13. ACTT-1
The new england
journal of medicine
established in 1812 November 5, 2020 vol. 383 no. 19
Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, Mehta AK, Zingman BS, Kalil AC, et al. Remdesivir
for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1813‒26.
17. Figure S5. Kaplan–Meier Estimates of Survival by Baseline Ordinal Scale.
Panel A shows the estimates (and 95% confidence bands) in the overall population, Panel B in those with baseline ordinal
scale = 4, Panel C in those with baseline ordinal scale = 5, Panel D in those with baseline ordinal scale = 6, and Panel E in
those with baseline ordinal scale = 7.
Note: the widths of confidence intervals have not been adjusted for multiplicity and cannot be used to infer treatment effects.
A B
C D
E
全体 酸素吸入なし
酸素吸入あり
HFNCまたはNPPV
人工呼吸器またはECMO
死亡についても
研究組み入れ時
酸素吸入が
必要な患者で
最も差が大きい
Beigel JH, et al. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
18. 1.00 3.00
2.00
Remdesivir Better
Placebo Better
All patients
Geographic region
North America
Europe
Asia
Race
White
Black
Asian
Other
Ethnic group
Hispanic or Latino
Not Hispanic or Latino
Age
18 to <40 yr
40 to <65 yr
≥65 yr
Sex
Male
Female
Symptoms duration
≤10 days
>10 days
Baseline ordinal score
4 (not receiving oxygen)
5 (receiving oxygen)
6 (receiving high-flow oxygen or
noninvasive mechanical ventilation)
7 (receiving mechanical ventilation or ECMO)
No. of
Patients Recovery Rate Ratio (95% CI)
Subgroup
0.98 (0.70–1.36)
1.09 (0.76–1.57)
1.37 (1.14–1.64)
1.20 (0.94–1.52)
1.45 (1.18–1.79)
1.29 (0.91–1.83)
1.31 (1.03–1.66)
1.30 (1.09–1.56)
1.19 (0.98–1.44)
1.29 (1.00–1.67)
1.95 (1.28–2.97)
1.28 (0.94–1.73)
1.31 (1.10–1.55)
1.68 (1.10–2.58)
1.25 (0.91–1.72)
1.07 (0.73–1.58)
1.30 (0.91–1.87)
1.36 (0.74–2.47)
1.29 (1.06–1.57)
1.30 (1.10–1.53)
1.29 (1.12–1.49)
0.50
0.33
1062
847
163
52
566
226
135
135
250
755
119
559
384
684
278
676
383
138
435
193
285
発症から10日間以内に投薬開始した人の方が効果が高そう
Beigel JH, et al. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
19. 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.5
1.5 3.0
Control Better
Remdesivir Better
Solidarity (stratified according to
oxygen use and ventilation)
No supplemental oxygen
Low-flow or high-flow oxygen
Ventilation
Stratified total: Solidarity
ACTT-1 (stratified according to
4 ordinal score levels)
No supplemental oxygen
Low-flow oxygen
High-flow oxygen or noninvasive
ventilation
Invasive ventilation
Stratified total: ACTT-1
Trials with few deaths (and
randomization ratio of 2:1)
Wuhan: low-flow oxygen
Wuhan: high-flow oxygen or ventilation
International: no supplemental oxygen
Stratified total: 2:1 trials
Risk groups (calculated by summation
of relevant strata)
Lower risk: strata with no
ventilation
Higher risk
Stratified total
Heterogeneity between trials (Solidarity vs. ACTT-1 vs. 2:1 trials): χ2
2
=0.5
Remdesivir
Rate Ratio for Death
(99% CI; 95% CI for totals)
Observed–Expected
No. of Deaths in
Remdesivir Group
Control
Subgroup
no. of deaths reported/no. of patients (%)
Value Variance
11/661 (2.0) 13/664 (2.1)
0.0
0.90 (0.31–2.58)
192/1828 (12.2) 219/1811 (13.8) 0.85 (0.66–1.09)
98/254 (43.0) 71/233 (37.8) 1.20 (0.80–1.80)
301/2743 (12.5) 303/2708 (12.7) 0.94 (0.80–1.10)
3/75 (4.1) 3/63 (4.8) 0.82 (0.10–6.61)
9/232 (4.0) 25/203 (12.7) 0.30 (0.11–0.81)
19/95 (21.2) 20/98 (20.4) 1.02 (0.44–2.34)
28/131 (21.9) 29/154 (19.3) 1.13 (0.57–2.23)
59/533 (11.1) 77/518 (14.9) 0.82 (0.58–1.16)
11/129 (8.5) (7/68)×2 (10.3) 0.81 (0.21–3.07)
11/29 (37.9) (3/10)×2 (30.0) 1.40 (0.20–9.52)
5/384 (1.3) (4/200)×2 (2.0) 0.64 (0.10–3.94)
27/542 (5.0) (14/278)×2 (5.0) 0.86 (0.42–1.77)
231/3309 (7.0) 282/3277 (8.6) 0.80 (0.63–1.01)
156/509 (30.6) 126/505 (25.0) 1.16 (0.85–1.60)
387/3818 (10.1) 408/3782 (10.8)
−0.6
−16.9
7.6
−10.0
−0.3
−8.0
0.2
1.8
−6.4
−0.8
0.6
−0.9
−1.1
−27.6
10.1
6.0
101.8
40.8
148.6
1.5
6.7
9.6
14.3
32.1
3.7
1.8
2.0
7.5
121.6
66.5
−17.5 188.1 0.91 (0.79–1.05)
P=0.20
WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium, Pan H, Peto R, Henao-Restrepo A-M, Preziosi M-P, Sathiyamoorthy V, et al.
Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 - Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:497‒511.
レムデシビル 死亡をアウトカムにしたメタ分析
低リスク患者(研究組み入れ時人工呼吸器なし)では
死亡のリスク比0.80 (95%信頼区間 0.63-1.01)
20. Favors Control
Favors Remdesivir
0.1 1 2 10
0.5
Study, Year (Reference)
Control Control
Remdesivir
Events, n Total, n Events, n Total, n RR RR (95% CI)
Placebo
Usual care
Usual care
Placebo
Placebo
Usual care
Placebo
Placebo
Placebo
Usual care
3
2
11
16
9
11
192
212
19
28
11
98
156
95
131
29
254
509
20
29
3
71
123
98
154
10
233
495
232
129
1828
2189
25
7
219
251
203
68
1811
2082
3
4
13
20
63
200
664
927
75
193
661
929
0.84 (0.18–4.02)
0.52 (0.10–2.80)
0.85 (0.38–1.88)
0.78 (0.41–1.50)
0.32 (0.15–0.66)
0.83 (0.34–2.04)
0.87 (0.72–1.04)
0.81 (0.68–0.96)
0.98 (0.56–1.72)
1.14 (0.71–1.81)
1.26 (0.44–3.63)
1.27 (0.99–1.62)
1.19 (0.98–1.46)
No supplemental oxygen at baseline
Beigel et al [ACTT-1], 2020 (5)
Spinner et al [SIMPLE-2], 2020 (12)
Pan et al [Solidarity], 2020 (4)
Fixed-effects model
Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%
Supplemental oxygen and not ventilated at baseline
Beigel et al [ACTT-1], 2020 (5)
Wang et al, 2020 (13)
Pan et al [Solidarity], 2020 (4)
Fixed-effects model
Heterogeneity: I2 = 71%
Ventilated or ECMO at baseline
Beigel et al [ACTT-1], 2020 (5): high-flow
oxygen or noninvasive ventilation
Beigel et al [ACTT-1], 2020 (5): ventilation
Wang et al, 2020 (13)
Pan et al [Solidarity], 2020 (4)
Fixed-effects model
Heterogeneity: I2 = 0%
ベースラインで酸素吸入必要なし
ベースラインで酸素吸入の必要があるが,人工呼吸器管理なし
ベースラインで人工呼吸器管理またはECMO
Kaka AS, et al. Major Update: Remdesivir for Adults With COVID-19 : A Living Systematic Review and
Meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians Practice Points. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Feb 9.
レムデシビル 死亡をアウトカムにしたメタ分析
24. Joshi S, Parkar J, Ansari A, Vora A, Talwar D, Tiwaskar M, et al. Role of
favipiravir in the treatment of COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;102:501‒8.
27.
ファビピラビルの系統的レビュー
2020年12月まで,9つのRCTと1つの前後比較研究
入院後7日目での臨床的改善は有意に改善
RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09‒1.41; P = 0.001
Hassanipour S, Arab-Zozani M, Amani B, Heidarzad F, Fathalipour M, Martinez-de-Hoyo R. The efficacy and safety of
Favipiravir in treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Sci Rep. 2021;11:11022‒11.
28.
Group by
Viral clearance
Study name Stascs for each study Risk rao and 95% CI
Risk Lower Upper
rao limit limit p-Value
10 days Ivashchenko, 2020-b 1.028 0.867 1.219 0.753
10 days Dabbous, 2020-b 0.914 0.694 1.205 0.524
10 days Udwadia, 2020-b 1.059 0.858 1.306 0.593
10 days Doi, 2020-b 1.052 0.855 1.295 0.629
8
4
6
.
0
6
3
1
.
1
4
2
9
.
0
4
2
0
.
1
s
y
a
d
0
1
14 days Lou, 2020-b 0.786 0.537 1.149 0.214
14 days Cai, 2020-b 1.286 1.059 1.561 0.011
14 days Dabbous, 2020-c 1.068 0.944 1.209 0.297
14 days Udwadia, 2020-c 1.150 1.008 1.311 0.037
4
9
0
.
0
9
5
2
.
1
2
8
9
.
0
2
1
1
.
1
s
y
a
d
4
1
7 days Ivashchenko, 2020-a 0.781 0.564 1.081 0.137
7 days Lou, 2020-a 0.889 0.341 2.317 0.810
7 days Cai, 2020-a 1.966 1.289 3.001 0.002
7 days Dabbous, 2020-a 0.857 0.587 1.252 0.425
7 days Doi, 2020-a 1.158 0.797 1.681 0.441
7 days Udwadia, 2020-a 1.093 0.841 1.420 0.506
0
8
5
.
