7. Daily stress to anatomical structures that
may occur when a person is exposed to
certain high risk activities
If the accumulating stress exceeds the
body’s normal recuperative ability,
inflammation of the tissue can follow
Chronic inflammation may lead to the
development of WMSDs
May require weeks, months or years for
development - and for recovery
8. The Musculoskeletal System includes the
following:
• Bones – The load-bearing structure of the body
• Muscles- Tissue that contract to create movement
• Tendons – Tissues that connect muscles to bones
• Ligaments – Tissues that connect bones to bones
• Cartilage – Tissue that provides cushioning and
reduces friction between bones
• Nerves – Communication system that links muscles,
tendons and other tissue with the brain
• Blood Vessels – Tubes that circulate nutrients
throughout the body
9. What Are Examples of WMSDs?
• Sprain – Overstretching or overexertion of a ligament
that results in a tear or rupture of the ligament
• Strain – Overstretching or overexertion of a muscle or
tendon
• Tendonitis – Inflammation of the tendon inside the
sheath
• Tenosynovitis – Inflammation of the sheath around the
tendon
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – Compression of the
median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in
the heel of the hand
10. • Tennis elbow or Golfer’s elbow – Medical term is
Epicondylitis – inflammation of the tendons at the
elbow.
• Trigger Finger – Common term for tendonitis or
tenosynovitis that causes painful locking of the
finger(s) while flexing
• Pitcher’s Shoulder – Rotator cuff tendonitis –
inflammation of one or more tendons at the shoulder
• White Finger – Medical term is Reynaud’s
Phenomenon – constriction of the blood vessels in the
hands and fingers
• Digital Neuritis – Compression of the nerves along
the sides of the fingers or thumbs
20. Painful joints
Pain in wrists, shoulders, forearms, knees,
etc.
Pain, tingling or numbness in hands or feet
Fingers or toes turning white
Shooting or stabbing pains in arms or legs
Back or neck pain
Swelling or inflammation
Stiffness
Burning sensations
Weakness or clumsiness in hands; dropping
things
21.
22. Awkward Postures
High Hand Force
Highly Repetitive Motion
Repeated Impact
Heavy, Frequent or Awkward
Lifting
Moderate to High Hand-Arm
Vibration
Caution
Zone
Look for These Indicators:
23. Being in these work positions for
more than 2 hours total per day
• Hands above head
• Elbows above shoulder
• Back bent forward more than 30 degrees
• Neck bent more than 30 degrees
• Squatting
• Kneeling
36. Using hands or knees as a hammer
• more than 10 times per hour
• more than 2 hours per day
37. Lifting objects more than:
• 75 lbs. once/day
• 55 lbs. more than ten times/day
• 10 lbs. more than twice/minute
for more than 2 hours per day
• 25 lbs. above shoulders,
below knees, or at arms length
for more than 25 times/day
43. Use a systematic method to look
at:
-physical demands
-layout of work area
-size, shape, and weight of objects
handled
The results will help to
determine controls
44. Risk factors become hazardous when:
-there is a longer duration of exposure
-there is greater intensity
-there is a combination of risk
factors
49. Awkward
Positions•Back
–Bent forward >30° Without
support or ability to vary
posture
More than 4 hrs/day
–Bent forward >45° Without
support or ability to vary
posture
More than 2 hrs/day
53. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Pinching unsupported object 2 or
more pounds/hand
Or
–Pinching with force of 4 or more
pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper)
+
–Highly repetitive motion
More than 3 hrs/day
54. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Pinching unsupported object 2 or
more pounds/hand
Or
–Pinching with force of 4 or more
pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper)
+
–Wrists bent in flexion 30° or more,
or in extension 45° or more, or in
ulnar deviation 30° or more
More than 3 hrs/day
55. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Pinching unsupported object 2 or
more pounds/hand
Or
–Pinching with force of 4 or more
pounds/hand (1/2 ream of paper)
+
–No other risk factors
More than 4 hrs/day
56. High Hand Force
•Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Gripping an unsupported object
10 lbs or > per hand
Or
–Gripping with force of 10 lbs or >
per hand (clamping light duty
jumper cables onto battery)
+
–Highly repetitive motion
More than 3 hrs/day
57. High Hand Force •Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Gripping an
unsupported object 10
lbs or > per hand
Or
–Gripping with force of
10 lbs or > per hand
(clamping light duty
jumper cables onto
battery)
+
–Wrists bent in flexion
30° or more, or in
extension 45° or more, or
in ulnar deviation 30° or
more
More than 3 hrs/day
58. High Hand Force •Arms, Wrists, Hands
–Gripping an
unsupported object 10
lbs or > per hand
Or
–Gripping with force of
10 lbs or > per hand
(clamping light duty
jumper cables onto
battery)
+
–No other Risk Factors
More than 4 hrs/day