk;; gphpa[k; ,lk;
4. nfhrk; -5
1. md;dka nfhrk;
2. gpuhzka nfhrk;
3. kndhka nfhrk;
62

63. 4. tp";"hdka nfhrk;
5. Mde;jka nfhrk;
1. md;dka nfhrk; -
Jynjfkhfpa clk;g[
2. gpuhzka nfhrk; -
gpuhzDk;
fd;nke;jphpaKk; To
epw;gJ
3. kndhka nfhrk; -
kdKk;
"hnde;jphpaKk; To
epw;gJ
4. tp";"hdka nfhrk; -
g[j;jpa[k;
"hnde;jphpaKk; To
epw;gJ
5. Mde;jka nfhrk; -
gpuhztha[k;
RGj;jpa[k; To epw;gJ
63

64. 21.1.3 d;whk; jj;Jtk; - 36
1. Mjhuk; - 6
2. kz;lyk; - 3
3. kyk; - 3
4. njhrk; - 3
5. Vlid - 3
6. Fzk; - 3
7. ,uf;fk; - 8
8. tpid - 2
9. mtj;ij - 5
-----------
Mf 36
-----------
1. Mjhuk; -6
1. yhjhuk;
2. Rthjpl;lhdk;
3. kzpg{ufk;/
4. mdhfjk;/
5. tpRj;jp/
6. Mf;i"
1. yhjhuk;
1. ,Uf;Fkplk; vUtha;
ehw;rJuj;Jf;Fs;ns
ehspjH; Kf;nfhz
64

65. totkhf ,Uf;Fk;
vGj;J X';fhuk;. epwk;
khzpf;f epwk;. njtij
fzgjp.
2. Rthjpl;lhdk;
,Uf;Fkplk;
vUtha;f;Fk; nkny
,uz;L tpuw;fil
mst[k; bjhg;g[Sf;Ff;
fPnHa[k;. ehw;nfhzk;/
MW ,jH; vGj;J e/
fhuk;/ brk;bghd; epwk;.
njtij gilg;g[
gpuk;kh
3. kzpg{ufk; -
,Uf;Fkplk; bjhg;g[H;
gpiwnfhzkhdJ.
,jd; eLnt epw;Fk;
vGj;J kh fhuk;. gj;J
,jH; kufj epwk;/
njtij tp#;q.
4. mdhfjk; -
,Uf;Fkplk; ,Ujak;
Kf;nfhzkhdJ. ,jd;
eLnt ,Uf;Fk; vGj;J
rp/ fhuk; gd;dpuz;L
65

66. ,jH; !;gof epwk;/
njtij cUj;jpud;.
5. tpRj;jp -
,Uf;Fkplk;; fz;lk;
(fGj;J). mWnfhzk; 16
,jH; nfhnkjf epwk;
vGj;J t/ fhuk;
njtij knfRtud;.
6. Mf;i" -
,Uf;Fkplk; g[Ut
kj;jp tl;lkhapUg;gJ
3 ,jH; !;gof epwk;
vGj;J a/ fhuk;.
nkw;fz;l tpguj;jpd; yk;
Mjhuk; Mwpnya[k; MW
vGj;J Xk; ekr;rptha MW
Mjhuk; MWtPlhft[k;/
,jH;fisf; Tl;odhy; 51
ml;ruk; vd;gJk;
fz;Lbfhs;s ntz;Lk;.
2. kz;lyk; -3
1. mf;dp kz;lyk;
2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk;
3. re;jpu kz;lyk;
66

67. 1. mf;dp kz;lyk; - ,J
yhjhuk; MFk;
2. Mjpj;j kz;lyk; -
,Uja !;jhdk; MFk;
3. re;jpu kz;lyk; -
rf!;uhfhu jskhFk;.
3. kyk;-3
1. Mztk;
2. fhkpak;
3. khia
1. Mztk; - clk;ig
ehd; vd;W ,Ug;gJ.
2. fhkpak; -
fz;ltw;wpy; kdk;
Mirg;gLtJ.
3. khia - jdf;F
tUtij mwpahky;
,Ug;gJ.
67

68. 4. njhrk; -3
1. thjk;
2. gpj;jk;
3. rpnyhj;jkk;
1. thjk; - tha[tpd;
bray; tpist[
2. gpj;jk; - mf;fpdpapd;
tpist[
3. rpnyhj;jkk; - fgj;jpd;
tpist[
5. Vlid -3
1. mh;j;j Vlid/
2. g[j;jpu Vlid/
3. cyf Vlid
1. mh;j;j Vlid -
jputpaj;ij njo
Mirg;gly;
2. g[j;jpu Vlid - g[j;jpu
njo Mirg;gly;
68