0
4
9
3
.
1
0
3
8
.
0
6
7
0
.
1
s
y
a
d
7
8
2
1
.
0
5
4
1
.
1
3
8
9
.
0
1
6
0
.
1
l
l
a
r
e
v
O
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10
Favipiravir No Favipiravir
ウイルス陰性化は有意差なし
その他,ICU入室,死亡リスクについても有意差なし
Hassanipour S, Arab-Zozani M, Amani B, Heidarzad F, Fathalipour M, Martinez-de-Hoyo R. The efficacy and safety of
Favipiravir in treatment of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Sci Rep. 2021;11:11022‒11.
39. 体重や重症度にかかわらず
デキサメタゾン6mg/日でよいのか?
C Oxygen Only (N=3883)
Mortality
(%)
50
40
30
10
20
0
0 7 14 21 28
Days since Randomization
Rate ratio, 0.82 (95% CI, 0.72–0.94)
No. at Risk
Usual care
Dexamethasone
2604
1279
2195
1135
2018
1036
1950
1006
1916
981
Usual care
Dexamethasone
酸素吸入のみ
ベースラインで酸素吸入のみの人で
デキサメタゾン群でも28日間で23%が死亡
→少し多すぎないか?
RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, et al.
Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:693‒704.
40. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior
corticosteroid in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19
patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial
• P:低酸素血症(SpO2 92%)を伴う成人
Covid-19入院患者
• I:メチルプレドニゾロン (2 mg/kg/日)
• C:デキサメタゾン (6 mg/日)
• O:28日間死亡,5日後と10日後の臨床状態
(WHO Ordinal Scale for Clinical
Improvement)
Ranjbar K, et al. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment
of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:337.
42. 結果
メチルプレドニゾロン群 デキサメタゾン群
P値
WHOスケール平均値
0日目の臨床状態 4.79 4.69 0.504
5日目の臨床状態 4.02 5.21 0.002
10日目の臨床状態 2.90 4.71 0.001
死亡 18.6% 37.5% 0.076
Ranjbar K, et al. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment
of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:337.
43. Ranjbar K, et al. Methylprednisolone or dexamethasone, which one is superior corticosteroid in the treatment
of hospitalized COVID-19 patients: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21:337.
メチル
プレドニゾロン
デキサメタゾン
46. Methylprednisolone treatment of early severe ARDS and late unresolving ARDS
Early severe ARDS (PaO2:FiO2 200 on PEEP 5 cmH20)
Time Administration form Dosage
Loading Bolus over 30 min 1 mg/kg
Days 1 to 14* † ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 1 mg/kg/day
Days 15 to 21* ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 0.5 mg/kg/day
Days 22 to 25* ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 0.25 mg/kg/day
Days 26 to 28* ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 0.125 mg/kg/day
Unresolving ARDS = less than (a) 1-point reduction in lung injury score or (b) or 100 improvement of in PaO2:FiO2 .
·By day 7 of ARDS in patients not receiving methylprednisolone for early ARDS.
·By day 5-7 of ARDS in patients receiving methylprednisolone (above) for early ARDS.
Time Administration form Dosage
Loading Bolus over 30 min 2 mg/kg
Days 1 to 14*† ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 2 mg/kg/day
Days 15 to 21* ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 1 mg/kg/day
Days 22 to 25* ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 0.5 mg/kg/day
Days 26 to 28* ‡ ¶ Infusion at 10 cc/hour 0.25 mg/kg/day
Days 29 to 28* ‡ ¶ Bolus over 30 min 0.125 mg/kg/day
IV = intravenous. The dosage is adjusted to ideal body weight and round up to the nearest 10 mg (i.e., 77 mg round up to 80 mg). The infusion is obtained
by adding the daily dosage to 240 cc of normal saline.
*Five days after the patient is able to ingest medications, methylprednisolone is administered per os in one single daily equivalent dose. Enteral absorption
of methylprednisolone is compromised for days after extubation. Prednisone (available in 1-mg, 5-mg, 10-mg, and 20-mg strengths) can be used in place
of methylprednisolone.
†If between days 1 to 14 the patient is extubated, the patient is advanced to day 15 of drug therapy and tapered according to schedule.
‡When patients leave the ICU, if they are still not tolerating enteral intake for at least 5 days, they should be given the dosage specified but divided into
two doses and given every 12 h IV push until tolerating ingestion of medications by mouth.
Crit Care Med. 2017;45:2078–88.
P/F 200ではARDSへのステロイド投与に準じるのも一案か?
