1. The First Microscopes
“Cells” & How Organisms The first microscopes were invented in
the 1600s.
Transport Materials Robert Hooke, in 1665, recorded his
(Harcourt Science Textbook, observations of cork cells and gave
Unit 2, Lesson 1, pages 142-149)
them the name “cells” (they reminded
him of tiny rooms).
5th Grade Standard Covered:
Life Science 2.a → ”Students know many multicellular
organisms have specialized structures to support the It took almost 200 years after this for
transport of materials.” scientists to figure out that all plants
and animals are also made of cells.
example of how all living things are made up of cells.
This human body structure, built out of LEGOS, is an
Cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure
and function of all living things.
All living things are made up of one or more cells
(a great analogy is a structure built only of LEGOS, which come in
many shapes, sizes and colors)
Some simple organisms are made up of just one
cell (i.e.: amoeba)
Humans are made up of 50-100 trillion cells
Most cells are microscopic - you need a
microscope to see them (a single drop of blood holds
millions of red blood cells)
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2. Cells
This Volvo, constructed out of LEGOS that come in many shapes,
sizes and colors, is a great analogy for multicellular organisms
• Each kind of cell has a special function
for the body (i.e: red blood cells, nerve cells, muscle
cells).
• Most cells have the same needs for
survival that you do. They:
• take in food, release energy from food, get rid of
body waste, make new cells for growth and
repair, and often communicate and work with
other cells.
Common Organelles (Cell Parts) Nucleus
• Function: Directs a cell’s activities and
All cells have some of the same organelles. stores genetic information
Each cell contains smaller “specialized” • Analogy: The brain or boss of the cell
structures called organelles that “support
the transport of materials” in and out of
the cell.
Some of the more common organelles found
in the cells of most organisms are:
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3. Chromosomes Cell Membrane
• Function: A threadlike structure that • Function: Holds the cell together and
contains genetic information about the decides what comes in or exits and what
characteristics of that organism. stays out
• Analogy: Computer software or memory • Analogy: Like the skin in humans or a
chip/hard drive in computers security guard of a building
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
• Function: a jelly-like substance that • Function: The powerhouse
protects the organelles and helps the cell of a cell. It releases energy
stay healthy from nutrients for the cell
to use
• Analogy: bubble wrap or styrofoam beans
in a package • Analogy: Battery inside a
flashlight or a protein
shake for humans
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4. Vesicle (animal cell)
Cell Wall (plant cell only)
Vacuole (plant cell)
• Function: Stores nutrients, water and • Function: This hard
waste for the cell outer layer that is
around the cell
• Analogy: A refrigerator or trash can in a membrane supports
house and protects a plant
cell and helps it
stand up.
• Analogy: A fence
outside of a house
or what the rib
cage does to your
heart and lungs
Chloroplast (plant cell only)
What are the
Differences
• Function: Makes food for the cell between Plant &
Animal Cells?
• Analogy: Your very own personal chef
(i.e.: Mom or sometimes Dad)
• Plant cells differ
from animal cells in
that they also have
a cell wall and
chloroplasts.
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5. How Do Cells Get What They Need?
Cells showing other organelles
found in animal and plant cells Cells obtain the materials they need by
passive transport or active transport,
through the cell membrane.
Active transport requires energy from
the cell.
Passive transport does not require any
energy from the cell.
4 Levels of Organization in Living Things
• Cells usually do not do their jobs alone. Instead,
they join together with other cells of the same
kind to perform a specific function.
• Cells with similar functions form tissue.
(i.e: cartilage, tendons in humans, bark of a tree in plants)
Cells ► Tissue
• Tissues that function together make up an organ.
(i.e: heart and lungs in humans, roots and leaves in plants).
Tissues ► Organ
• Organs working together form an organ system.
(A human has 10 major organ systems)
Organs ►Organ System
• Because they are organized in tissues, organs,
and organ systems, cells can do larger jobs for
the organism than they can do alone.
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6. 4 Types of Tissue in Your Body
• Connective Tissue – The tissue found in bones,
cartilage, tendons and blood.
• Muscle Tissue – A tissue made up of cells that
contract when they get a signal from the brain, in
order to help your body move.
• Epithelial Tissue – A tissue that makes up the
body covering of an animal (i.e.: skin) and lines the
walls of most organs and blood vessels.
• Nervous Tissue – The signals from your brain
travel through nervous tissue. The brain and spinal
cord, as well as the places where sight, hearing,
taste, smells and touch begin, are all nervous
tissue.
Silly phrase to remember the 4 types of Tissue:
“Clothed MEN”
How do Organisms Transport Materials?
• Multicellular organisms have specialized tissues,
organs, and organ systems that transport
materials to, and remove wastes from, all cells in
the organism.
Q: How are materials transported in many animals?
• The circulatory system carries needed materials
(i.e.: oxygen, water, and nutrients) to the body’s
cells. It also carries away waste materials created
in each cell (i.e.: carbon dioxide and ammonia) for
eventual removal from the body.
Q: How are materials transported in plants?
• From the roots, water and nutrients move upward
through a system of tubes. Other tubes carry sugar
made in the leaves to all parts of the plant.
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