69. 3. cyf Vlid - cyf
tpra';fs; njo
Mirg;gly;
6. Fzk; -3
1. ,uhl;rrk;/
2. jhkrk;/
3. rhj;tPfk;
1. ,uhl;rrk; - mf';fhukha;
btl;lt[k; Fj;jt[k;
mof;ft[khapUg;gJ
2. jhkrk; - ke;j g[j;jp
cd;kj;jkha; kj;jpakha;
,Ug;gJ
3. rhj;tPfk; - mlf;fk;
md;g[ tpntfk; Ik;bghwp
Mf;fy; mUs; "hdk;
jtk; bghiw nkd;ik
tha;ik
Kjypatw;iwa[ilajha;
ehl;l'; bfhz;oUg;gJ
69

70. 7. ,uhfk; -8
1. fhkk;
2. Fnuhjk;
3. cnyhgk;
4. nkhfk;
5. kjk;
6. khr;rhpak;
7. ,Lk;ig
8. mf';fhuk;
1. fhkk; - Mir
2. Fnuhjk; - gpzf;F
3. cnyhgk; - gpoghL
4. nkhfk; - gphpak;
5. kjk;/ - fh;tk;
6. khr;rhpak; - cjl;oy;
cwt[k; cs;sj;jpy;
gifa[k; itg;gJ
7. ,Lk;ig - cjhrPdk;
8. mf';fhuk; -
nfhgpj;jy;
8. tpid - 2
1. ey;tpid
2. jPtpid
70

71. 1. ey;tpid - g[z;zpak;
bra;jy;
2. jPtpid - ghtk;
bra;jy;
9. mtj;ij - 5
1. rhf;fpuk;
2. brhg;gdk;
3. RGj;jp
4. Jhpak;
5. JhpahjPjk;
1. rhf;fpuk;- yyhlj;jhdk;
(g[Utkj;jp)
2. brhg;gdk;-
fz;l!;jhdk;
3. RGj;jp- ,Uja
!;jhdk;
4. Jhpak;- ehgp (bjhg;g[H;)
5. JhpahjPjk; - Fwpaplk;
Kg;gJ Kg;gJ Kg;gj;jWtU";
brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapYs; thH;gth;
brg;g[ kjpYilf; nfhapy; rpije;j gpd;
byhg;gpytd; tUnkhl;blLj;jhnu
96 jj;Jt';fSk; ek;Kila rhPuj;jpd; vg;go
bray;gLfpd;wd vd;W ghh;j;njhk;.
71

72. ,jpy; Md;kj;Jtk; vd;gJ 24.
Mitahtd
1. g{j';fs; - 5
2. jd;khj;jpiufs; - 5
3. "hnde;jphpa';fs; - 5
4. fd;nke;jphpak; - 5
5. me;jf;fhuzk;- 4
Mfpa ,e;j 24-k; Md;kht[f;F J}a tothf
,Ue;J nenu bjhlh;g[ bfhz;L tps';Ftjhy;
Md;k jj;Jtk; vdg;gl;lJ.
nkw;fz;l Md;kjj;Jtj;jpd; tpsf;fj;ij vth;
mwpthnuh mtnu ,t;t[yfj;jpy;
thHj;bjhpe;jtu;; Mthu;.
Rit xsp CW Xir ehw;wk; vDk; ,t;ite;jpd;;
tif bjhpthd; fl;nl cyF vd;w ts;Sth;
tha;ik bghHpapd; yk; fhzyhk;.
22. g";rg{j';fs;
gukhqf;fspd; gy;ntWgl;l ,af;f
epfH;r;rpfns nghpaf;f kz;lyk;. mjd; Kjy;
jdpepiy “tpz;” vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpd; Kjy;
bfhj;J epfH;r;rpna fhw;W vdg;gLk; mit
72

