This document provides information on various sources of biomass energy. It discusses forest products like wood which can be used for direct burning or to produce charcoal. Agricultural waste such as coconut husks and sugarcane waste are also mentioned. Energy crops that can produce solid, liquid, or gas biomass are outlined. Animal residues from cattle, pigs, and poultry can be converted to biogas through anaerobic digestion. Urban waste sources include municipal solid waste which produces landfill gas, and refuse derived fuel which is processed waste combusted to generate electricity.

1. ADVANCED SERVICES
BIOMASS ENERGY

2. IMPORTANCE:
• Biomass materials are used since millennia for meeting
myriad human needs including energy.
• Until the middle of 19th century, biomass energy dominated
the global energy supply with a seventy percent share.
INTRODUCTION:
• Biomass means all materials which come from living
organisms. For inst, waste materials of plants and animals,
wood agricultural waste , dead parts of plants & animals.
• Since all the living organisms contain carbon compounds,
biomass energy stored in the form of chemical compounds.
• The method of harnessing energy form each one of them
can be different.
• During burning of these materials generally causes pollution
but can be cheapest form of energy.

3. BIOFUELS
• Bio fuel is the energy recovered from biomass organic
matter.
• We can divide bio fuels into three groups:
• Fire wood
• Organic waste
• Liquid fuel
These bio fuels in turn have various energy sources, uses
and products. They are:
• Fire wood is the natural wood obtained from trees.
• Organic waste comes from two sources animal residues ,
urban man made waste.
• Liquid fuel is one of the most widely used bio fuel as it is
obtained from variety of crops and trees.

4. Examples of biomass energy sources, uses
& products
SOURCES EXAMPLES USES/PRODUCTS COMMENTS
Forest products Wood chips Direct burning,
charcoal
Major source today in
developing countries.
Agricultural waste Coconut husks,
sugarcane waste,
corncobs, peanut
shells
Direct burning Minor source
Energy crops Sugarcane corn,
sorghum
Ethanol(alcohol):
gasification
Ethanol is major
source of fuel in brazil
for automobiles
Trees Palm oil biodiesel Fuel for vehicles
Animal residues manure methane Used to run farm
machinery
Urban waste Waste paper, organic
household waste
Direct burning of
methane from
wastewater treatment or
minor source

5. A DETAILED DISCRIPTION OF
SOURCES OF BIOMASS ARE GIVEN
BELOW

6. FOREST PRODUCTS- WOOD FUEL
• The burning of wood is currently the largest use
of energy derived from a solid fuel biomass.
• Wood fuel can be used for cooking and heating, and occasionally
for fuelling steam engines and steam turbines that generate
electricity.
• Wood fuel may be available as firewood, charcoal, chips,
sheets, pellets, and sawdust.
• The particular form used depends upon factors such as source,
quantity, quality and application.
• Some consider wood fuel bad for the environment, however this
is not the case if proper techniques are used.
• One might increase carbon emissions using gas powered saws
and splitters in the production of firewood, but when wood heat
replaces carbon-producing fuels such as propane, heating oil or
electricity from a coal-burning plant, then wood burning has a
positive impact on the carbon footprint.

7. ADVANTAGES OF WOOD FUEL:
• As with any fire, burning wood fuel creates numerous by-products,
some of which may be useful (heat and steam), and others that
are undesirable, irritating or dangerous.
• The principle economic advantage of wood biomass energy is that
wood is usually significantly less expensive than competing fossil
fuels.
• Other advantages include the fact that the amount of carbon
dioxide (CO2) emitted during the burning process is typically 90%
less than when burning fossil fuel. Wood fuel contains minimal
amounts of sulphur and heavy metals. It is not a threat to acid rain
pollution, and particulate emissions are controllable.
DISADVANTAGES OF WOOD FUEL:
• Smoke, containing water vapour, carbon dioxide and other
chemicals and aerosol particulates, can be an irritating (and
potentially dangerous) by-product of partially burnt wood fuel.
• l. A major component of wood smoke is fine particles that may
account for a large portion of particulate air pollution in some
regions.