55. IDSAガイドライン
• Section last reviewed and updated on 2/17/2021
Recommendation 7: Among hospitalized adults with
progressive severe* or critical** COVID-19 who have
elevated markers of systemic inflammation, the IDSA
guideline panel suggests tocilizumab in addition to
standard of care (i.e., steroids) rather than standard
of care alone. (Conditional recommendation, Low
certainty of evidence)
成人の重症または重篤なCovid-19患者で,全身炎
症マーカーの上昇がある者について,標準治療(ス
テロイド)にトシリズマブを加えることを提案する
https://www.idsociety.org/globalassets/idsa/practice-guidelines/covid-19/treatment/idsa-covid-19-gl-tx-and-mgmt-v4.0.0.pdf
56. バリシチニブ:JAK阻害薬
2019-nCoV ACE2
AAK1 GAK JAK 1/2
AT2
lung cell
Inflammation
Cytokine signalling
Endocytosis
Viral entry
Fedratinib Sunitinib Erlotinib Baricitinib
Binds Expressed in
Involved in
Promotes
Mediates
Involved in
Mediates
Involved in
Inhibits Inhibits Inhibits Inhibits Inhibits
Binds
BenevolentAIにより,承認薬の中でウイルス感染のプロセスを阻害できる可能性のあるものが探索され,
バリシチニブがウイルスの肺細胞への感染を減少させる可能性が提案された。
①AAK1とGAKを阻害し,ACE2を介した
AT2肺胞上皮細胞へのウイルスの侵入を抑制
②サイトカインシグナルを抑え,
IL-6やIL-26などの
向炎症性サイトカインを抑制
Richardson P, et al. Baricitinib as potential treatment for 2019-
nCoV acute respiratory disease. Lancet. 2020;395:e30‒1.
58. DMARDs
opportunity
windows
Substantial gap in
immune-modulation opportunities
Time
Intravenous
immunoglobin
Intravenous
immunoglobin
Eculizumab
Baricitinib
Tocilizumab
Anti-TNF
Anakinra
Baricitinib
Steroids
Incubation
Mild symptomatic phase SARS-CoV-2 Multi-organ failure
A C
E
G
B D
F
H
Covid-19の経過とDMARDsが効く可能性のあるタイミング
Nissen CB, et al. The role of antirheumatics in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021 Mar 30.
70. Figure S5. Overall improvement in the NIAID-OS evaluated at day 28 by baseline subgroup.
ベースラインサブグループ毎の28日後の改善度合い
→やはりOS4以下の割合はあまり差がない
COV-BARRIER trial プレプリント
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.30.21255934v1
71. シクレソニド
• シクレソニド(オルベスコ®)1回2吸入,1日2~3回
- 吸入ステロイド薬だが,in vitroで抗SARS-CoV-2
作用が報告されており,国内特定臨床研究が実施された
Matsuyama S, Kawase M, Nao N, Shirato K, Ujike M, Kamitani W, et al. The Inhaled Steroid Ciclesonide Blocks SARS-
CoV-2 RNA Replication by Targeting the Viral Replication-Transcription Complex in Cultured Cells. J Virol. 2020;95(1).
81. 死亡者でDダイマー上昇が多い
ՊՍՊ Պ
Levi M, Hunt BJ. Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19: An
illustrated review. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2020;4:744‒51.
82. 肺の微小血栓による低酸素血症
ACE2 = angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; IFN = interferon; IL = interleukin; V/Q = ventilation/perfusion.
Ciceri F, Beretta L, Scandroglio AM, Colombo S, Landoni G, Ruggeri A, et al. Microvascular
COVID-19 lung vessels obstructive thromboinflammatory syndrome (MicroCLOTS): an atypical
acute respiratory distress syndrome working hypothesis. Crit Care Resusc. 2020;22:95‒7.
83. NETs
Il-6
TGF-β
Patients who are ambulant or
admitted to hospital because
of other reasons
Symptoms
Mild, do not need respiratory support
Inflammatory reaction
Mild
Coagulation markers
D-dimer 2–3 times the ULN
Fibrinogen normal
Prothrombin time normal
Platelet count normal
Thrombotic events
Limited local pulmonary (inflammatory)
microthrombi
Symptoms
More severe, need respiratory support
Inflammatory reaction
Pronounced
Coagulation markers
D-dimer 3–6 times the ULN
Fibrinogen mildly increased
Prothrombin time mildly increased
Platelet count 100–500 × 109
platelets per L
Thrombotic events
Increased incidence of (inflammatory)
microthrombi and macrothrombi
Patients who are admitted to
hospital and need increased
oxygen supply
A Stage 1 B Stage 2
IL-1β
PAI-1
PAI-1
TF
TF release
Stasis
Virchow
triad
Endothelial
damage
Systemic
hypercoagulability
Venous thromboembolism
Pulmonary thrombosis
Hypoxia
Antiplasmin
Platelet
activation
Sub-endothelial
structures
Sepsis associated
coagulopathy
Pulmonary intravascular
coagulopathy
A 良好な免疫反応がウイルス複製を十分に
制御し,約80%が軽症で終わる
B ウイルス複製の制御が不十分で肺胞上皮
細胞,内皮細胞のアポトーシスが起こり,血
小板の活性,凝固因子の誘導,サイトカイン
産生増加,補体系の活性化などから肺血管
内凝固異常を起こし,低酸素血症になる
Leentjens J, et al. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Apr 27.