73. nkhjpf; bfhs;tjhy; Vw;gLk; btg;g epfH;r;rpna
beUg;g[ vdg;gLk;. ePuftha[/ gpuhztha[/ vDk;
,Utifahd fhw;W Fwpg;gpl;l mstpy;
nrUk;nghJ ePh; MfpwJ. ePhpd; ,Ufpa epiyna
kz;/ ,t;ite;J epiyfSk; Ie;J bgsjPfk;-
Ie;J gphpt[fs; Mdgoahy; mtw;iw
g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP
g{kpia czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).
vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij
cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk;
ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s
lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw
czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ. .
gukhqtpd; gyfl;lf; bfhj;J epfH;r;rpfis/
CW/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ vd;w xt;bthU
vGr;rpa[k; tpisaj;jf;f gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;J
vGr;rp-fth;r;rpahf cs;s mGj;j
,af;ff;fl;lj;ij “tpz;” vd;Wk;/ xyp
vGr;rpbgwk; ,af;fj;ij “fhw;W” vd;Wk;/ xsp
vGr;rpbgWk; ,af;fj;ij “beUg;g[” vd;Wk;
Rit vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij “ePh;”; vd;Wk;
kzk; vGr;rp bgWk; ,af;fj;ij “kz”; vd;Wk;
TWfpnwhk;. tp";"hdpfs; TWk; 103 tifahd
(elements) fSk; ,t;ite;J ghpt[fspy;
ml';fpa[s;sd.
73

74. kz;zpd; ,Wf;fj;jhy; gyntW cnyhf';fs;
tpisfpd;wd vd;whYk; mitbay;yhk;
g";rg{j';fs; vd;fpnwhk;.
23. g";r g{j';fspd; bray;ghLfs;
g";r g{j';fSk; xU epfH;r;rp kz;lyj;jpy; mJ
rpwpjhdhYk; bghpjhdhYk; ve;j tpfpjj;jpy;
fye;Js;sdnth/ mjw;nfw;g ,af;f ntfj;jpYk;/
tpist[fspYk; ntWghL cz;lhFk;.
fhw;wpy; tpz;qk;/ btg;gj;jpy; fhw;Wk;/
tpz;qk; ePhpy; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ tpz;/ ,ita[k;/
kz;zpy; ePh; btg;gk;; fhw;W tpz; Mfpa
ehd;Fk; mlf;fk;. ,g;go fye;J ,a';Ffpd;wd.
xt;bthU g{jKk; jd;dstpy; jdpj;jdpna
,a';Fk;nghJ xU jd;iknahLk; kw;bwhd;wpy;
,a';Fk;nghJ me;j ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy;
mike;j g";rg{jf;Tl;L/ mjd; fhyk;/ J}uk;
gUkd;/ ntfk;/ ,itfl;F Vw;g btt;ntwhd
rpwg;g[j;jd;iknahLk; ,a';Fk;. ,jdhy;
xt;bthU epfH;r;rpa[k; ntW ntwhd
jd;iknahL gynfhlhd nfhoj; njhw;w';fshf
cUthfpd;wJ.
tpz;zpd; jd;epiy ,af;fk; bfhs;sy; rf;jp
MfpwJ. mJ fhw;wpy; ,a';Fk;nghJ xypf;Fk;
rf;jpahfpd;wJ. mJ btg;gj;jpy; xsptpLk;
74

75. rf;jpahfpwJ. ePhpy; mJnt Ritahfp kz;zpy;
thridahfpwJ. mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/
kzk; vd;w ,af;fj;jd;ikfs; xd;nwhL
xd;wpize;J xU kz;ly epfH;r;rpapy; Kiwahf
,a';Fk;nghJ me;j kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/
kpd;rhuk;/ btg;gk;/ fhw;W Mfpa ehy;tifahd
RHy;fs; Kiwahf mjdjd; ntfj;jpy; mjdjd;
ghijapy; RHd;W nkny brhy;yg;gl;l mGj;jk;
Kjyhd Itif ,af;f';fspYk;
g';FbgWfpd;wd.
, e ; j I t i f , a f ; f m j p h; t [ m i y f s ; K i w a h f j ;
bjhlh;e;J eilbgWkhdhy; mjd; tpisthf
tpj;Jf;TWfs; tpise;J ,ize;J me;j
kz;lyj;jpy; czh;r;rp vd;w ,af;fk;
cUthfpd;wd. mg;nghJ me;j kz;lyk; mwpt[
vd;w rpwg;gpaf;fj;jpw;F mog;gilahd “tpj;J”
Mfpd;wJ.
,e;j tpj;Jf; nfhs';fs;jhd; vy;yhtifahd
caphpd';fSf;Fk; mog;gilahd rpw;wiufs;
(CELLS) MFk;. ,j;jifa tpjJf; nfhs';fs;
vz;zpf;ifapy; bgUfpf;To bfhj;jhf mike;J
,a';fp bfhs;sy;/ js;sy;/ czh;jy;/ tpj;jpLjy;/
vd;w rpwg;gpaf;f';fisg; bgWk;nghj
mj;bjhFg;g[ ,af;fnk “$Ptd;”; vdg;gLk;.
75