8. • Agricultural residues are of a wide variety of types, and the
most appropriate energy conversion technologies and
handling protocols vary from type to type. The most
significant division is between those residues that are
predominantly dry (such as straw) and those that are wet
(such as animal slurry).
Sources of agricultural residues:
Many agricultural crops and processes yield residues that can
potentially be used for energy applications, in a number of
ways. Sources can include
• Arable crop residues such as straw or husks
• Animal manures and slurries
• Animal bedding such as poultry litter
• Most organic material from excess production or insufficient
market, such as grass silage.
AGRICULTURAL WASTE

9. • Agricultural residues are
divided into two kinds
• WET RESIDUES
• DRY RESIDUES

10. DRY RESIDUES
• These include those parts of arable crops not to
be used for the primary purpose of producing
food, feed or fibre, used animal bedding and
feathers:
• Straw
• Corn Stover
• Poultry litter

11. Straw
Straw is typically obtained at around 15-25% moisture content and has a net
calorific value (net CV or lower heating value (LHV)) (when dry) of around
18MJ/kg. It also tends to contain high levels of nutrients as a result of the
timing of harvesting, and of silica, which gives a relatively high ash content
(around 5%) and can lead to slagging and fouling problems in combustion.
• Straw can be used in a range of energy conversion technologies:
• Ethanol production (via cellulose process)
Corn Stover
• Stover is the stalk and leaf residues from harvesting maize for grain, and it
may be used as a biomass source in the same ways as straw.
Poultry litter
• This most commonly consists of the wood shavings or straw used in deep
litter broiler houses, together with the accumulated droppings.
• poultry litter should be maintained in good condition to ensure a healthy
flock, keeping moisture, fat and nitrogen content down, requiring litter to
be changed regularly. Poor water drinker design or ventilation can lead to
high moisture content, but this should not be allowed to exceed 46%.
• At present the most common energy application for poultry litter is
combustion in dedicated power stations for electricity production, however
it can also be burned on a smaller scale for heat or combined heat and
power.

12. Wet residues
• These are residues and wastes that have a high
water content as collected.
• This makes them energetically inefficient to use for
combustion or gasification, and financially and
energetically costly to transport. It is therefore
preferable to process them close to production, and
to use processes that can make use of biomass in an
aqueous environment.
Typical wet residues include:
• Animal slurry and farmyard manure
• Grass silage

13. Animal slurry and farmyard manure
• Manures collected from animals such as cattle and pigs
during periods of the year when they are housed,
typically contain 6-10% dry matter and so are not
appropriate for combustion or gasification without
energetically and financially costly drying.
• They are also inefficient to transport any distance or
store owing to the high proportion of water.
• The high water, and low dry matter content means that
the most appropriate energy technology for making use
of animal slurries is anaerobic digestion for the
production of biogas.
Transportation
Animal slurry can be transported by tanker and pumped
into and out of storage receptacles.

14. Energy crops
• An energy crop is a plant grown as a low-cost and
low-maintenance harvest used to make biofuels, or
combusted for its energy content to generate
electricity or heat. Energy crops are generally
categorized as woody or herbaceous plants; many
of the latter are grasses.
• Energy crops of this sort can be used in
conventional power stations or specialised
electricity generation units, reducing the amount of
fossil fuel-derived carbon dioxide emissions.