84. NETs
Il-6
TGF-β
Discharged from hospital
Critically ill patiens in need of
organ support
Symptoms
Critically ill patients who need organ
support—eg, high-flow oxygen therapy or
mechanical ventilatory support, or both
Inflammatory reaction
Cytokine storm
Coagulation markers
D-dimer more than 6 times the ULN
Fibrinogen markedly increased
Prothrombin time markedly increased
Platelet count less than 100 × 10⁹ platelets per L
Thrombotic events
High incidence of microthrombi and
macrothrombi
Symptoms
Recovering. Functional limitations are
often still present 3 months after discharge
Inflammatory reaction
Restored
Coagulation markers
Restored
Thrombotic events
Unknown
C Stage 3 D Post-discharge
TF
PAI-1
COVID-19 associated
thrombotic syndrome
Endothelitis
Catastrophic
microvascular
injury
syndrome
Stasis
PEEP
VIRCHOW
TRIAD
Endothelial
damage
Systemic
hypercoagulability
VENOUSTHROMBOEMBOLISM
Pulmonary thrombosis
IL-1β
PAI-1
TF release
Antiplasmin
Platelet
activation
Hypoxia
Sepsis associated
coagulopathy
Pulmonary intravascular
coagulopathy
VWF multimers
Increase of FVIII
C いわゆるサイトカインストームのため
に,臓器不全,微小血栓,大血栓が起こり
やすくなる
D 退院後に局所の炎症,凝固が軽快して
いく時間経過はまだよくわかっていない
Leentjens J, et al. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and antithrombotic
agents-lessons after 1 year. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Apr 27.
85. Dダイマー高値でヘパリン不使用
→死亡リスクが高い
Պ ՊՊՍ
! ƑՊA paired bar chart showing the mortality between heparin users and nonusers in stratified patients. D-D, D-dimer; SIC+, SIC
v1ou;ƾƓĸƴķv1ou;ƺƓĸķ†rr;uѴblb|o=moul-ѴŐƏĺƔμg/mL); a, P .05 between heparin users and nonusers
80.0
Heparin users
Heparin nonusers
a
a
a
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
28-d
mortality
(%)
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
S
I
C
+
S
I
C
–
D
-
D
≤
1
U
L
N
D
-
D
1
U
L
N
D
-
D
2
U
L
N
D
-
D
3
U
L
N
D
-
D
4
U
L
N
D
-
D
5
U
L
N
D
-
D
6
U
L
N
D
-
D
8
U
L
N
Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in
severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18:1094‒9.
86. 30 day mortality
Days since hospital admission
Probability
of
30
day
mortality
0
0.10
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.25
0.20
0.05
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1922
2031
No at risk
No anticoagulation
Prophylactic anticoagulation
1880
2008
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
2141
2156
2087
2154
2029
2131
2010
2097
1980
2064
1864
1974
1826
1946
1803
1918
1787
1895
1779
1881
1759
1873
1759
1867
1750
1858
1748
1852
No anticoagulation
Prophylactic anticoagulation
Inpatient mortality
Days since hospital admission
Probability
of
inpatient
mortality
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1922
2031
No at risk
No anticoagulation
Prophylactic anticoagulation
1880
2008
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
2141
2156
2087
2154
2029
2131
2010
2097
1980
2064
1864
1974
1826
1946
1803
1918
1787
1895
1779
1881
1759
1873
1759
1867
1750
1858
1748
1852
Initiate therapeutic anticoagulation
Days since hospital admission
Probability
of
initiating
therapeutic
anticoagulation
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1637
1791
No at risk
No anticoagulation
Prophylactic anticoagulation
1587
1759
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Hazard ratio = 0.73 (0.66 to 0.81)
Hazard ratio = 0.69 (0.61 to 0.77)
Hazard ratio = 0.81 (0.73 to 0.90)
2141
2156
2032
2120
1846
2011
1778
1914
1708
1847
1573
1716
1549
1689
1533
1664
1521
1651
1508
1638
1496
1632
1490
1627
1489
1621
1489
1617
早期抗凝固療法開始は
良好な予後と関連
米国退役軍人病院コホート
(対象の90%以上が男性)
・入院後24時間以内に予防的
抗凝固*開始 vs 抗凝固なし
IPTWで比較
・予防的抗凝固療法は出血リス
ク増加とは関連せず(ハザード
比 0.87, 95% CI 0.71-1.05)
*ヘパリン,低分子ヘパリン,DOAC
投与量は次のスライド参照
30日間死亡
入院中死亡
治療量の抗凝固療法開始
Rentsch CT, et al. Early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation for
prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 mortality in patients admitted
to hospital in the United States: cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n311.
87. Box 1. Levels, types, and doses of anticoagulation
Level Type Drug Route Dose
Prophylactic Heparin Heparin SC 5000 units b.i.d. or t.i.d.
LMWH Enoxaparin SC 40 mg q.d. or 30 mg b.i.d.