76. ,e;j tpsf;fj;jhy; gukhq vd;w xnu rf;jp
xUg[wk; fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/ epyk;/ ,itahfp
J}yf; fhl;rpfhst[k;/ ,tw;wpDnl mnj
gukhqtpd; vGr;rp fth;r;rp vd;w ,af;fr;
rpwg;ng klf;F epfHr;rpfshfp xyp/ xsp/ Rit
kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;Wk; Nl;rk ,af;f';fshft[k;
$Ptfhe;jkhft[k; kpsh;fpd;wd.
,j;jifa Nf;Fk epfH;r;rpfspy; mGj;jk;/ xyp/
xsp/ Rit kzk;/ Mfpa caph; vdg;gLk;
czh;jy; vd;w epfH;r;rpna mwpt[ vdg;gLk;.
caph;; ,af;fj;jpd; tpisthd xU rpwg;g[
epiyna mwpt[ MFk;. caph; vd;gJ gukhq.
,jd; ,af;f ntWghLfs; vz;zpwe;jd
vd;gjhYk; RUf;fkhf d;W gphpt[fspy;
bjhpe;J bfhs;syhk;.
1. nghpaf;f kz;lyk; KGtJk; tpz;
vd;w caph;j;Jfs; epiwe;j bgU';fskhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyapy; ,J gpug";r
caph;; ,Jnt kfhfhrk; (kfh +Mfhrk; )
tpz;/
2. jpul;rp epiyfshd fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;/
epyk; Mfpa ehd;F g{j';fspYk; cs; epiw
Mw;wyhf mike;J xyp/ xsp/ Rit kzk;/
vdw tpist[fshf kyh;e;J bfhz;oUf;Fk;
,af;f epfH;r;rpfspy; ,Jnt g{jhfhrk;
(g{jk;+ Mfhrk;) vdg;gLk/
76

77. 3. tpj;J vd;w mog;gil mikg;igf;
bfhz;L mq mLf;Fshy; mike;j clypy;
,nj tpz; czh;r;rp vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhf
kpsph;fpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mnj tpz;
rpjhfhrk; (rpj;jk;+Mfhrk;) MFk;.
,Jjhd; $Ptd;/ rpjhfhrk; vd;w epiynahL/
g{jhfhrKk;/ kfhfhrKk;/ neh; bjhlh;g[
bfhz;oUj;jyhy; xt;bthU $PtDk; gpu";rk;
KGika[k; jd;ndhL ,izj;Jf;; bfhz;nl
,a';Ffpd;wJ.
24. jd;khj;jpiufs:
nkw;fz;l g{j';fspd; Ie;jpd; Nl;Rk Fz';fns
jd;khj;jpiufshFk;/ jd;khj;jpiufs; vd;gJ
cUgz;g[ ,y;yhjit/ mqf;fs; xd;W To
jd;khj;jpiu Mfpd;wd. jd;
khj;jpiufspypUe;nj g{j';fs; njhd;Wfpd;wd
vd;W Vw;fdnt goj;njhk;. g" ; r g { j ' ; f s ;
gpwg;g[f;Ff; fhuzk; jd;khj;jpiufs;. ,nj
jd;khj;jpiufs;jhd; g";rg{j';fspd; bjhlh;ghy;
,e;jphpa';fis Efh;r;rpapy; bjhHpw;gLtjw;Fj;
Jiz bra;tdtha[k; cs;sd. jd;khj;jpiu
vd;whYk; Nf;Fk g{jk; vd;whYk; bghUs;
xd;nw. ,itfs; g";r,e;jphpa ,af;f';fSf;F
Mw;wiyf; bfhLj;J bray;glitf;Fk jpwd;
bfhz;lit. "hnde;jphpa';fshd bka;/ tha;/
77

