This is applicable for those student taking up Hardware, Software and Peripheral subject. This includes the topics: -Processor and Chipset -Removing and Replacing CPU -Installing Chipset Drivers -Benchmark -Choosing CPU Cooling Solution

1. CHAPTER 5
All About Motherboard
Riss De Leon | Sharcy Dela Cruz

2. Objectives

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Learn about the different types and features of motherboards
Learn how firmware on the motherboard controls what happens
when you first turn on a PC before the OS is loaded
Learn how to install, configure, and maintain a motherboard
About the characteristics and purposes of Intel and AMD processors
used for personal computers
About the methods and devices for keeping a system Cool
How to install and upgrade a Processor
How to solve problems with the processor, the other
board, overheating, and booting the PC

3. PROCESSOR AND CHIPSET

4. The Chipset


Set of chips on motherboard
Collectively control:

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Manufacturers
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Memory, motherboard buses, some peripherals
Intel, AMD, NVIDIA, SiS
Popular chipsets
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High-performance chipsets: X58
Mainstream desktop chipsets: P45, P43, P35, G45, G31
Value desktops: 910GL, 845E, 845G, 865G
Older value desktops: 845, 845GL

5. The Chipset (cont’d.)

Accelerated Hub Architecture

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Uses hub interface
All I/O buses (input/output buses) connect to hub

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North Bridge
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Hub connects to system bus
Fast end of hub
Contains graphics and memory controller
Connects to the system bus
South Bridge

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Slower end of hub
Contains I/O controller hub

6. Figure 5-7 The chipset’s North Bridge and South Bridge control
access to the processor for all components
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

7. The Chipset (cont’d.)

Latest Intel chipset for desktop PCs: X58 chipset

Keep chipset cool using fan clipped to top of North Bridge
Figure 5-8 The X58 chipset uses heat sinks to stay cool
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

8. The Chipset (cont’d.)

Newer Core i7 and X58 chipset
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Contain memory controller within processor housing
Memory connects directly to processor
X58 chipset
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Good for gaming machines
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Supports multiple video cards
Installing multiple video cards in the same system

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Scalable Link Interface (SLI) by NVIDIA
CrossFire by ATI Technologies

9. Figure 5-9 X58 chipset architecture
Courtesy: Course Technology/Cengage Learning

10. The Chipset (cont’d.)

Significant chipsets by AMD:

AMD 7-series (AMD 790FX, 790X, 790GX, 780, and 770)
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AMD 580X Crossfire chipset
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Supports ATI CrossFire
AMD 780V chipset

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Designed for gamer, hobbyist, multimedia enthusiast
Focus on good graphics capabilities
Support overclocking
Designed for business needs
AMD 740G and 690 chipsets

Designed for low-end, inexpensive systems

11. The Chipset (cont’d.)

NVIDIA nForce chipset
series

Supports high-end graphics



Popular with gamers
AMD Phenom processor,
Intel Core 2 processor
SLI: connects multiple video
cards in same system

12. Processors and Chipsets

PROCESSOR (CPU)
- is the chip inside the computer that performs most
of the actual data processing.

CHIPSET
- a group of microchips on the motherboard that
control the flow of data & instructions to & from the
processor.
- responsible for the careful timing and coordination
of activities.

13. The processor is hidden underneath the fan and the cooling
element (heat sink), which keep it cool.

14. Processors and Chipsets (continued)

The processor could not do its job without the
assistance of the chipset.

The processor uses temporary storage called
primary storage or memory.

When data & instructions are not being used, they
must be kept in permanent storage, sometimes
called secondary storage. (hard drive, CD, DVD,
USB drive)

15. Processors and Chipsets (continued)

The two major manufacturers of processors are:
Intel and AMD.

Processor Frequency - is the speed at which the
processor operates internally.

Groups of instructions that accomplish fundamental
operations, such as comparing or adding two
numbers, are permanently built into the processor
chip. These instructions are called microcode and
the groups of instructions are collectively called the
instruction set.

16. Processors and Chipsets (continued)

A processor must support not only the latest
instruction sets but all the old ones that an
OS, application, or device might use.

List of computing technologies you might expect to see a processor
support:
1. MMX (Multimedia Extensions)
2. SSE (Streaming SIMD Extension)
3. 3DNow!
4. SSE2
5. PowerNow!
6. Cool’n’Quiet
7. Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST)
8. Executive Disable Bit

17. Processors and Chipsets (continued)

Intel Processors
- Intel’s current families of processors for the
desktop include four major groups: the Core, the
Pentium, the Celeron, and the Atom families.

