SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  49
Routes of Drug
Administration
Aboobecker Siddique. P.A
Assistant Prof.
Pharmacology
9995924412
Three easy steps for
understanding
pharmacology !
Study and Chew
Study and Chew
Study and Chew
Pharmaceutical process
Drug reaches the patient
Pharmacokinetic process
What body does to the drug
Pharmacodynamic process
What drug does to the body
Pharmacotherapeutic process
Therapeutic effect on the patient
Routes of Drug Administration
Route of administration
is the path by which a
drug, is brought into
contact with the body
Factors deciding the choice of route
 Physical & chemical properties-
Solid/Liquid/Gas, Irritancy, p H
 Site of desired action- Local or systemic
 Rate of absorption from a route
 Effect digestive juice and first pass
metabolism
 Routine or emergency
 Accuracy of dosage
 Condition of Pt.-Unconscious, vomiting
Routes of drug administration
Parentral
Enteral
--Oral
--Rectal
Sublingual
Injection -
i.m, i.v, s.c
etc
Topical
inhalational
Oral or Enteral route
 Advantages:
 Safer
 More convenient
 Economical
 Painless
 Self administration
possible
 Complications of
parenteral therapy
avoided
 Disadvantages:
 Slow onset
 Irritant & unpalatable
drugs can not be given
 Vomiting, unconscious
pts.- not useful
 Drugs which are
destroyed by digestive
juices -- not
useful
Tab, Cap, Syp, Enteric coated pills / tablets,
Controlled release
Enteric-coated Tablet
Tablet
Extended-release tablets
Capsules
Mixtures
Enteric coated tablets
 Coated with cellulose-acetate, phthalate,
gluten etc
 Not digested by gastric juice; get
disintegrated in alkaline juices of intestine
 Prevents gastric irritation
 Avoids destruction of drug by the stomach
 Provide higher conc in small intestine
 Slows absorption; prolongs duration of
Enteric coated tablets
Advantages Disadvantages
 Reduced frequency
of administration
 Therapeutic conc is
maintained
specially when
nocturnal
symptoms are to be
treated
 Release of entire
amount of drug in a
short time →
toxicity
 More expensive
Controlled release or time
release preparations
 Release the active drug over an
extended period of time
 Drug coatings which dissolve at different
time intervals
 Coating which dissolves early releases
an amount which establishes its action
quickly
 Coating which dissolves more slowly
ensures slow release of remainder drug
Hydrophilic polymers, forms a viscous gelling
layers which retard water penetration & act as a
barrier to drug release..drug release is
accomplished by diffusion through and erosion of
this barrier
Rectal
 Rich blood supply; easily absorbed for
systemic action
 Drugs absorbed from upper part → superior
haemorrhoidal vein → portal circulation (can
undergo first pass metabolism)
 Absorbed from lower part→ middle &
inferior haemorrhoidal veins → systemic
circulation
 E.g. Indomethacin, chlorpromazine,
Rectal route
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
 Gastric irritation is
avoided
 Can be administered
by unskilled persons
 Useful in geriatric
patients; others with
vomiting & those
unable to swallow
 Rectal irritation
 Irregular &
unpredictable
absorption
Rectal enemas
 Administration of a drug in liquid form into rectum
Evacuant enema: soap water enema
(600ml)
 For evacuation of bowel before surgeries,
obstetric procedures & radiological
examinations
 In selected cases of constipation
 Aim is to remove faecal matter & flatus
 Water: stimulates rectum; soap water:
lubricates
Retention enema: drug is administered
PARENTERAL ROUTE (s.c, i.m, i.v.,
intradermal)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Unconscious & un-
cooperative pt.
 Vomiting & diarrhoea
 Emergencies.
 Irritant drugs
(I.V.route)
 Drugs which are
destroyed by G.I.
enzymes - given safely.
 Less safe
 More expensive
 Inconvenient
 Self medication is difficult
 Painful
 Chances of local tissue
injury,& injury to nerves
 Requires sterilization of
instruments & skill
Intravenous route
 Drug is injected into a superficial vein→