78. fz;/ f;F/ brtp ,t;tidj;Jk; g";rg{j';fspd;
bjhlhghy; mjdjd; czh;r;rpfis
czuitg;gJ[k; fz;nke;jphpa';fshd; tha;/ if/
fhy;/,Ltha;/ Fwp/ ,itfs; mjdjd;
ntiyfisr; bra;aitg;gJ[k; ,e;j
jd;khj;jpiufs; jhd;.
,e;j mog;gilapy; bjhlh;e;J rpe;jpj;jhy;
mqf;fs; ,ize;J tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ ePh;
epyk; vd;w Ie;J gphpt[fSk; mtw;wpypUe;J
mGj;jk;/ xyp xsp Rit kzk;/ mwpt[ vd;w
MWtifahd epfH;r;rpfSk; eilbgWfpd;wd
vd;gJ bjhpa[k;.
bka;epiyahfpa gubtspa[k; capu;; epiyahfpa
gukhqf;fSk; xU vy;iyf;Fs; mika[k;
mstpd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g m';F
eilbgWk; ,af;fk; gy;ntW epiyfis
milfpd;wJ. mj;jifa ntWghLfs; jhd;
Fwpg;ghf mwptpdhy; czug;bgWk; Kf;fpa
gphpt[fshfpa tpz;/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/ jz;zPh;
epyk;/ vd;gdthFk;. ,t;ite;J gphpt[fspy; xU
epiynahL kw;w epiyia ve;j mstpy; To
,ize;J ,a';Ffpd;wnjh mjw;F Vw;g
mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk;/ mwpt[/ vd;w
MWtifahd epfHr;rpfSk; mtw;wpd;
xt;bthU gphptpYk; gytpj Vw;w jhH;t[
epiyfSk; cz;lhf;Ffpd;wd. ,g;go xt;bthU
78

79. ,af;fj;jpYk; jd;dpaf;fk;/ bjhlhpaf;fk;/
gpujpgypg;g[ ,af;fk;/ juk;/ khw;wk; Vw;gl;L
xd;W gythf ,a';Fk; epfHr;rpfshfpd;wd.
,e;j Kiwapny ,a';Fk; bjhlh; epfHr;rpfs;
mqthfp/ mqf;fs; To fhw;whfp/ btg;gkhfp/
ePuhfp mz;lbtspapny jd;idj;jhnd RHd;W
Rw;wp kpje;J bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. mjd;
kj;jpapy;; tpiut[ Fiwe;j mqf;fs; beUf;f
Kw;W fdw;FHk;ghfp nky;nehf;fp ePh;tuk;gpw;F
nky; te;J bfl;oahd ghpzhknk epykhFk;.
nkYk; g{kpapd; eLikaj;jpy; Vw;gLk;
mqf;fs; mGj;jj;jhy; btg;gk; mjpfkhfp
mjd; tpisthf cnyhf';fs;/ ,uj;jpd';fs;
,urhad';fshft[k;; cw;gj;jpahfpd;wd. nkYk;
nkYk; tpise;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpd;wd.
Kiwahfj; jhdhf cz;lhFk; mq
mLf;Fg;bgw;w xU ,af;f kz;lyj;jpy; fhe;jk;/
kpd;rhuk; fhw;W/ e Ph ; / Mfpa ehy;tifr;
RHy;fSk; Vw;gl;L bfhs;sy;/ js;sy; vd;w
,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; Kiwahf eilbgWk;nghJ
mJ tpj;jhfpd;wJ. nkYk; mt;tpj;jhdJ
Mw;wyhy; vGr;rp bgw;W ,a';fp jhtu
,dkhfpa Xuwpt[ $PtdhfpaJ. mjpypUe;j
<uwpt[ ,dkhd g[G njhd;wp/ mijj; bjhlh;e;J
twpt[/ ehywpt[/ Iawpt[g; gpuhzpfs;/
Mwwpt[s;s kdpj ,dKk; njhd;wpa[s;sd.
79

80. ,t;thW gunk mqbtd;w capuhfp mJnt
jd;dGj;j ,af;fj;jhy; clyhfp clYs;
,a';Fk; caph;rrf;jpahfp mr;rf;;jpna xypahfp/
x s p a h f p / R i t a h f p k z k hf p / c z U k ; j p w D k h f p /
caph;fs; vd;w ghpzhk rpwg;ig bgw;wJ.
,j;jifa ghpzhkj; bjhlUk; ,af;f';fSk;
,ize;j xU nghpaf;f kz;lyk;jhd; gpug";rk;
g";rg{jk; vd;wiHf;fg; gLfpd;wJ.
25. gpug";r ghpzhkk;;
gpug";r ghpzhkk; xU tisaj;ijg; nghd;wJ.
,J guj;jpny bjhl';fp mq/ fhw;W/ btg;gk;/
ePh;/ epyk; Xh; mwpt[ $Ptd; Kjy; Iawpt[ $Ptd;
tiua[s;s czh;r;rp epiy cUtkhd
kdpjdhfpwJ/ kdpjnd jd; ,ay;iga[k;/
epiyia[k; czh;e;jnghJ jhd; njtd; vd;W
filrpapny kPz;Lk; guj;jpny Kot[ bgWfpwJ.
g";rg{j braw;ifahd njhw;wkhff; fhqk;
epfHr;rpfspy; gupzhkk; vd;Dk; tpz;/ gy
fl;l';fspYk; CLUtp xo ,a';Fk;
jd;ikf;Fk;/ Kiwf;Fk; tpiutpw;Fk; Vw;g
mGj;jk;/ xyp/ xsp/ Rit/ kzk; czh;r;rpfs;
vd;w MWtifahd bjhlh; epfH;r;rpfs;
cz;lhfpd;wd. vdnt gupzhknk caph;; vd
kjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
80

