1. PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ACALYPHA FRUTICOSA SPEAKER-Siddhanta MohantyGUIDED BY- Dr. Bishnu Prasad Dash DEPT. O F BIOSCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY FAKIR MOHAN UNIVERSITY, BALASORE,ODISHA

2. CONTENTS . INTRODUCTION . COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS . PLANT IDENTIFICATION . METHOD OF DRUG PREPARATION . ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY . RESULTS . DICUSSION . REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION .Herbalism is a traditional medicine based on the use of plants and plant parts. .Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. .Many plants synthesize substances that are useful to the maintenance of health in humans and other animal. .According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people, 80% of the world population, presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. .The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds.

4. COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS Garlic (Allium sativum) may lower total cholesterol levels .Aloeverahas traditionally been used for the healing of burns and wounds. .Agaricus blazei mushrooms may prevent some types of cancer. .Black raspberry may have a role in preventing oral cancer. . Feverfew is sometimes used to treat migraine headaches. .Garlicmay lower total cholesterol levels. . Ginger effectively decreased nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in a human. . Grapefruit components may prevent obesity.

5. PLANT .Systematic position of Acalypha fruticosa Class : Dicotyledons Series : Uni sexuales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus : Acalypha Species : fruticosa . Acalypha fructicosa upto 2-3 cm leaves ovate, 1-5 x 0.5-3 cm, base truncate to rounded, glandular below, margin crenate to dentate apex gradually.

6. METHODS Preparation of leaf powder .The collected leaves were washed, shade dried at room temperature and then milled into coarse powder by a mechanical grinder. Preparation of drugs (aqueous extract) .Leaf powder, was boiled in distilled water after filtration whatmann no-40 filter paper the extract was evaporated to dryness by slow heating and continuous drying in a water bath. .The residue was collected, it is considered as drug. .Phytochemical analysis of Acalyphafruticosaleaf extracts done by various tests.

7. TEST ORGANISMS - 1, 2, Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes

8. TEST ORGANISMS - 3, 4, Staphylococcus epidermidis Proteus vulgaris

9. TEST ORGANISMS - 5, 6. E.coli Candida albicans .Obtained from National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) pune, India.

10. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY .The aqueous extracts of leaf were screened for their antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. .The aqueous extracts of leaf of Acalypha fructicosa were found to antimicrobialactivity at 100mg/ml conc. .Gentamycin and col-trimazole was used as standard antibiotic disc (10mcg). .A suitable dilution of broth culture or a broth suspension of the test organism is flooded on the surface of the solid medium (nutrient agar). .The plate is tilted to ensure uniform spreading of the cross broth is poured off. After drying the plate (37 degree Celsius for 30 min) antibiotic discs 6 mm in diameter and charged with appropriate conc. Of the drugs are applied with sterile forceps.

11. .After overnight incubation, the degree of sensitivity is determined by measuring the zones of inhibition of growth around the discs. .Growth will be inhibited around discs containing antibiotics to which the bacterium is susceptible but not around those to which it is resistant. .The diameter of zone of inhibition is influenced by a Varity of factors such as diffusibility of the drug, disc concentration, nature and conc. Of the medium, its thickness pH, time of incubation etc. .Its there for necessary standardize all the variables. Its also necessary to check the potency of the disc periodically using as control, a standard bacterium of known sensitivity. .The results are reported as sensitive , moderately sensitive or resistant to the different drugs as per inhibition zone diameter in mm.

12. RESULTS Phytochemical analysis .Phytochemical analysis of Acalypha fruticosaleaf extracts, in this analysis alkaloids, carbohydrates, phytosterols, gums-mucilage and saponins were presented. .The fixed oils, fats, phenolic compounds, tannins, lignin, protein and amino acids were absent. Antimicrobial activity .In the present study acalypha fruticosaantimicrobial activity was analysed by disc diffusion method against some clinical pathogenic microbes such as gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis andgram negative bacteria such as Proteus vulgaris, E.coli,and one fungal sp candida albicans. .The results were presented in table.

14. DISCUSSION .The phytochemical screening and quantitative estimation of the percentage crude yields of chemicals constituents of the plants studied showed that the leaves and stems were rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. They were known to medicinal activity (Sofawera, 1993). .The presence of these phytochemical in the investigated medicinal plants would be responsible for the antimicrobialactivity of the extracts. .Finally concluded that the medicinal plant studied can be seen as a potential source of useful drugs. The plant extracts used as antimicrobial agent for destroying the pathogenic organisms and also used curing number of diseases.

15. REFERENCES Anonymous, 1996. The wealth of india. National institute of science communication, CSIR, New Delhi, India, 34-35. Duraipandiyan, V., M. Ayyanarand and S Ignacimuthu., 2006. Antimicrobial activity of some ethanomedicinal plants used by paliyar tribe from Tamil nadu, india. BMC Complement Altern Med, 17:635. Farnsworth, N.R., 1994. Ethanopharmacology and drug development in prance. In ethnobotany and the search for new drugs, prance, G.T.(ed), Wilcy, Chichester, Ciba Foundation: 42-59. Ghosh, T., T.K. maity., A.bose., D.K. Dash and M.Das., 2006. Astudy on antimicrobial activity of Bacopamonnieri Linn. Ariel plants. J. Natural remedes., (2): 170-173

16. Gutierrez-Lugo, M.T., M.P. Singh., W.M. Maiese and B.N. Timmermann., 2002. New antimicrobial cycloartanetriterpenes from Acalypha communis. J Nat Prod., 65:8725 Hill,A.F., 1952. Economic Botany. A text book of useful plants and plant products. 2ndedn. McGraw-Hill book Company Inc, New York. Kokate, C.K. 1994. Practical Pharmacognosy, VallabhPrakashan, Kakatiya university, Warangal, A.P., India. 109-114. LinaDeodhar. 1998. Practical Medical Microbiology a hand book. 20-21. Masilamani, G., 1997. Some of the useful herbs for snake-bite practiced by Goundatrib of tamilnadu, Bulletin of Medico-Ethanobotanical research, 18(3-4):117-122. Mathew, K.M., 1981. Materials for a flora of the Tamil Nadu carnatic, 1406.

17. Okwu, D.E., 1999. Flavouring properties of species on Cassava fufu. Afr. J.Roots Tuber Crops., 3(2): 19-21. Saraswathy, A., P. Brindha and M. Pappa., 2003. Quality control studies chinni and its adulterant/substitute. Proceeding of First National Interactive Meet on Medicinal and Aromatic plants, CIMAP, Luknow, UP, India. Supriya Kumar Bhattacharjee., 1998. Hand book of medicinal plants, Pointer publishers, S.M.S. Highway, Jaipur, 258. Wiart, C., A. Hannah., M. Yassim., H. Hamimah and M. Sulaiman., 2004. Antimicrobial activity of Acalypha siamensisOliv. Ex Gage. J Ethanopharmacol., 95: 2856. www.advancedbiotecch.in www.google.co.in

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