directly
reaches circulation → immediately available
for action
 Drugs can be given IV as
 Bolus e.g. heparin
 Slowly e.g. aminophylline
 Slow infusion e.g. oxytocin, dextrose, saline
 Employed
 To slow administration to avoid toxicity e.g.
morphine
Intravenous route
Advantages:
 Most useful during
emergency
 Provides
predictable blood
conc with 100%
bioavailability
 Larger volumes can
be given
 Irritants can be
given
Disadvantages:
 Once injected, cannot
be withdrawn
 Thrombophlebitis
 Extravasation →
severe
irritation/sloughing
 Only aqueous
solutions can be
given
 Self administration
Administration of IV solutions
 Maintain strict asepsis
 IV line should be flushed with saline
before starting infusion
 Watch for
extravasation/thrombophlebitis
 No air bubbles
 Carry sterile container
Intramuscular
route
 Aqueous soln is injected into deltoid, triceps,
gluteus or rectus femoris
 Absorption into plasma occurs by simple
diffusion
 Larger molecules enter through lymphatic
channels
 Rapid & uniform absorption
 Volume should not exceed 10ml
 In infants, rectus femoris is used instead of
gluteus
 Soluble solutions, mild irritants, depot
Intramuscular route
Advantages:
 Reliable absorption
 Rapid absorption Disadvantages:
 Painful; abscess
formation
 Damage to nerves
with irritant
solutions
Intra articular:
e.g. hydrocortisone in
rheumatoid arthritis
Intra cardiac
The procedure is
performed by
inserting a
long spinal
needle into
the ventricular
chamber. The needle
is inserted in the
fourth intercostal
space between the
ribs.
Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection
 Into the peritoneum (body cavity).
 It is more often applied to animals than to humans.
 Preferred when large amounts of blood
replacement fluids are needed or when low blood
pressure or other problems prevent the use of a
suitable blood vessel for intravenous injection
 In humans, the method is widely used to
administer chemotherapy drugs to
treat ovarian cancer :- Fluids are injected
intraperitoneally in infants, also used for
peritonial dialysis.
Intra-arterial(i.a.):
directly into arteries
 Requires great care &
experts.
 Injections are used to
localise effects of a
drug to a particular
tissue or organ
e.g. in the treatment of
renal tumours or
head/neck cancers,
drugs can be injected
into the renal artery or
carotid artery,
Intrathecal: into the cerebral spinal fluid
 It is Used with local anaesthetics to give
spinal/regional anaesthesia, often prior to
perform operations on low limbs.
 Opioid µ-receptors mediate pain are in the
spinal cord. Drugs that are administered to the
cerebral spinal fluid are being delivered to this
site of pain mediation. Thus, the intrathecal
route of administration can be used with the
opioid agonist morphine to give good pain relief.
Epidural route:
 An epidural is an injection into the epidural, which is the
area above the dura mater, the layer before the cerebral
spinal fluid.
 With local anaesthetics during childbirth prevent the
pain associated with childbirth.
Alveolar Blocks
Intradermal
 Drug is injected into layers of skin
 Raising a bleb e.g. BCG vaccine, allergy
tests
 By multiple punctures of epidermis e.g.
small pox vaccine
 Only small quantities
 May be painful
Subcutaneous injection
Advantages
Disadvantages Tissue is less vascular;
slow & uniform
absorption; long-acting
 Reliable & patients can
be trained for self
administration
 Absorption can be
enhanced by addition of
 Richly supplied with
nerves; irritant drugs
cannot be given
 Not dependable in
shock due to
vasoconstriction
 Repeated injections →
Drug is deposited in subcutaneous tissue
e.g. insulin, heparin
Subcutaneous injection
Hypodermoclysis: interstitial/S.C.infusion –is the s.c
administration of fluids to the body. - saline/glucose
sol.(1ml/min)-when slow rate of infusion required
compared to i.v infusion
Subcutaneous injection
Dermojet: High velocity jet of drug solution is
projected from a fine orifice using a gun
Gets deposited in SC tissue →