18. Current Intel
processors

19. Current Intel processors (continued)

20. Processors and Chipsets (continued)

AMD Processor
- The current AMD processor families are the
Phenom, Athlon, Sempron, Turion Mobile, Athlon for
Notebook, and Sempron for Notebook. Table 6-2 lists
the current AMD processors for desktops and
laptops.

22. How to Select a Motherboard

Types of motherboards:

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Board providing most expansion room
Board suiting computer’s current configuration
Board meeting present needs with moderate room for
expansion
On-board components


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Located on the board
More commonly offered as a separate device
Avoid board with too many embedded components

Do not easily accept add-on devices

23. REMOVING AND REPLACING A
CPU

24. Installing or Replacing a Motherboard

General process for replacing motherboard

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1. Verify right motherboard selected
2. Get familiar documentation, features, settings
3. Remove components to reach old motherboard
4. Set any jumpers or switches on the motherboard
5. Install motherboard
6. Install processor and processor cooler
7. Install RAM
8. Attach cabling (case switches, power supply, drives)
9. Install video card on motherboard

25. Installing or Replacing a Motherboard
(cont’d.)

General process for replacing motherboard (cont’d.)


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10. Plug in PC, attach monitor, keyboard
11. Boot system, enter BIOS setup
12. Verify settings set to default
13. Observe POST, verify no errors
14. Check for conflicts with system resources
15. Install the motherboard drives
16. Install other expansion cards, drives
17. Verify system operating properly, make final OS and
BIOS adjustments (power management settings)

26. Installing or Replacing a Motherboard
(cont’d.)

General steps for installing motherboard in the case

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1. Install I/O shield
2. Verify standoff locations
3. Place motherboard inside the case
4. Connect power cords from power supply
5. Connect wire leads from front panel of case
6. Connect wires to ports on case front panel
7. Install video card, plug in keyboard, monitor
8. Turn on system and observe POST
9. After Windows desktop loads, execute any setup
programs, drivers on the OS CD

27. Removing and Replacing a CPU

Now let’s look at the details of installing a processor
in an Intel LGA1366, LGA775, 478, and AMD AM2+
socket.

28. INSTALLING AN INTEL PROCESSOR IN
SOCKET 1366


When replacing a processor in an existing system, power
down the system, unplug the power cord, press the
power button to drain the system of power, and open the
case. these steps to install the processor and cooler
Follow
using socket 1366:

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1. Read all directions carefully and follow them in order.
2. Use a ground bracelet to protect the processor, motherboard,
and other components against ESD.
3. Open the socket by pushing down on the socket lever and
gently pushing it away from the socket to lift the lever (see
Figure 6-20).
4. Lift the socket load plate, as shown in Figure 6-21.
5. Remove the socket protective cover (see Figure 6-22). Keep
this cover in a safe place. If you ever remove the processor, put
the cover back in the socket to protect the socket. While the
socket is exposed, be very careful to not touch the pins in the
socket. These socket pins are delicate, so work slowly and take
care.

29. INSTALLING AN INTEL PROCESSOR IN
SOCKET 1366

31. 

After the processor and cooler are installed, make
sure cables and cords don’t obstruct airflow,
especially airflow around the processor and video
card. Use cable ties to tie cords and cables up and
out of the way.
Make one last check to verify all power connectors
are in place and other cords and cables connected
to the motherboard are correctly done.

After the system is up and running, you can check
BIOS setup to verify that the system recognized the
processor correctly.

Also check in setup the CPU and motherboard
temperatures to verify the CPU is not overheating.

33. INSTALLING AN AMD PROCESSOR IN
SOCKET AM2+

Follow these steps to install a processor in the AMD
socket AM2 or AM2+:.

1. Read all directions that come with the processor and
cooler before you begin. Be sure to use a ground
bracelet to protect against ESD.
2. Open the lever. If there’s a protective cover over the
socket, remove it. Be sure to save the cover in case you
need it later to protect the socket if it does not have a
processor installed.
3. Holding the processor very carefully so you don’t touch
the bottom, orient the four empty positions on the bottom
with the four empty positions in the socket (see Figure 644). Carefully lower the processor into the socket. Don’t
allow it to tilt or slide as it goes into the socket. The pins
on the bottom of the processor are very delicate, so take
care as you work.