81. flypny njhd;Wk; miyfs; flypny ml';FtJ
nghyt[k;/ ePhpd; mirit miybad
kjpf;fg;bgWtJ nghyt[k; gpug";rk; jdJ
,af;ff; fl;l';fSf;nfwgg gy;ntW mstpYk;
tYtpYk; Vw;w jhH;t[fis bfhz;l
,af;f'fshft[k; fhl;rpfshft[k; ,Uf;fpdwd.
,it mwpthy; czug; gLfpd;wd. vdnt ehk;
fhqk; ve;jj; njhw;wKk; bghUs; epiyapy;
guknkahk.; guj;ij jtph;j;J ntW bghUs;jhd;
VJ.
fhqk; njhw;wKk; fhz;gtDk; ,af;f
epiyfspy; xg;gpl;L czUk; fUj;Jf;F ntW
ntwhf tpsf;fk;;bgw;w nghJk/ MH;e;J
Muha;e;j tpsf;fj;jpy; bghUs; epiyahfpa
guKk/ mjd; epiyahfpa fhl;rpa[k;/
epfH;r;rpapd; epHr;rpahfpg; guj;jpny Koe;J
bfhz;oUf;Fk; mwpt[k; d;Wk; xd;whfnt
,Uf;Fk; ngUz;ik mf;fhl;rpahFk;.
gunk mqthfp me;j mq ,af;fj; bjhlh;
tpisthf mJnt gy fl;lf; fhl;rpfshfp/
gyg;gy ntWghLfisg; bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wd
vd Kd;dnk mwpe;njhk;. mJnt J}y
mikg;gpy; capuhft[k;/ czh;r;rp epiyapy;
fhyk;/ J}uk;/ gUkd;/ ntfk; vd;w vy;iyfspy;
fl;Lg;gl;l czh;tpy/ ,d;g Jd;gkhft[k;/
fzpjj;jpw;F cl;gl;l gythft[k; ,e;j ehd;F
81

82. msitfisf; fle;j nghJ vy;yhk; xd;Wgl;l
gukhft[k; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
gunk ehdhft[k; cs;sJ. “ehd;” vd;gJ jdpna
,y;iy guj;ijj; jtph;j;J ntW xd;Wnk
,y;iy. ,af;f epfH;r;rpfs; midj;jpw;Fk;
bghUshft[k;/ mtw;wpw;F Kjy; y
rf;jpahft[k; ,Ug;gJ guk;bghUs; xd;nw.
Mjpepiyapy; gukhft[k;/ mqepiyapy;
capuhft[k;/ mqf;fs; ,ize;j bfhj;J ,af;f
epfH;r;rpapy; cUt';fshft[k;/ fhl;rpfshft[k;/
,af;f';fshft[k;/ ,Uf;fpd;w me;j xU bghUs
jhd; ‘ehd;’ vd;w brhy;ypd; cz;ikf;fUj;J
vd;gJ bjspthf tps';Fk;.
mGj;jkhf mqf;fs; ,ize;J ,a';Fk; xU
epfH;r;rpna J}a cly;. mjD}nl mGj;jk;
Fiwe;J Mdhy; tpiut[ mjpfkhfp Nf;Fkhfr;
RHd;W ,a';Fk; mqj; bjhlhpaf;fnk caph;/
J}yj;jpD}nl caph;rf;jp RHd;W tUk;nghJ
Vw;gLk; nkhjy; epfHr;rpapypUe;J xyp/ xsp/
Rit kdk;/ czh;jy;/ vd;Wk; bjhlh;
epfH;r;rpfs; tpisfpd;wd. clYk;
mqf;fshy;MdJ capUk; mqf;fshy; MdJ.
Mdhy; mqf;fspd; ynkh guk; Mfnt
clyhf capuhf czh;thf mtw;wpd; Kotpy;
gukhf ,Ug;gtd; vtndh mtnd ehd.; ehd;
vdg;gLgtnd mtd;. vdg;gLtd; bja;tk;
82