absorbed
Painless; does not require needles
Suitable for vaccines
Pellet implantation: pellets packed with
drugs implanted SC E.g. testosterone, des-
oxy corticosterone acetate
Slow release to provide constant blood
levels
Subcutaneous route
Sialistic implants
 Biodegradable & non biodegradable
 Crystalline drug is packed in tubes &
implanted under the skin
 Slow & uniform leaching → constant
blood levels
 E.g. Norplant
Sublingual
placed under the tongue e.g. glyceryl
trinitrate (nitroglycerin) – Buprenorphine
Advantages:
Rapid onset of action
First pass metabolism is avoided
Avoids degradation of drug in stomach
Termination of drug action is immediate
 Disadvantage: Buccal ulceration can occur
Inhalation
Hydrofluoroalkane
inhalers(HFAs) formerly
called- metered dose
inhalers
 e.g. salbutamol &
beclomethasone in
bronchial asthma
 Spacer: can help kids or
people with trouble
Inhalation
Dry powders inhalers (DPIs): require you
to breathe in quickly and deeply e.g.
salbutamol
 Hard to use in Asthma attack when you can’t
fully catch a deep breath.
Nebuliser : through a mouth piece
or mask ,Oxygen or compressed air driven
 Easier to use, good for children and
 Severe asthma – who may not use DPI,HFA
e.g. salbutamol in bronchial asthma
Gases: e.g. general anesthetics
Inhalation route
Advantages:
Disadvantages :
 Instant absorption
 Local route in
pulmonary
diseases
 Avoids first pass
metabolism in liver
 Blood levels of
volatile anesthetics
 Irritant gases can
increase pulmonary
secretions
 Drugs go directly to the
left side of the heart
through pulmonary
veins → cardiac
toxicity
•To prevent dry mouth and
hoarseness, rinse mouth after each
use.
•It is important to practice good oral
hygiene to prevent mouth infections
•Tooth decay ?
NebulizerMetered dose inhaler
Nasal :
 Local and systemic effects
 Oxytocin spray for systemic
absorption
 Oxymetazoline nasal drops for local
decongestant action
 Budesonide nasal spray for allergic
rhinitis
Transcutaneous route
 Highly lipid soluble drugs applied over skin for
slow & prolonged absorption e.g. nitroglycerine
ointment in angina pectoris
 Iontophoresis : ionic medicinal
compounds driven into the body through the skin
by a local electric current.Eg: iontophoresis of
Acetylcholine, pilcocarpine iontophoresis used to
stimulate sweat secreation.
Transdermal therapeutic systems
Transdermal
therapeutic systems
 Drug is delivered at skin surface by
diffusion for percutaneous absorption
 Applied on chest, abdomen, upper arm,
lower back, buttock and mastoid region
 E.g. Nitroglycerine, fentanyl, nicotine,
estradiol, isosorbide dinitrate, hyoscine,
clonidine
 Last for 1-7 days
Transdermal therapeutic system
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Smooth plasma
conc without
fluctuations
 Minimize inter
individual variations
 Less side effects
 More convenient;
patient compliance
 Local irritation,
erythema
Local Route
Topical: Local action
Skin: ointment, cream, lotion, paste,
powder, dressing, spray
Inunction: rubbing on the skin
Mucous membrane: paints, lozenges,
mouth washes, gargles, drops, ointment,
nasal spray, jelly, irrigating solutions
Local Route
Vaginal
 Suppository-shaped medications are available for
vaginal administration, known as pessaries- are
designed to obtain a local effect.
 clotrimazole, an anti-fungal drug for the treatment
of vaginal candidiasis (thrush).
Eye
 liquid/drop form:
it is placed on the conjunctiva- drug dissolves in the tears,
and following blinking, is distributed to the site of absorption,
the cornea.
 Local effects usually require absorption of the drug through
the cornea.
 It can lead to systemic effects as the drug is drained from the
eye through the nasolacrimal canal.
 Eg: β-blocker timolol -glaucoma
 Ointment : A small amount of ointment is put along the
inside of the lower eyelid. Then, blinking will spread the
ointment over the cornea, and the drug will be
absorbed. This provides a more prolonged contact time with
THANK YOU