15. Types of biomass from energy
crops
• Solid biomass
• Liquid biomass
• Gas biomass

16. Solid biomass
Energy generated by
burning plants grown for
the purpose, often after
the dry matter is
pelletized. Energy crops
are used for firing power
plants, either alone or co-
fired with other fuels.
Alternatively they may be
used for heat or combined
heat and power (CHP)
production.
Example: Elephant grass
(Miscanthus sinensis) is an
experimental energy crop

17. Gas biomass
(methane)
• Energy crops can also be
grown to boost gas yields
where feedstock's have a
low energy content, such
as manures and spoiled
grain.
• It is estimated that the
energy yield presently of
bioenergy crops converted
via silage to methane is
about 2 GWh/km².
• Anaerobic digesters or
biogas plants can be
directly supplemented
with energy crops once
they have been ensiled
into silage

18. Liquid biomass
(biodiesel)
• Liquid biomass can be
an alternative source
for diesel and petrol.
• Ethanol produced from
fermenting corn ,
sugarcane etc. can
generate biodiesel
which can be used in
automobiles.
• Although the Efficiency
of biodiesel is still
argued because of
problems of harvesting
and processing the
ethanol is used as one
of the mail sources of
fuel In brazil .

19. ANIMAL RESIDUES

20. Animal slurry and farmyard manure
• Manures collected from animals such as cattle and pigs
during periods of the year when they are housed,
typically contain 6-10% dry matter and so are not
appropriate for combustion or gasification without
energetically and financially costly drying.
• They are also inefficient to transport any distance or
store owing to the high proportion of water.
• However some energy technologies make use of
biomass in an aqueous slurry, and these can make
efficient use of such 'wet' materials.
• The high water, and low dry matter content means that
the most appropriate energy technology for making use
of animal slurries is anaerobic digestion for the
production of biogas.

21. Types of cattle from which biomass is
derived are:
Dairy cattle: Dairy cattle typically produce between 42 kg and
64 kg (depending on body weight) of manure per day, so if they
are housed for 50% of the year that corresponds to 7.6-11.6
tonnes pa per cow. Between them the UK herd of 2 million
dairy cows produces around 20 million tonnes of slurry,
equivalent to around 2 million tonnes of dry matter (at 10%).
Beef cattle: The resource from the UK beef herd of 1.8 million
will be less, as they typically spend less time housed, though
may still be in excess of 5 million tonnes (wet) pa.
Pigs and sheep: There are also 4.9 million pigs in the UK and 20
million sheep. However, as sheep are kept almost entirely
outdoors collecting their manure may not be practical.

22. Types of cattle from which biomass is
derived are:
Poultry litter: This most commonly consists of the
wood shavings or straw used in deep litter broiler
houses, together with the accumulated droppings.
At present the most common energy application for
poultry litter is combustion in dedicated power
stations for electricity production, however it can also
be burned on a smaller scale for heat or combined
heat and power.

23. Biomass from Urban
waste

24. Urban waste
Municipal Solid Waste:
• During the course of everyday living, society generates a number
of waste products including glass, plastic, paper, aluminium and
other metal cans, yard clippings, wood, construction materials,
etc.
• A number of these products are recycled, but the majority are
disposed of in landfills. Some of these materials, most notably
wood, could be recovered and used for bioenergy and bio
products.
• Waste material generation is not limited to cities, but is most
concentrated there due to the high density of population, thus
these wastes are often referred to as urban wastes - even though
they can include wastes generated in rural and non-metropolitan
areas as well.
• Most ordinary household waste (i.e., garbage or trash) is classified
as municipal solid waste (MSW) and is disposed of in MSW
landfills.

25. Urban waste
Landfill Gas:
• Landfill gas is the by-product of the decomposition
of solid wastes in landfills.
• It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and
methane.
• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports
that as of December, 2005 there were 395
operational landfill energy projects in the U.S. Two-
thirds of these facilities generated electricity for use
onsite or for sale to the electrical grid (EPA, 2007).

26. Urban waste
• Refuse Derived Fuel:
• Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is produced by processing
municipal solid waste to increase the fuel value of the
waste.
• The processing removes non-combustible materials
(e.g., inorganic materials such as glass and metal) as
well as wet organic materials (e.g., food scraps) and
creates a consistent sized feedstock.
• Materials contained in RDF generally include textiles,
paper and cardboard, wood, and plastics. Sometimes
other petroleum derived wastes, such as tires, are
included.
• The RDF can be combusted by itself in waste-to-energy
facilities or co-fired with other materials (such as coal)
to produce electricity.

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