Introduction - Lecture 01 - Web Information Systems (4011474FNR)

2 December 2005
Web Information Systems
Introduction
Department of Computer Science
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
http://www.beatsigner.com

Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2September 26, 2014
Course Organisation
 Prof. Beat Signer
10.G.731d
+32 2 629 12 39
bsigner@vub.ac.be
www.beatsigner.com
 Reinout Roels
10.G.730f
+32 2 629 11 03
rroels@vub.ac.be

Prerequisites
 Note that this is an advanced Master's level
course and the official course description lists
the following required previous knowledge
 basic programming skills
 basic knowledge in modelling and querying data (e.g. design
and use of databases)
 It is not impossible to follow the course without these
prerequisites, but in this case you should not complain
about the potential additional workload!

Exercises
 The course content is further investigated in
the exercise sessions
 the topics covered in the exercise sessions will
also be helpful for the assignment
 Weekly exercise sessions
 assistant: Reinout Roels, (rroels@vub.ac.be)
 2 groups (starting on October 1); send an email with your
preference to Reinout Roels until Monday, September 29
- Wednesday 10:00–12:00 in E.1.04
- Friday 15:00–17:00 in E.1.04
 Additional content may be covered in exercise sessions
 strongly recommended to attend all exercise sessions!
 exam covers content of lectures and exercises

Course Material
 All material will be available on PointCarré
 lecture slides, exercises, research papers, tutorials, ...
 Make sure that you are subscribed to the
Web Information Systems course on PointCarré
 http://pointcarre.vub.ac.be/index.php?application=web
lcms&go=course_viewer&course=2473
 Handouts are on PointCarré the day before the lecture
 slides from the previous year are already available on SlideShare
- http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=head
er&q=%22web+information+systems+2013%22
 Similar information is also available on the WISE website
 http://wise.vub.ac.be/content/web-information-systems

Lecture Schedule
Exercise 1: Bush Paper & Assignment
3
4
5
6
Lecture 2: Web Architectures
Lecture 3: HTML5 and the Open Web Platform
Exercise 2: HTTP
Lecture 4: XML and XML Applications
Lecture 6: Web 2.0 Basics
Exercise 5: Web Application Frameworks
E.0.06
E.0.06
E.0.06
E.0.06
E.1.04
E.1.04
E.1.04
7
8
Interim Project Presentations TBA
Lecture 1: Introduction
2
No Exercises
Exercise 3: Java Servlet Technology E.1.04
E.0.06
Lecture 5: Web Application Frameworks
Exercise 4: XML/XSLT
E.0.06
E.1.04

Lecture Schedule …
Lecture 8: Mobile Web Information Systems
Exercise 8: Google Maps and Geolocation API
10
11
12
13
14
Lecture 9: Semantic Web
Lecture 10: Web Search
Exercise 9: Semantic Web
Lecture 11: Security, Privacy and Trust
Exercise 7: Mashup Tools
9
Exercise 10: Web Search and PageRank
Lecture 12: Future Trends
Exercise 11: Security
Exercise 6: Web Services
Final Project Presentations TBA
Lecture 7: Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies E.0.06
E.1.04
E.1.04
E.1.04
E.1.04
E.1.04
E.1.04
E.0.06
E.0.06
E.0.06
E.0.06
E.0.06

Assignment
 Web 2.0 Web Application
 application about topic of your choice
- a number of functional and technical requirements
- create, view, manage, search and share information
- integration of existing web resources
- map-based interface
- examples: movie application, fitness application, games, ...
 Assignment handed out in week 3
 group project with 3 students per group
- send an email with the 3 group members to Reinout Roels by Friday,
October 3 (rroels@vub.ac.be)
- deadlines: final presentation (week of December 16), report (December 23)
 assignment counts for 40% for the final grade
- students have some flexibility in distributing the grades (±2 points)