Contenu connexe

Tendances (20)

Factors modifying drug action
Factors modifying drug actionFactors modifying drug action
Factors modifying drug action
 
Factors affecting distribution of drug
Factors affecting distribution of drugFactors affecting distribution of drug
Factors affecting distribution of drug
 
Antiemetics
AntiemeticsAntiemetics
Antiemetics
 
Routes of parenteral administration
Routes of parenteral administrationRoutes of parenteral administration
Routes of parenteral administration
 
Routes of administration
Routes of administrationRoutes of administration
Routes of administration
 
Introduction to pharmacology
Introduction to pharmacologyIntroduction to pharmacology
Introduction to pharmacology
 
First pass metabolism- Buddhabhushan dongre
First pass metabolism- Buddhabhushan dongreFirst pass metabolism- Buddhabhushan dongre
First pass metabolism- Buddhabhushan dongre
 
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGYINTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
 
7. Routes Of Drug Administration
7. Routes Of Drug Administration7. Routes Of Drug Administration
7. Routes Of Drug Administration
 
Drug Distribution
 Drug Distribution Drug Distribution
Drug Distribution
 
Routes of Administration Pharmacology
Routes of Administration PharmacologyRoutes of Administration Pharmacology
Routes of Administration Pharmacology
 
Rectal dds
Rectal ddsRectal dds
Rectal dds
 
Anti-cholinergic Drugs
Anti-cholinergic DrugsAnti-cholinergic Drugs
Anti-cholinergic Drugs
 
Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration
 
Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administrationRoutes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration
 
Introduction to pharmacology 1
Introduction  to pharmacology 1Introduction  to pharmacology 1
Introduction to pharmacology 1
 
Pharma introduction
Pharma introductionPharma introduction
Pharma introduction
 
Sublingual tablets
Sublingual tabletsSublingual tablets
Sublingual tablets
 
Antiamoebic drugs
Antiamoebic drugsAntiamoebic drugs
Antiamoebic drugs
 
Drug Dosage Forms
Drug Dosage FormsDrug Dosage Forms
Drug Dosage Forms
 

Similaire à Routes of drug administration

Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administrationRoutes of drug administration
Routes of drug administrationAmit Kumar
 
Routes of drug s administration
Routes of drug s administrationRoutes of drug s administration
Routes of drug s administrationdraadil
 
Dr. adil routes of drugs
Dr. adil routes of drugsDr. adil routes of drugs
Dr. adil routes of drugsdraadil
 
Routes of drug adminstration
Routes of drug adminstrationRoutes of drug adminstration
Routes of drug adminstrationkavya m
 
Routes of Drug administration
Routes of Drug administrationRoutes of Drug administration
Routes of Drug administrationA M O L D E O R E
 
Route of administration of drug
Route of administration of drugRoute of administration of drug
Route of administration of drugVarshaDhulasawant
 
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformation
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformationSeminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformation
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformationnaseemashraf2
 
Routes of administration
Routes of administrationRoutes of administration
Routes of administrationRani Dhole
 
Routes of Administration
Routes of AdministrationRoutes of Administration
Routes of AdministrationNisha Mhaske
 
Note introduction to pharmacology - 2
Note introduction to pharmacology -  2Note introduction to pharmacology -  2
Note introduction to pharmacology - 2Babitha Devu
 
Routesofdrugsadministration
Routesofdrugsadministration Routesofdrugsadministration
Routesofdrugsadministration Deepa Urolagin
 
Route of administration of drugs
Route of administration of drugsRoute of administration of drugs
Route of administration of drugsMuhammed Bishir
 
Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administrationRoutes of drug administration
Routes of drug administrationDr. Marya Ahsan
 
Disquisition on Routes of Drug Administration
Disquisition on Routes of Drug  AdministrationDisquisition on Routes of Drug  Administration
Disquisition on Routes of Drug AdministrationSMS MEDICAL COLLEGE
 
Route of drug administration
Route of drug administrationRoute of drug administration
Route of drug administrationBikashAdhikari26
 
Introduction to Pharmacology for Nursing Students
Introduction to Pharmacology for Nursing StudentsIntroduction to Pharmacology for Nursing Students
Introduction to Pharmacology for Nursing StudentsKalaivanisathishr
 
Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)
Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)
Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)homebwoi
 

Similaire à Routes of drug administration (20)

Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administrationRoutes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration
 
Routes of drug s administration
Routes of drug s administrationRoutes of drug s administration
Routes of drug s administration
 
