Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2)[1] and may refer specifically to: "The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir."[4] When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geoengineering. Carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is removed from flue gases (e.g., at power stations) before being stored in underground reservoirs. Natural biogeochemical cycling of carbon between the atmosphere and reservoirs, such as by chemical weathering of rocks.

1. Carbon Sequestration
in India

2. What is Carbon
sequestration??
Carbon sequestration refers to the capture and long term
storage of carbon dioxide in forest, ocean or in deep
geological formations to reduce the concentration of
CO2 in the atmosphere

3.  R&D Technologies
 Geology & Tectonics
 Protocols, Mechanisms & Forums
- Kyoto Protocol; Clean development Mechanism (CDM); Carbon
sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF); UN Framework Convention
Treaty on Climate Changes (UNFCC), Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean
Development and Climate (AP6) etc.
- India has signed the Kyoto Protocol in 2003 but is not obliged to
reduce the emission by 2012 as the per capita emission is very low
(~1 metric ton /year). India is a member of CSLF, CDM, AP6 and also
stands by UNFCC.
 Safety & Environment
 Economics
- The current cost estimates range from 20 to 80 US$/tCO2 for
capturing the CO2 and 5 to 20 US$/tCO2 for transportation and
storage

4. Carbon dioxide emissions per capita
Description : Carbon dioxide emissions per capita Anthropogenic carbon dioxide
emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels, gas flaring and
the production of cement.
Source : UN Common Database (CDIAC)
Category : Environment
Ranking : 54 (2002)
Unit of measurement: Metric tons per capita
INDIA
(Tons CO2 per
person)
India has signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in
2003 but is not obliged to cut emissions up to 2012.
India is also a member of CSLF,CDM, AP6 & stands
by UNFCC.

5.  India’ strategy for managing Energy-Carbon
 Conflict
 ♦ Efficiency enhancement technologies
(EIDM, Waste
 Heat, MALAE cycle etc.)
 ♦ IGCC big development
 ♦ Carbon capture technologies
 ♦ Carbon storage technologies

6. 1. Carbon capture technologies contributes about 67%
of the total cost. Balance being shared by transport and fixing technologies. The cost impact must be
less than
 10%.
 2. Carbon capture technologies are highly IPR driven and mechanism for international collaboration needs
thorough policy framework.
 3. Developing nations like India with good intellectual
Prowess, needs funding support for R&D

7. Carbon capturing

10. Potential CO2 capturing & storage reservoirs

12. Physical and geochemical processes
that enhance storage security
Geological Sequestration
• Deep underground formations
• Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
• Coal beds
• Deep Saline formations
Industrially generated CO2 is pumped into
deep under ground formations and
dissolves in the native formation fluids.
Some of the dissolved CO2 would
chemically react and become part of
solid mineral/ coal matrix. Once
dissolved or reacted to form
minerals, CO2 is no longer buoyant and
would not rise to the ground surface.

13. CO2
sequestration in depleted oil/gas reservoirs
can enhance production of oil/gas.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) can be either miscible or immiscible
depending primarily on the pressure of the injection gas into the
reservoir.
Miscible phase: CO2
-EOR, the CO2
mixes with the crude oil causing it to swell and
reduce its viscosity, whilst also increasing or maintaining reservoir pressure. The
combination of these processes enables more of the crude oil in the reservoir to flow
freely to the production wells from which it can be recovered.
Immiscible phase: CO2
-EOR, the CO2
is used to re-pressure the reservoir and as a
sweep gas, to move the oil towards the production well.
CO2 enhanced
oil recovery

14. EnhancedCoalbedMethaneRecovery(ECBM)
Coal beds typically contain large amounts of methane rich gas that is
adsorbed onto the surface of the coal. The injected CO2 efficiently
displaces methane as it has greater affinity to the coal than methane.
CO2 enhanced
coal bed
methane
production

15. Density of CO2 and CH4 as a function of pressure for various
Temperatures based on data from Vargaftik et al. (1996).

16. Terrestrial Sequestration
Terrestrial carbon sequestration is defined as either the net removal
of CO2 from the atmosphere or the prevention of CO2 net emissions from
the terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere. The following ecosystems
offer significant opportunity for carbon sequestration:
• Forest lands
• Agricultural lands
• Biomass croplands
• Deserts and degraded lands
• Wetlands and peat lands
-- Storage of C in soils and plants has the potential to offset CO2 emissions
to the atmosphere in the coming decades while new ‘clean’ energy
production and CO2 sequestration technologies are developed and
deployed.
What is needed is basic research to improve our fundamental
understanding of natural phenomena controlling soil C sequestration and
basic and applied R&D to bring new management and technology to
the challenge.

17. Ocean Sequestration
CO2 is soluble in ocean water, and oceans absorb and
emit huge amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere through
natural processes. Ocean Sequestration has huge potential
as a carbon storage sink, however, enough R&D have to be
carried out to understand about the physio-chemical processes
which occur between seawater and pumped CO2.
Storage of CO2
in deep oceans has
been suggested as a means of
reducing inputs of greenhouse
gases to the atmosphere.

18. Conceptual diagram of Photosynthetic
conversion of carbon dioxide to biomass.
• The solar energy is collected using Fresnel
lens devices/parabolic concentrator
and a fibre optic light delivery system is
used to stimulate biological organisms like
cyanobacteria or micro-algae in a
bio-generator to produce useful by-
products
from carbon dioxide.
• For uniform growth of the organisms, the
distribution of photosynthetic photon flux
light in the wavelength range of 400–700
nm needs to be delivered to the bioreactor.
• The photo-bioreactor system makes use of
the natural process ‘photosynthesis’
to convert light, heat and carbon dioxide to
useful products, such as carbohydrates,
hydrogen and oxygen.
6CO2 (aq) + 6H2O(l)+ light + heat ⇒
C6H12O6(aq) +6O2(g)
• Assuming that the carbon uptake rate of
1.5
g/day for the particular micro-organism,
Bio-sequestration
The concept of photosynthetic conversion
to fix carbon dioxide using bacteria or
micro-algae under a controlled environment.

19. Breakthrough Technologies
- Iron Fertilization implies the introduction of iron to the upper
ocean to increase productivity of marine food chain which in turn
increases CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere into the
oceans. Marine plankton growth is enhanced by physically
distributing the iron particles in other wise nutrient rich but iron
deficient ocean water using suitable delivering systems based
on biomaterials.
Iron Fertilization
Biomimetic Sequestration
- It implies the use of a particular aspect of biological process for
resolving a specific non biological problem. The Carbonic
Anhydrase (CA) is used as a catalyst for the conversion of CO2
into bicarbonates and later to carbonates or amino acids.
Soil Productivity ?

20. Conclusions
- CO2 storage R&D is still in early stage in India and developing cost
effective technologies for CCS are the major challenges to the
scientist and researchers.
-The environmental risks involved in the storage of CO2 particularly
in geological formations and oceans have to be evaluated in detail
by monitoring and modeling in terms of long term stability.
- Funding mechanisms to support R&D projects for CCS have to be
evaluated. 0.5% cess on power generation in the line of oil cess
may be good enough to sustain the same. The cess can be
operated by Energy Security Development Board, under the aegis
of Ministry of Power.
‘If every country was to spend just 2-3% of their GDP,
the impact of possible global climate change could be
mitigated’