LMWH Fondaparinux SC 2.5 mg q.d.
LMWH Dalteparin SC 2500-5000 IU q.d.
DOAC Apixaban Oral 2.5 mg b.i.d.
DOAC Rivaroxaban Oral 10 mg q.d. or 2.5 mg b.i.d. for arterial disease
DOAC Dabigatran Oral 220 mg q.d.
Therapeutic Warfarin Warfarin Oral Variable use INR
Heparin Heparin IV Variable use PTT
LMWH Enoxaparin SC 40 mg q.d.
LMWH Fondaparinux SC 5, 7.5, 10 mg q.d.
LMWH Dalteparin SC ≥5500 IU b.i.d.
DOAC Apixaban Oral 5 mg b.i.d.
DOAC Rivaroxaban Oral ≥15 mg q.d.
DOAC Dabigatran Oral 150 mg b.i.d. or 75 mg b.i.d.*
DOAC Edoxaban Oral 60 mg q.d. or 30 mg q.d.*
Abbreviations: q.d., once daily; b.i.d., twice daily; t.i.d., thrice daily; SC, subcutaneous; LMWH, low-
molecular-weight heparin; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; INR, international normalized ratio;
PTT, partial thromboplastin time; IU, international unit
*Assumed listed lower doses for dabigatran and edoxaban were for renal dosing
Rentsch CT, et al. Early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019
mortality in patients admitted to hospital in the United States: cohort study. BMJ. 2021;372:n311.
88. 米国ミシガン州,観察研究
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Probability
of
death
Days of follow-up
Treatment level
No anticoagulants given
Treatment dose anticoagulants
Prophylactic only
0
156
966
216
10
120
851
189
20
112
773
161
30
109
755
158
40
109
749
157
50
109
748
157
60
109
744
156
No. at risk
No anticoagulants
Prophylactic only
Treatment dose anticoagulants
・抗凝固薬の投与は投
与なしと比べて入院中
死亡リスク低下と関連
・60日間死亡のリスク
低下と関連したのは,
予防量のみだった
Dicks AB, Weinberg I. Further Evidence Supporting the Use of Prophylactic Anticoagulation in
Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(6):e2112403.
89. eTable 2. Anticoagulants Given for VTE Prophylaxis, N=1127
ICU (N=360)
N (%)
Non-ICU (N=767)
N (%)
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) 30-40 mg daily 200 (55.6%) 470 (61.3%)
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) 30-40 mg BID 59 (16.4%) 80 (10.4%)
Fondaparinux (Arixtra) 2.5 mg Daily 3 (0.8%) 19 (2.5%)
Heparin ≤15,000 daily units 172 (47.8%) 290 (37.8%)
Heparin 15,000 daily units 12 (3.3%) 3 (0.4%)
Apixaban (with prophylactic intent) 4/257 (1.6%) 2/537 (0.4%)
Intravenous Heparin (with prophylactic intent) 5/257 (2.0%) 4/537 (0.7%)
Numbers may add up to 100% if patients received multiple different anticoagulants. The following anticoagulants were added on
5/2: Apixaban, Heparin (IV), Rivaroxaban. No patients were documented as receiving Betrixaban or Rivaroxaban as prophylaxis.
eTable 3. Treatment Dose Anticoagulants, N=219
ICU (N=131)
N (%)
Non-ICU (N=102)
N (%)
P-value
Apixaban (Eliquis) 16 (12.2%) 25 (24.5%) 0.015
Edoxavan (Savaysa) 0 1 (1.0%) 0.256
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) 64 (48.9%) 59 (57.8%) 0.173
Heparin (Intravenous) 83 (63.4%) 29 (28.4%) .001
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) 4 (3.1%) 3 (2.9%) 0.960
Warfarin (Coumadin) 1 (0.8%) 4 (3.9%) 0.099
Numbers may add up to 100% if patients received multiple different anticoagulants.
Dicks AB, Weinberg I. Further Evidence Supporting the Use of Prophylactic Anticoagulation in
Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(6):e2112403.
90. 中等量 vs 標準量の予防的抗凝固療法の
比較RCT(イラン)
INSPIRATION trial
• 対象:Covid-19確定,ICU入室7日以内の患者
• 介入:中等量の予防的抗凝固療法
• 対照:標準量の予防的抗凝固療法
• アウトカム:90日以内の客観的に確認された静脈
血栓症,動脈血栓症,ECMO導入,全死亡の複合
アウトカム
Bikdeli B, et al. Intermediate-Dose versus Standard-Dose Prophylactic Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID-19 Admitted
to the Intensive Care Unit: 90-Day Results from the INSPIRATION Randomized Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2021 Apr 17.