Dr. adil routes of drugs
Dr. adil routes of drugsDr. adil routes of drugs
Dr. adil routes of drugs
 
Routes of drug adminstration
Routes of drug adminstrationRoutes of drug adminstration
Routes of drug adminstration
 
Routes of Drug administration
Routes of Drug administrationRoutes of Drug administration
Routes of Drug administration
 
Routes mbbs satya xp ppt
Routes  mbbs  satya xp pptRoutes  mbbs  satya xp ppt
Routes mbbs satya xp ppt
 
Route of administration of drug
Route of administration of drugRoute of administration of drug
Route of administration of drug
 
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformation
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformationSeminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformation
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformation
 
Routes of administration
Routes of administrationRoutes of administration
Routes of administration
 
Routes of Administration
Routes of AdministrationRoutes of Administration
Routes of Administration
 
Note introduction to pharmacology - 2
Note introduction to pharmacology -  2Note introduction to pharmacology -  2
Note introduction to pharmacology - 2
 
Routesofdrugsadministration
Routesofdrugsadministration Routesofdrugsadministration
Routesofdrugsadministration
 
ROA
ROAROA
ROA
 
Route of administration of drugs
Route of administration of drugsRoute of administration of drugs
Route of administration of drugs
 
Routes of drug administration
Routes of drug administrationRoutes of drug administration
Routes of drug administration
 
Disquisition on Routes of Drug Administration
Disquisition on Routes of Drug  AdministrationDisquisition on Routes of Drug  Administration
Disquisition on Routes of Drug Administration
 
ROA
ROAROA
ROA
 
Route of drug administration
Route of drug administrationRoute of drug administration
Route of drug administration
 
Introduction to Pharmacology for Nursing Students
Introduction to Pharmacology for Nursing StudentsIntroduction to Pharmacology for Nursing Students
Introduction to Pharmacology for Nursing Students
 
Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)
Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)
Biopharmaceutics lecture4(2)
 

Dernier

Russian Call Girls Service Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...
Russian Call Girls Service  Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...Russian Call Girls Service  Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...
Russian Call Girls Service Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...parulsinha
 
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...Sheetaleventcompany
 
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...Taniya Sharma
 
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...hotbabesbook
 
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...aartirawatdelhi
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟   9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟   9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...narwatsonia7
 
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...Ishani Gupta
 
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...Genuine Call Girls
 
Call Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...tanya dube
 
Call Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableDipal Arora
 
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...parulsinha
 
Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Dipal Arora
 

Dernier (20)

Russian Call Girls Service Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...
Russian Call Girls Service  Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...Russian Call Girls Service  Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...
Russian Call Girls Service Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️PALLAVI VIP Jaipur Call Gir...
 
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...
Call Girls Service Jaipur {9521753030} ❤️VVIP RIDDHI Call Girl in Jaipur Raja...
 
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Kochi Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
(👑VVIP ISHAAN ) Russian Call Girls Service Navi Mumbai🖕9920874524🖕Independent...
 
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
Night 7k to 12k Chennai City Center Call Girls 👉👉 7427069034⭐⭐ 100% Genuine E...
 
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Tirupati Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
Night 7k to 12k Navi Mumbai Call Girl Photo 👉 BOOK NOW 9833363713 👈 ♀️ night ...
 
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟   9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟   9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
Top Rated Bangalore Call Girls Mg Road ⟟ 9332606886 ⟟ Call Me For Genuine S...
 
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
Mumbai ] (Call Girls) in Mumbai 10k @ I'm VIP Independent Escorts Girls 98333...
 
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Bareilly Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Ooty Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Agra Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
Pondicherry Call Girls Book Now 9630942363 Top Class Pondicherry Escort Servi...
 
Call Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Gwalior Just Call 8617370543 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Jabalpur Just Call 8250077686 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
Premium Bangalore Call Girls Jigani Dail 6378878445 Escort Service For Hot Ma...
 
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝 9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝  9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝  9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
Call Girls in Gagan Vihar (delhi) call me [🔝 9953056974 🔝] escort service 24X7
 
Call Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableCall Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Call Girls Faridabad Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
Premium Call Girls In Jaipur {8445551418} ❤️VVIP SEEMA Call Girl in Jaipur Ra...
 
Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
Call Girls Bhubaneswar Just Call 9907093804 Top Class Call Girl Service Avail...
 

Routes of drug administration

  • 1. Routes of Drug Administration Aboobecker Siddique. P.A Assistant Prof. Pharmacology 9995924412
  • 2. Three easy steps for understanding pharmacology ! Study and Chew Study and Chew Study and Chew
  • 3. Pharmaceutical process Drug reaches the patient Pharmacokinetic process What body does to the drug Pharmacodynamic process What drug does to the body Pharmacotherapeutic process Therapeutic effect on the patient
  • 4. Routes of Drug Administration Route of administration is the path by which a drug, is brought into contact with the body
  • 5. Factors deciding the choice of route  Physical & chemical properties- Solid/Liquid/Gas, Irritancy, p H  Site of desired action- Local or systemic  Rate of absorption from a route  Effect digestive juice and first pass metabolism  Routine or emergency  Accuracy of dosage  Condition of Pt.-Unconscious, vomiting
  • 6. Routes of drug administration Parentral Enteral --Oral --Rectal Sublingual Injection - i.m, i.v, s.c etc Topical inhalational
  • 7.
  • 8. Oral or Enteral route  Advantages:  Safer  More convenient  Economical  Painless  Self administration possible  Complications of parenteral therapy avoided  Disadvantages:  Slow onset  Irritant & unpalatable drugs can not be given  Vomiting, unconscious pts.- not useful  Drugs which are destroyed by digestive juices -- not useful Tab, Cap, Syp, Enteric coated pills / tablets, Controlled release
  • 10. Enteric coated tablets  Coated with cellulose-acetate, phthalate, gluten etc  Not digested by gastric juice; get disintegrated in alkaline juices of intestine  Prevents gastric irritation  Avoids destruction of drug by the stomach  Provide higher conc in small intestine  Slows absorption; prolongs duration of
  • 11. Enteric coated tablets Advantages Disadvantages  Reduced frequency of administration  Therapeutic conc is maintained specially when nocturnal symptoms are to be treated  Release of entire amount of drug in a short time → toxicity  More expensive
  • 12. Controlled release or time release preparations  Release the active drug over an extended period of time  Drug coatings which dissolve at different time intervals  Coating which dissolves early releases an amount which establishes its action quickly  Coating which dissolves more slowly ensures slow release of remainder drug
  • 13. Hydrophilic polymers, forms a viscous gelling layers which retard water penetration & act as a barrier to drug release..drug release is accomplished by diffusion through and erosion of this barrier
  • 14. Rectal  Rich blood supply; easily absorbed for systemic action  Drugs absorbed from upper part → superior haemorrhoidal vein → portal circulation (can undergo first pass metabolism)  Absorbed from lower part→ middle & inferior haemorrhoidal veins → systemic circulation  E.g. Indomethacin, chlorpromazine,
  • 15. Rectal route Advantages: Disadvantages:  Gastric irritation is avoided  Can be administered by unskilled persons  Useful in geriatric patients; others with vomiting & those unable to swallow  Rectal irritation  Irregular & unpredictable absorption
  • 16. Rectal enemas  Administration of a drug in liquid form into rectum Evacuant enema: soap water enema (600ml)  For evacuation of bowel before surgeries, obstetric procedures & radiological examinations  In selected cases of constipation  Aim is to remove faecal matter & flatus  Water: stimulates rectum; soap water: lubricates Retention enema: drug is administered
  • 17. PARENTERAL ROUTE (s.c, i.m, i.v., intradermal) ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES  Unconscious & un- cooperative pt.  Vomiting & diarrhoea  Emergencies.  Irritant drugs (I.V.route)  Drugs which are destroyed by G.I. enzymes - given safely.  Less safe  More expensive  Inconvenient  Self medication is difficult  Painful  Chances of local tissue injury,& injury to nerves  Requires sterilization of instruments & skill
  • 18. Intravenous route  Drug is injected into a superficial vein→ directly reaches circulation → immediately available for action  Drugs can be given IV as  Bolus e.g. heparin  Slowly e.g. aminophylline  Slow infusion e.g. oxytocin, dextrose, saline  Employed  To slow administration to avoid toxicity e.g. morphine
