2. Aristotle and his Universe
•The earth is composed of four
elements: Earth, Water, Fire and
Air
•The earth does not revolve around
anything else or rotate around its
own axis
•It is surrounded by ten concentric
spheres made of a perfectly
transparent substance known as
"quintessence.“
•Beyond the tenth sphere is, as the
words in the periphery say in
Latin, "The Kingdom of
Heaven, the Abode of God and of
the Elect."
3. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543)
Copernicus busted the classical Greek
theory of astronomy.The publication
of Copernicus' book, De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On
the Revolutions of the Celestial
Spheres), just before his death in
1543, is considered a major event in
the history of science.
•Heavenly motions are
uniform, eternal, and circular or
compounded of several circles
(epicycles).
•The center of the universe is near the
Sun.
•Around the Sun, in order, are
Mercury, Venus, Earth and
Moon, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the
fixed stars.
•The Earth has three motions: daily
rotation, annual revolution, and
annual tilting of its axis.
•Retrograde motion of the planets is
explained by the Earth's motion.
•The distance from the Earth to the
Sun is small compared to the distance
to the stars.
4. Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642)
•Galileo has been called the "father
of modern observational
astronomy",[ the "father of modern
physics", the "father of
science", and "the Father of
Modern Science".
•According to Stephen
Hawking, Galileo probably bears
more of the responsibility for the
birth of modern science than
anybody else, and Albert Einstein
called him the father of modern
science
•He was a defender of coparnicus’s
“Heliocentric ” theory.
•The Phases of Venus one of the
most observation of human history
also discovered by Galileo.
•He was home arrested by the
church rest of his life because of
defending heliocentric theory.
5. Johannes Kepler (German:December 27, 1571 –
November 15, 1630)
•Johan Kepler was a German
astronomer who lived between
1571-1630. He introduced three
important laws of planetary
motion and helped the Copernican
model of the solar system gain
general acceptance.
•Kepler inherited Tycho Brahe's
observational data on Mars
following Brahe's death and
showed, mathematically, that Mars
followed an elliptical orbit. This
new revelation contradicted the
age old belief that heavenly bodies
all moved in perfect circles.
6. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
•His three laws of motion --
inertia, acceleration, and action
and reaction -- remain a
cornerstone of modern physics.
His law of universal gravitation laid
forth the theory that all particles in
the universe exerted some
gravitational force.
•In Newton's view, gravitational
force was everywhere, from an
apple falling from a tree to the
moon being kept in orbit by its
mutual attraction with Earth.
While imperfect -- his law was later
altered significantly by Einstein's
theory of relativity -- Newton's
conception of universal gravitation
dominated physics for more than
two centuries.
7. Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)
•Hubble revolutionized astronomy
by showing that the universe is
much larger than had been
previously believed and by
providing observational evidence
for the theory of an expanding
universe.
•One of his most important
findings that the more distant a
galaxy, the greater is the speed at
which it is moving away from the
Milky Way is now known as
Hubble's Law.
8. Stephen Hawking (1942- )
•After Albert Einstein, Stephen
Hawking is probably the most
famous physicist of all time. He
became known for his study of
certain physical characteristics of
black holes, work that led to
greater understanding of the origin
of the universe.
•Hawking's A Brief History of
Time: From the Big Bang to Black
Holes (1988), which provides an
overview of the origin and
structure of the universe, was a
best-seller.
9. Sergei Korolev
Sputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite
(launched on October 4, 1957)
-The world's first space passenger, the dog
Laika, launched on Sputnik 2 a month later
-The Luna series, the first unmanned vehicles to
orbit and land softly on the moon
-The Vostok series of spacecraft (launched from
1960 to 1963), which were the first manned
spacecraft and featured Gagarin's first manned
mission on April 12, 1961
-And the Voskhod program (1964 to 1966) the
world's first multi-person spacecraft, which
included the first spacewalk on March 18, 1965
Famous quotes:
"I've been waiting all my life for this day!" (Upon
the launch of Sputnik.)
"The Soviet Union has become the seacoast of the
universe."
10. R-7 Semyorka
•First ICBM ever launched
•It’s later prototype was used to
launch
Sputnik, Luna, Molniya, Vostok, an
d Voskhod space launchers, as well
as later Soyuz variants.
11. Sputnik 1
•The Sputnik 1 spacecraft was the
first artificial satellite successfully
placed in orbit around the Earth
and was launched from Baikonur
Cosmodrome at Tyuratam (370 km
southwest of the small town of
Baikonur) in Kazakhstan, then part
of the former Soviet Union. The
Russian word "Sputnik" means
"companion“.
•The orbit of the then inactive
satellite was later observed
optically to decay 92 days after
launch (January 4, 1958) after
having completed about 1400
orbits of the Earth over a
cumulative distance traveled of 70
million kilometers.
12. Sputnik 2
•Sputnik 2 was the second
spacecraft launched into Earth
orbit, on November 3, 1957, and the
first to carry a living animal, a dog
named Laika.
•But the biological subject was dead
because of malfunctioning which cause
the increase of temperature 4o degree
centigrade.
13. Vostok1
•Vostok 1 was the first spaceflight
in the Vostok program and the first
human spaceflight in history. The
Vostok 3KA spacecraft was
launched on April 12, 1961.
•27-year-old Yuri Gagarin was the
only crew member of Vostok 1. The
Vostok spacecraft was designed to
carry a single cosmonaut.
14. Vostok 6
•Vostok 6 was the first human
spaceflight mission to carry a
woman, cosmonaut Valentina
Tereshkova, into space in 16 June
1963.
15. Apollo 11
•Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that
landed the first humans on the
Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin, on July
20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong
became the first to step onto the
lunar surface six hours later on July
21 at 02:56 UTC.
16. Voyager
•Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by
NASA on September 5, 1977 to study the
outer Solar System. Operating for
36 years, 2 months, and 3 days as of 8
November 2013, the spacecraft
communicates with the Deep Space
Network to receive routine commands
and return data.
•The primary mission of voyager 1 ended
on November 20, 1980, after encounters
with the Jovian system in 1979 and the
Saturnian system in 1980.
•The primary mission of voyager 2 ended
December 31, 1989 after encountering the
Jovian system in 1979, Saturnian system in
1980, Uranian system in 1986, and the
Neptunian system in 1989. It is still the
only spacecraft to have visited the two
outer giant planets Uranus and Neptune.
The probe is now moving at a velocity of
15.428 km/s relative to the Sun
17. Voyager(continues)
The Voyager space probe carries a
gold-plated audio-visual disc in the
event that either spacecraft is ever
found by intelligent life forms from
other planetary systems. The discs
carry photos of the Earth and its
lifeforms, a range of scientific
information, spoken greetings
from people such as the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations and
the President of the United States
and a medley, "Sounds of Earth,"
that includes the sounds of
whales, a baby crying, waves
breaking on a shore, and a
collection of music, including
works by Mozart, Blind Willie
Johnson, Chuck Berry's "Johnny B.
Goode", and Valya Balkanska.
Other Eastern and Western classics
are included, as well as various
performances of indigenous music
from around the world
19. Future exploration of universe
•More and more exploration
mission in mars
•Set up more powerful telescope to
observe the universe and findings
it’s undiscovered side.
•Missions to another planer other
than mars and learn more about it.
•Searching for extraterrestrial
intelligence by using deep space
network.