Exam
 Oral exam in English
 covers content of lectures and exercises
 counts 60% for the overall grade
 5 mins questions about the assignment
 15 mins questions about the course content (no preparation time)
 Overall grade = oral exam (60%) + assignment (40%)

Course Outline
1. Introduction
 history of the Web
2. Web Architectures
 HTTP protocol
 client-side and server-side processing
 multi-tier architectures
3. Hypertext Markup Language
 HTML and CSS
 HTML5 and the Open Web Platform
4. XML and XML Applications
 XML, XPointer, XPath, XSLT, XQuery and XLink
 XML-RPC

Course Outline …
5. Web Application Frameworks
 Model-View-Controller (MVC)
 Apache Struts 2, Adobe Flex, Ruby on Rails, OpenLaszlo, …
6. Web 2.0 Basics
 Web 2.0 basic terminology
 Web 2.0 applications
7. Web 2.0 Patterns and Technologies
 Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs)
 mashups
 Rich Internet Applications (RIAs)
 collaborative tagging

Course Outline …
8. Mobile Web Information Systems
 Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
 context and proximity
9. Semantic Web and Web 3.0
 RDF, RDFs, OWL, SPARQL, …
 Linked Data
 semantic web applications
10.Web Search and Retrieval
 search engine architecture
 Google PageRank
 search engine optimisation (SEO)

Course Outline …
11.Security, Privacy and Trust
 HTTP Authentication
 public key cryptography
 web logging and user profiling
12.Future Trends and Summary
 Internet of Things
 cloud computing
 cross-media information systems
 comments about the exam

Reading Wheel (Bookwheel)
 Described by Agostino
Ramelli in 1588
 Keep several books open
to read from them at the
same time
 comparable to modern
tabbed browsing
 The reading wheel has
never really been built
 Could be seen as a
predecessor of hypertext

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
 Library classification
system
 developed by Melvil Dewey
in 1876
 Hierarchical classification
 10 main classes with
10 divisions each and
10 sections per division
 total of 1000 sections
 After the three numbers,
decimals can be used for
further subclassification

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ...
 Documents can appear in
more than one class
 however, there is normally
only one physical copy
(one main class)
 Different alternatives
 Library of Congress (LC)
classification
 Universal Decimal Classifi-
cation (UDC) by Paul Otlet
and Henri La Fontaine

Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) ...
000-099 Computer Science, Information and General Works
000 Computer Science, Knowledge and Systems
000 Computer Science, Knowledge and General Works
...
005 Computer Programming, Programs and Data
...
009 [Unassigned]
010 Bibliographies
...
100-199 Philosophy and Psychology
200-299 Religion
300-399 Social Sciences
340 Law
341 International Law
400-499 Language
500-599 Science
600-699 Technology
700-799 Arts
800-899 Literature
900-999 History, Geography and Biography

"As We May Think" (1945)
When data of any sort are placed in storage,
they are filed alphabetically or numerically,
and information is found (when it is) by
tracing it down from subclass to subclass.
It can be in only one place, unless duplicates
are used; one has to have rules as to which
path will locate it, and the rules are cumbers-
ome. Having found one item, moreover, one
has to emerge from the system and re-enter
on a new path. The human mind does not
work that way. It operates by association. ...
Vannevar Bush

"As We May Think" (1945) …
... It affords an immediate step, however, to
associative indexing, the basic idea of which
is a provision whereby any item may be
caused at will to select immediately and
automatically another. This is the essential
feature of the memex. The process of tying
two items together is the important thing. ...
Vannevar Bush, As We May Think,
Atlanic Monthly, July 1945
Vannevar Bush

"As We May Think" (1945) …
 Bush's article As We May
Think (1945) is often seen
as the "origin" of hypertext
 The article introduces
the Memex
 memory extender
 store and access information
 follow cross-references in the form
of associative trails between pieces
of information (microfilms)
 prototypical hypertext machine
 trail blazers are those who find delight in
the task of establishing useful trails
Memex

Scientist of the Future ...