91. Supplementary Table S2 Detailed dosing recommendations
for intermediate-dose prophylactic anticoagulation
Weighta
(kg)
CrClb
30
enoxaparin
15 CrCl 30
enoxaparin
CrCl 15
UFH
41–50 50 mg daily 40 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
51–60 60 mg daily 40 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
61–70 70 mg daily 40 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
71–80 80 mg daily 40 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
81–90 90 mg daily 50 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
91–100 100 mg daily 50 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
101–110 110 mg daily 60 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
111–120 120 mg daily 60 mg daily 10,000 U SC bid
121–130 80 mg bid Excluded
131–140 90 mg bid
141–150 90 mg bid
151–160 100 mg bid
161–170 100 mg bid
171–180 110 mg bid
Abbreviations: bid, twice daily; CrCl, creatinine clearance; UFH,
unfractionated heparin.
a
Total body weight.
b
Creatinine clearance will be calculated according to Cockcroft–Gault
formula using total body weight.
Supplementary Table S3 Detailed dosing recommendations for standard-dose prophylactic anticoagulation
Weighta
(kg)
CrClb
30 mL/min
enoxaparin
15 CrCl
30 mL/min
enoxaparin
CrCl
15 mL/min
UFH
41–50 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
51–60 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
61–70 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
71–80 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
81–90 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
91–100 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
101–110 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
111–120 40 mg daily 30 mg daily 5,000 U SC bid
121–130 40 mg bid Excluded
131–140 40 mg bid
141–150 40 mg bid
151–160 40 mg bid
161–170 40 mg bid
171–180 40 mg bid
Abbreviations: bid, twice daily; CrCl, creatinine clearance; UFH, unfractionated heparin.
a
Total body weight.
b
Creatinine clearance will be calculated according to Cockcroft–Gault formula using total body weight.
中等量 標準量
Bikdeli B, et al. Intermediate-Dose versus Standard-Dose Prophylactic Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID-19 Admitted
to the Intensive Care Unit: 90-Day Results from the INSPIRATION Randomized Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2021 Apr 17.
92. 一次複合アウトカム
→有意差なし
Bikdeli B, et al. Intermediate-Dose versus Standard-Dose Prophylactic Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID-19 Admitted
to the Intensive Care Unit: 90-Day Results from the INSPIRATION Randomized Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2021 Apr 17.
93. 全死亡
(有意差はないが中等量の
方が死亡は多い)
静脈血栓症
Bikdeli B, et al. Intermediate-Dose versus Standard-Dose Prophylactic Anticoagulation in Patients with COVID-19 Admitted
to the Intensive Care Unit: 90-Day Results from the INSPIRATION Randomized Trial. Thromb Haemost. 2021 Apr 17.
94. ACTION trial
ブラジル多施設RCT
• 対象:Covid-19確定入院患者,発症から14日以内,Dダイマーが正常上限より上昇
• 治療量群:
- 臨床的に安定している場合,リバーロキサバン20mg1日1回内服(Ccrが30-
49mL/minの時やアジスロマイシンと併用する時は15mg)
- 臨床的に不安定(致死的な状態,人工呼吸器管理,昇圧剤,内服不能)な場合,
エノキサパリン(1mg/kg,1日2回)皮下注,未分画ヘパリン静注(APTTを1.5-
2.5倍に調整)→臨床的に安定すれば,リバーロキサバン(20mgまたは15mg)
- 治療量群では30日目までリバーロキサバンを継続する
• 予防量群:
- 担当医の裁量により入院中,エノキサパリンまたは未分画ヘパリンによる標準的な予
防を行う(次のスライド参照)
- 治療量の抗凝固療法の適応が明確な場合(DVTを客観的に確認,または臨床的に血
栓塞栓症がとても疑わしいが確認検査が行えない場合)は,治療量に増量してもよい
Lopes RD, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients
admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION):
an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2253‒63.
97. 41·3%
34·8%
23·9%
5·1%
7·9%
26·5%
29·1%
3·2% 4·3%
23·9%
Win ratio 0·86 (95% CI 0·59–1·22), p=0·4044
Number at risk
Prophylactic
anticoagulation group
Therapeutic
anticoagulation group
0
304
310
3
303
308
6
301
304
9
299
300
12
294
296
15
289
289
18
288
286
21
287
281
24
285
277
27
284
275
30
282
275
Time (days)
0
10
20
30
40
B
Cumulative
mortality
(%)
Relative risk 1·49 (95% CI 0·90–2·46), p=0·1296
Wins Ties
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
A
Number
of
comparisons
Wins by time
to death
Ties
Wins by duration
of supplemental
oxygen use
Wins by duration
of hospitalisation
0
10000
20000
30000
C
Number
of
comparisons
Therapeutic anticoagulation group
Prophylactic anticoagulation group
A: 有効性一次アウトカム
(死亡,入院期間,酸素吸入期間)
30日間の階層勝利比 0·86 (95% CI 0·59‒
1·22), p=0·40
B: 累積死亡曲線
相対リスク 1.49 (95% CI 0·90‒2·46),
p=0·13
C: 一次アウトカムの各項目の勝利比
出血イベントは治療量群で8%,予防量群で2%
に発生,相対リスク 3·64 [95% CI 1·61‒
8·27], p=0·001
→予防量と比べて治療量で予後は改善せ
ず,治療量の方が出血イベントが多かった
→予防量の方がよい!
