1. Sigmund Freud
(6 May 1856 – 23
September 1939),
Founder of
psychoanalysis
and one of the
most famous
psychologists

2.  Unconscious motives and internal conflicts
determine our behavior (our mind split into 3
psychological structures):
 Id: Basic drives like hunger (think of a 2 year old…”I
want it now!!! Id is the kid) Present at birth
 Ego: Stands for “reason and good sense” and tries to
satisfy the id. “I’m hungry but I can’t get a sandwich
out of the trash.”
 Superego: Acts as the conscience/moral sense and
floods ego with guilt if we think/do something
defined as wrong (“Super”ego is “super” moral)

3.  Conflicts between id, ego, and superego lead to
anxiety/stress, so we deal with this with:
 Denial (most common) Refusing to accept realities of
a situation (not an addict, sick, etc.)
 Displacement (common) Taking out anger on a
person who didn’t cause it (mad at coach, yell at
sibling).
 Projection- Taboo urges are seen in others; not in self
(you want to steal but decide not to, but then you
notice others do it).

4.  Rationalization-Making logical excuses for
illogical behavior (I got fired because boss is
sexist; not because of the fact that I stole).
 Reaction formation: Compensate for
unacceptable impulses by displaying the
TOTAL OPPOSITE in great excess (boy likes
girl, afraid of being judged, treats her mean).
 Regression-Reverting to childlike behavior to
get attention you got when you were young
(adult acting like teen, child when sister is
born).

5.  Sublimation- the process of transforming libido
into "socially useful" achievements
 Repression-Unconsciously forgetting
information that is too painful to recall (child
abuse or attack).

6.  Freud believed the sex drive was most
motivating force (humans strive for pleasure
from birth—infants with sucking, toddler &
using restroom, child & pleasure with genitals,
adults & intercourse)

7.  Oral stage: Birth-18 months. Sucking & biting
are favorite activities.
 Anal stage: 18 months-4 years. Focus of
pleasure is using restroom (hold in, let go).
 Phallic stage: 4ish-7. Focus is genitalia.
Touching self might occur during this stage.
 Latent stage: 7ish-12ish-Sexual impulses are
suppressed.
 Genital stage: Puberty–Resurgence of sex drive

8.  Phallic: Fixation & possible narcissistic
personality (boys). Implied that women never
progress past this & maintain sense of
inferiority.
 Oedipus/Electra Complexes occur in phallic
stage (subconscious desire to have sex with
parent of opposite sex & kill parent of same
sex).
 Penis envy….girls are jealous of men & scarred
(may blame mom).
 Freudian slips-Stem from unconscious

9.  Oral: Could result in oral fixation (smoking,
chewing pens, nail biting, thumb sucking,
excessive gum chewing, overeating or
drinking….attempt to fill emotional emptiness
inside).
 Anal: Explosiveness-Very sloppy & non-
conforming.
*Retentive-Obsessively clean & orderly