  • 19. Intravenous route Advantages:  Most useful during emergency  Provides predictable blood conc with 100% bioavailability  Larger volumes can be given  Irritants can be given Disadvantages:  Once injected, cannot be withdrawn  Thrombophlebitis  Extravasation → severe irritation/sloughing  Only aqueous solutions can be given  Self administration
  • 20. Administration of IV solutions  Maintain strict asepsis  IV line should be flushed with saline before starting infusion  Watch for extravasation/thrombophlebitis  No air bubbles  Carry sterile container
  • 21. Intramuscular route  Aqueous soln is injected into deltoid, triceps, gluteus or rectus femoris  Absorption into plasma occurs by simple diffusion  Larger molecules enter through lymphatic channels  Rapid & uniform absorption  Volume should not exceed 10ml  In infants, rectus femoris is used instead of gluteus  Soluble solutions, mild irritants, depot
  • 22.
  • 23. Intramuscular route Advantages:  Reliable absorption  Rapid absorption Disadvantages:  Painful; abscess formation  Damage to nerves with irritant solutions
  • 24. Intra articular: e.g. hydrocortisone in rheumatoid arthritis
  • 25. Intra cardiac The procedure is performed by inserting a long spinal needle into the ventricular chamber. The needle is inserted in the fourth intercostal space between the ribs.
  • 26. Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection  Into the peritoneum (body cavity).  It is more often applied to animals than to humans.  Preferred when large amounts of blood replacement fluids are needed or when low blood pressure or other problems prevent the use of a suitable blood vessel for intravenous injection  In humans, the method is widely used to administer chemotherapy drugs to treat ovarian cancer :- Fluids are injected intraperitoneally in infants, also used for peritonial dialysis.
  • 27. Intra-arterial(i.a.): directly into arteries  Requires great care & experts.  Injections are used to localise effects of a drug to a particular tissue or organ e.g. in the treatment of renal tumours or head/neck cancers, drugs can be injected into the renal artery or carotid artery,
  • 28. Intrathecal: into the cerebral spinal fluid  It is Used with local anaesthetics to give spinal/regional anaesthesia, often prior to perform operations on low limbs.  Opioid µ-receptors mediate pain are in the spinal cord. Drugs that are administered to the cerebral spinal fluid are being delivered to this site of pain mediation. Thus, the intrathecal route of administration can be used with the opioid agonist morphine to give good pain relief.
  • 29. Epidural route:  An epidural is an injection into the epidural, which is the area above the dura mater, the layer before the cerebral spinal fluid.  With local anaesthetics during childbirth prevent the pain associated with childbirth.
  • 31. Intradermal  Drug is injected into layers of skin  Raising a bleb e.g. BCG vaccine, allergy tests  By multiple punctures of epidermis e.g. small pox vaccine  Only small quantities  May be painful
  • 32. Subcutaneous injection Advantages Disadvantages Tissue is less vascular; slow & uniform absorption; long-acting  Reliable & patients can be trained for self administration  Absorption can be enhanced by addition of  Richly supplied with nerves; irritant drugs cannot be given  Not dependable in shock due to vasoconstriction  Repeated injections → Drug is deposited in subcutaneous tissue e.g. insulin, heparin
  • 33. Subcutaneous injection Hypodermoclysis: interstitial/S.C.infusion –is the s.c administration of fluids to the body. - saline/glucose sol.(1ml/min)-when slow rate of infusion required compared to i.v infusion
  • 34. Subcutaneous injection Dermojet: High velocity jet of drug solution is projected from a fine orifice using a gun Gets deposited in SC tissue → absorbed Painless; does not require needles Suitable for vaccines Pellet implantation: pellets packed with drugs implanted SC E.g. testosterone, des- oxy corticosterone acetate Slow release to provide constant blood levels
  • 35. Subcutaneous route Sialistic implants  Biodegradable & non biodegradable  Crystalline drug is packed in tubes & implanted under the skin  Slow & uniform leaching → constant blood levels  E.g. Norplant
  • 36. Sublingual placed under the tongue e.g. glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) – Buprenorphine Advantages: Rapid onset of action First pass metabolism is avoided Avoids degradation of drug in stomach Termination of drug action is immediate  Disadvantage: Buccal ulceration can occur