Lopes RD, et al. Therapeutic versus prophylactic anticoagulation for patients admitted
to hospital with COVID-19 and elevated D-dimer concentration (ACTION): an open-label,
multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2253‒63.
99. 内服抗凝固薬は?
• イタリアの65歳以上を対象にした研究
• 慢性心房細動で抗凝固薬を内服していた人
vs 内服していない人で傾向スコアマッチング比較
• 抗凝固薬を内服していない人は,内服している人より
も全死亡が多かった(32.2% vs 26.5%,
p=0.036)
• →もともと抗凝固薬を内服していたら継続がよさそう
Denas G, Gennaro N, Ferroni E, Fedeli U, Lorenzoni G, Gregori D, et al. Reduction in all-cause mortality in COVID-19
patients on chronic oral anticoagulation: A population-based propensity score matched study. Int J Cardiol. 2020 Dec 10.
100. • “Despite the conflicting results, heparin seems to be a safe
and effective anti-inflammatory agent; although it is shown that
heparin can decrease the level of inflammatory biomarkers
and improves patient conditions, still more data from larger
rigorously designed studies are needed to support use of
heparin as an anti-inflammatory agent in clinical setting.”
• ヘパリンには多少,抗炎症作用がありそうなので,COVID-
19の過剰炎症期の病態的にはヘパリンを優先的に使いたい
(私見)
Review Article
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Heparin and Its Derivatives:
A Systematic Review
Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2015(4, supplement):507151‒14.
102. 細菌感染の合併
• 細菌の重複感染は3.5%(95%CI 0.4-6.7%)
• 二次性細菌感染は14.3% (95%CI 9.6-18.9%)
• 重症例で細菌感染が多い 8.1% (95%CI 2.3 -13.8%)
• →COVID-19確定例で全例抗菌薬併用は不要,
診断がつくまでは市中肺炎に準じた抗菌薬投与
• 挿管症例では通常の人工呼吸器関連肺炎としての対応
Langford BJ, So M, Raybardhan S, Leung V, Westwood D, MacFadden DR, et al. Bacterial co-infection and secondary
infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26:1622‒9.
103. 侵襲性肺アスペルギルス症
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis(IPA)
• インフルエンザ後と同様COVID-19後にもIPAの
報告あり
• 人工呼吸器管理を行ったCOVID-19患者の気道か
ら20-35%からアスペルギルス属が検出された報
告があり,挿管,ステロイド使用はリスク
van Arkel ALE, Rijpstra TA, Belderbos HNA, van Wijngaarden P, Verweij PE, Bentvelsen RG. COVID-19-
associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202:132‒5.
Armstrong-James D, Youngs J, Bicanic T, Abdolrasouli A, Denning DW, Johnson E, et al. Confronting
and mitigating the risk of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Respir J. 2020;56.
104. g g g g y g ( )
Notes: BAL- Bronchoalveolar lavage; BDG- (1-3)-β-D-glucan; TA- tracheal aspirate; Aspergillus antigen (Asp Ag)- GM ELISA or lateral-flow antigen; AF-
Antifungal
CAPA highly likely
Serum biomarker
(Asp Ag; PCR; BDG)
≥1 Positive
AF therapy
CAPA likely
Serum biomarker
(Asp Ag; PCR; BDG)
Negative
BAL Aspergillus
(Antigen; culture; PCR)
≥1 Positive
Serum biomarker
(Asp Ag; PCR; BDG)
≥1 Positive
BAL Aspergillus
(Antigen; culture; PCR)
Negative
Serum biomarker
(Asp Ag; PCR; BDG)
≥1 Positive
BAL not possible
CAPA not excluded
Serum biomarker
(Asp Ag; PCR; BDG)
≥1 Negative
Consider AF therapy taking into consideration:
• Underlying EORTC host factors
• Risk factors (co-infection with influenza; corticosteroids/other
immunomodulators)
• Clinical deterioration with no other explanation
• New nodules with cavitation or halo sign or consolidation
• Follow-up serum biomarker results
• Progressive pulmonary infiltrates
Trigger:
• Microbiological - Sputum / TA Aspergillus culture positive
• Clinical: - Deteriorating or persistent poor respiratory function
with no other explanation, or progressive radiology
Considerations:
• If BAL not possible, consider NBL
• BDG may be more sensitive than serum GM
• BDG is not specific for IA, also consider candidiasis or PCP
• Very high BAL GM index (3) suggestive of CAPA
• Biomarker test combinations may be superior compared to single
tests
• Serum biomarker negativity in the absence
of BAL testing does not exclude IA
CAPA unlikely
Serum biomarker
(Asp Ag; PCR; BDG)
≥1 Negative
No AF therapy
CAPA likely CAPA likely
Armstrong-James D, Youngs J, Bicanic T, Abdolrasouli A, Denning DW, Johnson E, et al. Confronting
and mitigating the risk of COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis. Eur Respir J. 2020;56.
COVID-19関連肺アスペルギルス症のスクリーニングと診断アルゴリズム(案)