83. vdg;gLfpwhd;/ Mjpbadg;gLfpwhd;/ gpuk;kk;
vdg;gLfpwhd;/ mtidj; jtpu;j;J jdpna xU
epfH;r;rpa[k; ,y;iy “mtnd ehd;” “ehnd
mtd;” vd;W bjspthf czh;e;J bfhs;s
ntz;Lk;. jd;idg; g[yd; czh;r;rpfshy;
vy;iyfl;o czUk; jd; Kidg;ghd kaf;fk;
,';Fjhd; bjspt[ bgw;W eP';fp xHpfpd;wJ.
26. caph;fspd; njhw;wk;
czh;jy; vd;w rpwg;ghw;wyhd mwpt[ Kjypy;
mGj;jk; btg;g jl;g Vw;w jhH;t[ ,tw;iw
czh;thfg; bgWjypy; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j
czh;t[ !;ghpr czh;t[ (m) CW czh;t[ MFk;.
,e;j Xuwpt[ ,af;fKila $Ptnd jhtuk;
MFk;.
jhtuj;jpypUe;njh (my;yJ) mjd; tpj;Jf;fspy;
,Ue;njh caphpaf;f tpiut[ mjpfkhfp/
Rita[zh;t[ To mjw;Fhpa fUtpahd tha;
mikag; bgWk;nghJ mJ <uwpt[ MfpwJ.
,e;j <uwpt[ caphpd';fsplk; caphpaf;f rf;jp
tpiut[ bgw;W thrida[zh;thd fUtpahd
f;F ghpzhkkile;jhy; mJnt twpthFk;
$PtdhFk.; vWk;g[/ bry;/ nghd;wit d;wwpt[
$Ptd;fs;/
83

84. nkYk; xspa[zht[ fUtpahd fz;njhd;w
ehywpt[ capuhd ghk;g[ Kjypad njhd;wpd.
xypa[zh;t[ fUtpahd fhJ vd;W fUtp njhd;w
Ie;jwpt[ capuhd kpUf';fs; gwitfs; Kjypad
njhd;wpd.
,j;jifa ghpzhk tsh;r;rpapd; bjhlh;
epfH;r;rpapy; thy; cs;s Fu';F njhd;wp gpd;g[
thy; ,y;yh Fu';F njhd;wp/ gpd; kdpjd;
njhd;wpapUf;fyhk; vd mDkhdpf;f KofpwJ.
bts;sj;jhy; g{kp mjph;;r;rp/ gpst[fs;/ mtw;why;
,e;j kdpj FLk;gk; rpjwof;fg;gl;L g{kpapy;
gy;ntW ,l';fspy; gutp me;je;j ehl;L
jl;btl;g mikg;g[f;fSf;nfw;g fUg;gh;fs;/
bts;isah;fs;/ Fl;ilah;fs;/ bel;ilah;fs;/
gdpapy; thGk; v!;fpnkhf;fs; nghd;W
gyntWghLfSld; kdpj ,dk; njhd;wp gHf;f
tHf;fk; gz;ghL/ fyhr;rhuk;/ nghd;w
Kiwfshy; kj';fs; gythfg; gphpe;J/ cyf
KGtJk; thH;e;J tUfpd;wdh; vd;gij mwpa
ntz;Lk;.
Ie;JbghUl;fSk; Mf;Fk; fl;lj;jpy; jP g{kpia
czlhf;FfpwJ (vhpkiyf;FHk;g[).
vhpkiyf;FHk;g[ rhk;gy; g{rp cnyhfj;ij
cz;lhf;FfpwJ (jhJg;bghUl;fs;). cnyhfk;
ePiu cz;lhf;FfpwJ (Fsph;e;j ePh; cs;s
84