35. 4. Check carefully to make sure the pins in the
` processor are sitting slightly into the holes. Make
sure the pins are not offset from the holes. If you try
to use the lever to put pressure on these pins and
they are not aligned correctly, you can destroy the
processor. You can actually feel the pins settle into
place when you’re lowering the processor into the
socket correctly.
 5. Press the lever down and gently into position (see
Figure 6-45).


6. If thermal compound is not preapplied to the
bottom of the cooler, put thermal compound on the
processor or the bottom of the cooler. A toothpick
works well to do the job (see Figure 6-46).

37. INSTALLING CHIPSET DRIVERS

38. Installing Chipset Drivers
1. Open your Web browser and go to Intel.com.
2. Point to "Support" and click "Drivers and Downloads.“
3. Click "Run Intel Driver Utility" and then click "Check Your System for
the
Latest Updates."
4. Click the "Run" button when prompted to install a JavaScript plugin.
The Intel Driver Utility will now automatically detect available drivers
for your computer.
5. Expand the "Intel Chipset Software Installation Utility" option by
clicking the "+" sign.
6. Click the "Download Now" button to download the Intel chipset
drivers. After downloading, click "Open" to run the Intel Chipset
Software Installation Utility.
7. Agree to the Intel license agreement and click "Next." The Intel
Chipset Software Installation Utility will automatically install the
chipset drivers for your computer.
8. Restart your computer after the installation.

39. BENCHMARK
-Benchmarks measure different aspects of component and
system performance
Some definitions are:
 It is a test that measures the performance of a
system or subsystem on a well-defined task or set of
task.
 A method of comparing the performance of different
computer architecture.
 Or a method of comparing the performance of
different software

40. Types of Benchmarks




Real programs. They have input, output, and
options that a user can select when running the
program.
Examples: Compilers, text processing software, etc.
Kernels. Small, key pieces from real programs. They
are not used for users.
Examples: Livermore Loops and Linpack.
Toy benchmarks. Typically between 10 and 100
lines of code and produce a result the user already
knows.
Examples: Sieve of Eratosthenes, Puzzle, and
Quicksort.
Synthetic benchmarks: They try to match an
average execution profile.

41. CHOOSING A CPU COOLING
SOLUTION

42. Choosing a CPU Cooling Solution



The processor produces heat, and, if it gets
overheated, it can become damaged and unstable.
If the entire system overheats, other sensitive
electronic components can also be damaged.
Devices that are used to keep a system cool include


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CPU fans
Case fans
Coolers
Heat sinks
Liquid cooling systems
Dust-preventing tools.

44. Cooler





A cooler is made of aluminum, copper, or a combination
of both. Copper is more expensive, but does a better job
of conducting heat.
The cooler sits on top of the processor and consists of a
fan
and a heat sink, which are fins that draw heat away from
the processor. The fan can then blow the heat away.
The cooler is bracketed to the motherboard using a wire
or plastic clip.
A creamlike thermal compound is placed between the
bottom of the cooler heat sink and the top of the
processor. This compound eliminates air pockets, helping
to draw heat off the processor. The thermal compound
transmits heat better than air and makes an airtight
connection between the fan and the processor.

46. RAM COOLER

For additional cooling, consider a RAM cooler such as the one in Figure 615. It clips over a DDR, DDR2, or DDR3 module. The fan is powered by a 4pin Molex connector to the power supply.

When selecting any fan or cooler, take into consideration the added noise
level and the ease of installation. Some coolers and fans can use a
temperature sensor that controls the fan. Also consider the guarantee made
by the cooler or fan manufacturer.

47. LIQUID COOLING SYSTEMS

In addition to using fans and heat sinks to keep a
processor cool, there are more exotic options such
as refrigeration, peltiers, and water coolers.

48. Summary



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
Motherboard form factor drives motherboard
selection
Configurable components: bus, expansion slots,
other connectors
Cargo carried by a computer bus: electrical power,
control signals, memory address, data
Bus types: local, local video, local I/O, expansion
PCI buses: improved several times
48
A+ Guide to Managing
and Maintaining your PC,

49. Summary (cont’d.)

Tools for configuring a motherboard


CMOS setup program



DIP switches, jumpers, CMOS setup program
Stored on floppy disk or ROM BIOS chip
Document configuration settings for recovery needs
Flashing is a technique to upgrade ROM BIOS
49
A+ Guide to Managing
and Maintaining your PC,