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Object Oriented Design Concept
1.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 1 Object-oriented Design Designing systems using self- contained objects and object classes
2.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 2 Objectives To explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects To illustrate, with a simple example, the object- oriented design process To introduce various models which describe an object-oriented design To explain how objects may be represented as concurrent processes
3.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 3 Topics covered Objects, object classes and inheritance Object identification An object-oriented design example Concurrent objects
4.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 4 Characteristics of OOD Objects are abstractions of real-world or system entities and manage themselves Objects are independent and encapsulate state and representation information. System functionality is expressed in terms of object services Shared data areas are eliminated. Objects communicate by message passing Objects may be distributed and may execute sequentially or in parallel
5.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 5 OOD structure state 3 O3 state 4 O4 state 1 O1 state 6 O6 state 5 O5 state 2 O2
6.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 6 Advantages of OOD Easier maintenance. Objects may be understood as stand-alone entities Objects are appropriate reusable components For some systems, there may be an obvious mapping from real world entities to system objects
7.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 7 Object-oriented development Object-oriented analysis, design and programming are related but distinct OOA is concerned with developing an object model of the application domain OOD is concerned with developing an object- oriented system model to implement requirements OOP is concerned with realising an OOD using an OO programming language such as C++
8.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 8 Object-oriented design methods Some methods which were originally based on functions (such as the Yourdon method) have been adapted to object-oriented design. Other methods such as the Booch method have been developed specifically for OOD HOOD is an object-oriented design method developed to support Ada programming. JSD has an object-oriented flavour but does not conceal entity state information.
9.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 9 OO Design method commonality The identification of objects, their attributes and services The organisation of objects into an aggregation hierarchy The construction of dynamic object-use descriptions which show how services are used The specification of object interfaces
10.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 10 Objects, classes and inheritance Objects are entities in a software system which represent instances of real-world and system entities Object classes are templates for objects. They may be used to create objects Object classes may inherit attributes and services from other object classes
11.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 11 Objects An object is an entity which has a state and a defined set of operations which operate on that state. The state is represented as a set of object attributes. The operations associated with the object provide services to other objects (clients) which request these services when some computation is required. Objects are created according to some object class definition. An object class definition serves as a template for objects. It includes declarations of all the attributes and services which should be associated with an object of that class.
12.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 12 Object communication Conceptually, objects communicate by message passing. Messages • The name of the service requested by the calling object. • Copies of the information required to execute the service and the name of a holder for the result of the service. In practice, messages are often implemented by procedure calls • Name = procedure name. • Information = parameter list.
13.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 13 A mail message object class Replace with portrait slide
14.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 14 Inheritance Objects are members of classes which define attribute types and operations Classes may be arranged in a class hierarchy where one class is derived from an existing class (super-class) A sub-class inherits the attributes and operations from its super class and may add new methods or attributes of its own
15.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 15 A class or type hierarchy Replace with portrait slide
16.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 16 Multiple inheritance Replace with portrait slide
17.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 17 Advantages of inheritance It is an abstraction mechanism which may be used to classify entities It is a reuse mechanism at both the design and the programming level The inheritance graph is a source of organisational knowledge about domains and systems
18.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 18 Inheritance and OOD There are differing views as to whether inheritance is fundamental to OOD. • View 1. Identifying the inheritance hierarchy or network is a fundamental part of object-oriented design. Obviously this can only be implemented using an OOPL. • View 2. Inheritance is a useful implementation concept which allows reuse of attribute and operation definitions. Identifying an inheritance hierarchy at the design stage places unnecessary restrictions on the implementation.
19.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 19 Object identification Identifying objects is the most difficult part of object oriented design. There is no 'magic formula' for object identification. It relies on the skill, experience and domain knowledge of system designers. Object identification is an iterative process. You are unlikely to get it right first time
20.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 20 Approaches to identification Use a grammatical approach based on a natural language description of the system (used in Hood method) Base the identification on tangible things in the application domain Use a behavioural approach and identify objects based on what participates in what behaviour Use a scenario-based analysis. Used in the ObjectOry method
21.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 21 Objects and operations Nouns in the description give pointers to objects in the system Verbs give pointers to operations associated with objects Approach assumes that the designer has a common sense knowledge of the application domain as not all objects and services are likely to be mentioned in the description
22.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 22 An office information system The Office Information Retrieval System (OIRS) is an automatic file clerk which can file documents under some name in one or more indexes, retrieve documents, display and maintain document indexes, archive documents and destroy documents. The system is activated by a request from the user and always returns a message to the user indicating the success or failure of the request.
23.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 23 Preliminary object identification File Retrieve A rchive Destroy Docume nt Name Display Delete entry A dd entry I ndex Name Get command Put message U se r R e trieva l sy ste m User command
24.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 24 Object interface design Concerned with specifying the detail of the object interfaces. This means defining attribute types and the signatures and semantics of object operations Representation information should be avoided Precise specification is essential so a programming language description should be used
25.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 25 Concurrent objects The nature of objects as self-contained entities make them suitable for concurrent implementation The message-passing model of object communication can be implemented directly if objects are running on separate processors in a distributed system
26.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 26 Active and passive objects Passive objects. • The object is implemented as a parallel process (server) with entry points corresponding to object operations. If no calls are made to it, the object suspends itself Active objects • Objects are implemented as parallel processes and the internal object state may be changed by the object itself and not simply by external calls
27.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 27 OOD is design with information hiding. Representations may be changed without extensive system modifications An object has a private state with associated constructor and access operations. Objects provide services (operations) to other objects. Object identification is a difficult process. Identifying nouns and verbs in a natural language description can be a useful starting point for object identification. Key points
28.
©Ian Sommerville 1995
Software Engineering, 5th edition. Chapter 14 Slide 28 Key points Object interfaces must be precisely defined. A programming language such as Ada or C++ may be used for this Useful documentation of an OOD include object hierarchy charts and object interaction diagrams Objects may be implemented as either sequential or concurrent entities. Concurrent objects may be active or passive
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