85. lk;shpd; btspapy; ePh; Kj;Jf;fs);/ ePh; fhw;iw
czlhf;fp ku';fisg; bgUf;Ffpd;wJ.
27. kuzk;
mqf;fspy; bfhj;J ,af;f epfH;r;rpna J}y
cly;/ mjD}nl gukhq epiyapy; CLUtp
Xor;RHd;W bfhz;nl ,Ug;gJ caph;r;rf;jp.
caph;r;rf;jpapd; Xl;lj;jpy; jila[z; lhdhy;
mJnt czh;r;rpahfpwJ. me;j czh;r;rp xU
$Ptd; jh';fpg; gHFk; mstpw;F nkyhf
X';Fk;nghJ mJ ty;Yzh;r;rpahfp Jd;gkhfp
nehahf tUfpwJ. ,e;j jil ePoj;J mjd;
tpisthf clypy; kpd;rhuk;/ fhw;W/ ,uj;jk;
Mfpa d;W RHy;fSk; jilgLnkahdhy;
clYf;F ykhd tpj;J jh';Fk; mstpw;F nky;
fdy; bfhz;L mjd; ehs';fisj; jfh;j;J
btspnawptpLk;. czh;r;rp vd;w mwpnthLToa
caph;rf;jp bjhlh;e;J me;j clypy; RHd;W
,a';fKoahky; cliy tpl;L btspnawptpLk;.
cyfj;jpYs;s bghUl;fs; aht[k; kdpj ,dk;
cl;gl xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU yg;bghUshy;
Mdit. mit mHpa[k; nghJ VjhtJ xU
jdpg;bghUspy; nrh;e;JtpLk;. ,J ,aw;ifapd;
tpjp/ ,jw;F ahUk; vita[k;/ tpyf;fy;y.
,e;j;jdpg;bghUl;fs; jhd; epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/
fhw;W/ Mfhak; Mfpait MFk;. ,e;j
85

86. jdpg;bghUl;fs; jdpj;J ,a';fpdhYk; ,it
xd;iw xd;W fl;Lg;gLj;jpathW cs;sd. fhw;W
kz;iz ms;sp tPRk;/ kz; ePiuf;fl;Lk;
cwp";Rk;/ beUg;g[f;F vjphp ePh;/ beUg;g[
btw;wplj;ij Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ btw;wplnkh
fhw;iw Ml;bfhz;L tpLk;/ ,Jnt ,aw;ifapy;
mike;j rkepiyj; jj;JtkhFk;. ,it xd;iw
xd;W kp";Rk;nghJ cyfpy; nguHpt[ Vw;gLk;.
,ij ehk; fz;Tlhff; fhz;fpnwhk;.
kdpj clypYk; ,e;j Ie;J jdpg;bghUl;fs;
(g{jk;) cs;sd. g";rg{jkhfpa Ie;J
jdpg;bghUl;fshy; Md ,t;t[lk;g[ Kotpy;
kz;nzhL neuoahfnth kw;w ehd;F
jdpg;bghUl;fshy; ce;jg;gl;nlh gpd;dh;
kz;nzhL kz;zha; nrh;tJ jpz;zk;.
njhy; - kz;/ tha;-ePh;/ fz;-beUg;g[ tapW-
btsp f;F -fhw;W ,e;j Ie;J
jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xd;iw xd;W fl:Lg;gLj;jp
rkkkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;tiu mikjp
epyt[tijf; fhzyhk;. ,e;j Ie;J
jdpg;bghUl;fSk; xU fl;Lg;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jhy;
thGk; thH;f;if brhh;f;fkhFk;.
86

87. 28. kdpj clYk; mjd;
bray;ghLfSk;
28.1 kdpj isa[ k ; mjd;
Mw;wYk;
xU kdpj clypy; ehbshd;Wf;F 27949.3
kPl;lh; uj;jk; 99776.6 fp.kP ePsKs;s
uj;jf;FHha;fs; tHpahfr; brYj;jg;
Lfpd;wd. xU kdpjd; ruhrhp thH;ehspy;
,jaj;jpd; jirfs; ,a';Fk; (k;g;bra;a[k;)
uj;jj;jpd; mst[ re;jpukz;lyj;jpw;F
bry;Yk; 56 uhf;bfl;Lfspy; epug;gg;gLk;
vhpbghUs; msthFk;.
gpwjirfs; nghyd;wp ,jaj;jpd; jirfs;
jd;dpr;irahf bray;gLfpd;wd. fUtpy;
FHe;ij ehd;Fthu rpRthf ,Uf;Fk;nghj
euk;g[fs; njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;ng rpRtpd;
clk;gpw;F btspna cg;g[ ePhpy; kpje;J
bfhz;L ,jak; Jof;fj; bjhl';Ffpd;wJ
MYOCYTER vd;w jir bry;fs; Rkhh; 2 thl;
kpd;rf;jpia cw;gj;jp bra;J ,jaj;ij
,af;f itf;fpd;wd. FHe;ij gpwe;jJk;
,e;j bry;fs; bgUfp tsh;r;rpia epWj;jpf;
bfhs;fpd;wd.
87