Video: Memex

Hypertext (1965)
 Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext
 Nelson started Project Xanadu in 1960
 first hypertext project
 non-sequential writing
 referencing/embedding parts of a document
in another document (transclusion)
 transpointing windows
 bidirectional (bivisible) links
 version and rights management
 XanaduSpace 1.0 was released as part of Project
Xanadu in 2007
Ted Nelson

Digital Documents as a Paper Simulator?
Most people don't understand the logic of the
concept: "What You See Is What You Get" is based
on printing the document out ("get" means "get
WHEN YOU PRINT IT OUT"). And that means a
metaphysical shift: a document can only consist of
what can be printed! This re-froze the computer
document into a closed rectangular object which
cannot be penetrated by outside markings (curtailing
what you could do with paper). No marginal notes,
no sticky notes, no crossouts, no insertions, no
overlays, no highlighting - PAPER UNDER GLASS.
Ted Nelson, Geeks Bearing Gifts: How the Computer
World Got This Way, Mindful Press 2009
Ted Nelson

Transpointing Windows Mockup (1972)
[http://www.xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/PARALUNE/paraviz.html]

OpenXanadu (2014)
[http://xanadu.com/xanademos/MoeJusteOrigins.html]

Video: Ted Nelson Explains XanaduSpace

Hypertext Editing System, HES (1967)
 Early hypertext system
 developed at Brown University (1967)
by Andries van Dam and his team
 Ted Nelson was a visitor at Brown
University a that time
 Limitations
 unidirectional links
 non-overlapping links
 only embedded links
 File Retrieval and Editing System, FRESS (1968)
 follow-up project taking ideas from HES and NLS
 first system introducing 'undo' functionality
 bidirectional links

The Mother of All Demos (1968)
 Douglas Engelbart and his colleagues
at the Stanford Research Institute
developed the oNLine System (NLS) as
part of the Augment Project
 vision about the future of interactive computing
 NLS was demonstrated at the Fall
Joint Computer Conference in 1968
 showed first practical use of hypertext
 computer mouse
 remote collaboration (connected computers)
 raster-scan video monitors
 screen windows
 ...
Douglas Engelbart

NLS Demo

Aspen Moviemap (1978)
 Early hypermedia system
 developed at MIT by Andrew
Lippman and his team
 hypermedia = extension of
hypertext with other media
types (e.g. images, sounds)
 Virtual tour of Aspen
 pictures taken every 10 feet
while driving through the city
 additional linked media
(e.g. images and sounds)
 Similar concept now used
in Google Street View

HyperCard (1987)
 One of the early widespread
hypermedia systems
 Released by Apple Computer Inc.
(as part of System Software 6)
 developed by Bill Atkinson
 Information is stored in a series of
cards that are arranged into stacks
 Links can be defined between different cards
 HyperCards may contain text, pictures, audio and video
 HyperTalk programming language is used to execute commands
and jump to other cards

ARPANET (1969)
 Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network
 created by DARPA
(US Department of Defense)
 first operational packet
switching network
 first ARPANET link esta-
blished in November 1969
 ARPANET applications
 Email (1971), Ray Tomlinson
 FTP (1973)
ARPANET Team

ARPANET Map (March 1977)

Worldwide Number of Hostnames
992‘117‘228 hostnames in August 2014, source: http://news.netcraft.com

TCP (1974)
 Transmission control protocol
 replacement of Network Control
Protocol (NCP)
 'A Protocol for Packet Network
Interconnection'
 by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn
 Reliable and ordered
transmission of byte stream
between two endpoints
 Migration of ARPANET to TCP/IP in 1982
Vint Cerf Bob Kahn

TCP/IP (1978)
 4 abstraction layers
 each layer offers functionality to the above layer
 separation of concerns
 Application layer
 HTTP, FTP, POP, ...
 Transport layer
 TCP, UDP, ...
 Internet layer
 addressing hosts and packet routing
 IP, ...
 Link layer

TCP/IP Layers
Link
Internet
Transport
Application
Link
Internet
Link
Internet
Transport
Application
Link
Internet
Ethernet EthernetSatellite,
...