  • 37. Inhalation Hydrofluoroalkane inhalers(HFAs) formerly called- metered dose inhalers  e.g. salbutamol & beclomethasone in bronchial asthma  Spacer: can help kids or people with trouble
  • 38. Inhalation Dry powders inhalers (DPIs): require you to breathe in quickly and deeply e.g. salbutamol  Hard to use in Asthma attack when you can’t fully catch a deep breath. Nebuliser : through a mouth piece or mask ,Oxygen or compressed air driven  Easier to use, good for children and  Severe asthma – who may not use DPI,HFA e.g. salbutamol in bronchial asthma Gases: e.g. general anesthetics
  • 39. Inhalation route Advantages: Disadvantages :  Instant absorption  Local route in pulmonary diseases  Avoids first pass metabolism in liver  Blood levels of volatile anesthetics  Irritant gases can increase pulmonary secretions  Drugs go directly to the left side of the heart through pulmonary veins → cardiac toxicity
  • 40. •To prevent dry mouth and hoarseness, rinse mouth after each use. •It is important to practice good oral hygiene to prevent mouth infections •Tooth decay ? NebulizerMetered dose inhaler
  • 41. Nasal :  Local and systemic effects  Oxytocin spray for systemic absorption  Oxymetazoline nasal drops for local decongestant action  Budesonide nasal spray for allergic rhinitis
  • 42. Transcutaneous route  Highly lipid soluble drugs applied over skin for slow & prolonged absorption e.g. nitroglycerine ointment in angina pectoris  Iontophoresis : ionic medicinal compounds driven into the body through the skin by a local electric current.Eg: iontophoresis of Acetylcholine, pilcocarpine iontophoresis used to stimulate sweat secreation.
  • 44. Transdermal therapeutic systems  Drug is delivered at skin surface by diffusion for percutaneous absorption  Applied on chest, abdomen, upper arm, lower back, buttock and mastoid region  E.g. Nitroglycerine, fentanyl, nicotine, estradiol, isosorbide dinitrate, hyoscine, clonidine  Last for 1-7 days
  • 45. Transdermal therapeutic system Advantages: Disadvantages:  Smooth plasma conc without fluctuations  Minimize inter individual variations  Less side effects  More convenient; patient compliance  Local irritation, erythema
  • 46. Local Route Topical: Local action Skin: ointment, cream, lotion, paste, powder, dressing, spray Inunction: rubbing on the skin Mucous membrane: paints, lozenges, mouth washes, gargles, drops, ointment, nasal spray, jelly, irrigating solutions
  • 47. Local Route Vaginal  Suppository-shaped medications are available for vaginal administration, known as pessaries- are designed to obtain a local effect.  clotrimazole, an anti-fungal drug for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis (thrush).
  • 48. Eye  liquid/drop form: it is placed on the conjunctiva- drug dissolves in the tears, and following blinking, is distributed to the site of absorption, the cornea.  Local effects usually require absorption of the drug through the cornea.  It can lead to systemic effects as the drug is drained from the eye through the nasolacrimal canal.  Eg: β-blocker timolol -glaucoma  Ointment : A small amount of ointment is put along the inside of the lower eyelid. Then, blinking will spread the ointment over the cornea, and the drug will be absorbed. This provides a more prolonged contact time with

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. enteral, which means into the gastrointestinal tract, or parenteral (not into the gastrointestinal tract) Routes that are enteral (into the gastrointestinal tract) are oral and rectal.  Routes that are parenteral include sublingual (under the tongue) and injection, which can be to a variety of sites e.g. into the vein (intravenous), into the muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous).  Other parenteral routes include topical, which is to a body surface, such as the skin, nose, eyes etc. and pulmonary, which is delivery to the lungs.  These routes of drug administration are considered in sequence.  The route of administration used for a drug may also depend on whether a systemic (around the body) effect is required.  Local administration is a way of trying to limit the effects of a drug to a local area.
  2. Reduce the viscocity of hyaluronan*constituents of extracellularmatrix**^permeabiltity
  3. Reduce the viscocity of hyaluronan*constituents of extracellularmatrix**^permeabiltity