World Wide Web (WWW)
 Networked hypertext system
(over ARPANET) to share in-
formation at CERN
 first draft in March 1989
 The Information Mine,
Information Mesh, …?
 Components by end of 1990
 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
 HTTP server software
 Web browser called WorldWideWeb
 First public "release" in August 1991
Tim Berners-Lee Robert Cailliau

WordWideWeb Browser (1993)

WWW and Hypertext
 WWW is mainly a network-enabled version of the
HES hypertext model
 unidirectional links between heterogeneous resources
 is it more than just a digital version of paper documents
with links?
 What about all the richer functionality researched by the
hypertext community?
 bidirectional links
 transclusion and external (non-embedded) links
 version management
 …
 Is there something wrong with the WWW?

Mobile Web
 HTML markup language is
no longer sufficient
 WML, VoiceXML, cHTML, …
 New forms of connectivity
and information exchange
 P2P networks
 New requirements and
functionality
 location-based services
 Access the Web from
anywhere at anytime

Web 2.0
 User becomes an author
and shares information
 tagging
 Wikis
 social networking
 mashups
 ...
 Not a new technology!
 Why did some of these
things not happen earlier?
 limitations of the original
World Wide Web?

Semantic Web (Web 3.0)
 Add explicit semantics
to web resources
 Machine-interpretable
Web
 Use of ontologies
 Potential reasoning over
Web resources
Character set: UNICODE
Cryptography
Syntax: XML and XML Namespaces
Data interchange: RDF
Taxonomies: RDFS
Ontologies:
OWLQuerying:
SPARQL
Unifying Logic
Trust
User interface and applications
Proof
Rules:
RIF/SWRL
Based on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semantic-web-stack.png]
Identifiers:
URI/IRI

Internet of Things
 Mark Weiser coined the term Ubiquitous
Computing while working at Xerox PARC
 M. Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century,
ACM Mobile Computing and Communications
Review, July 1999
 Related terms are Disappearing Computing,
Pervasive Computing or Internet of Things
 Physical objects with emedded computing functionality
that actively or passively participate in the Web
 mobile phones, RFID-tagged objects, smart pens, …
 Do we have to extend the current web infrastructure?
Mark Weiser

Cross-Media Information Spaces
 Information moves from
digital to physical space
and vice versa
 e.g. paper-digital integration
 Multimodal interaction
 How should information
be stored and accessed?
 use of web technologies?
 is the desktop metaphor still
appropriate?
 …
EdFest project

Exercise 1
 Read the paper As We May Think by
Vannevar Bush and try to answer the questions
formulated on the exercise sheet
 Discuss your answers and the Bush paper with your
teaching assistant and classmates during the exercise
session

References
 Web Technologies: A Computer Science
Perspective, Jeffrey C. Jackson, Prentice
Hall, August 2006, ISBN-13: 978-0131856035
 Vannevar Bush, As We May Think, Atlanic Monthly,
July 1945
 http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush/
 http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/Secondary.html
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c539cK58ees
 Videos of the NLS demo
 http://sloan.stanford.edu/mousesite/1968Demo.html

References …
 Ted Nelson demonstrates Xanadu Space
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=En_2T7KH6RA
 Aspen Moviemap
 http://www.naimark.net/projects/aspen.html
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w18MyqszIYc
 Networking Technologies (TCP/IP, …)
 Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks,
Prentice Hall 2002, ISBN-13: 978-0130661029
 Mark Weiser, The Computer for the 21st Century,
ACM Mobile Computing and Communications
Review, July 1999

2 December 2005
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Introduction - Lecture 01 - Web Information Systems (4011474FNR)

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