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Modified Rabin Karp
1.
PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 RB-Matcher: String Matching Technique Rajender Singh Chillar, Barjesh Kochar from text for all the possible shifts which are from s=0 to n- Abstract—All Text processing systems allow their users to m(where n denotes the length of text and m denotes the length search a pattern of string from a given text. String matching is of P). So according to this two number n1 and n2 can only be fundamental to database and text processing applications. Every text equal if editor must contain a mechanism to search the current document for REM (n1/q) = REM (n2/q) [1] arbitrary strings. Spelling checkers scan an input text for words in the dictionary and reject any strings that do not match. We store our After division we will be having three cases :- information in data bases so that later on we can retrieve the same and this retrieval can be done by using various string matching Case 1: algorithms. This paper is describing a new string matching algorithm Successful hit: - In this case if REM (n1) = REM(n2) and also for various applications. A new algorithm has been designed with the characters of n1 matches with characters of n2. help of Rabin Karp Matcher, to improve string matching process. Case 2: Spurious hit: - In this case REM (n1) = REM (n2) but Keywords—Algorithm, Complexity, Matching-patterns, Pattern, characters of n1 are not equal to characters of n2. Rabin-Karp, String, text-processing. Case 3: If REM (n1) is not equal to REM (n2), then no need to I. INTRODUCTION compare n1 and n2. S TRING-MATCHING is a technique to find out pattern from given text. Let Σ be an alphabet, a nonempty finite set. Elements of Σ are called symbols or characters. A string (or Ex- For a given text T, pattern P and prime number q word) over Σ is any finite sequence of characters from Σ. For example, if Σ = {a,b}, then abab is a string over Σ. String- matching is a very important topic in the domain of text processing.[2] String-matching consists in finding one, or more generally, all the occurrences of a string (more generally called a pattern) in a text. The pattern is denoted by P=P [0 ... so to find out this pattern from the given text T we will take m-1]; its length is equal to m. The text is denoted by T=T [0 ... equal number of characters from text as in pattern and divide n-1]; its length is equal to n. Both strings are building over a these characters with predefined number q and also divide the finite set of character called an alphabet denoted by . [3] pattern with the same predefined number q. Now compare RABIN KARP matcher is one of the most effective string their remainders to decide whether to compare the text with matching algorithms. To find a numeric pattern ‘P’ from a pattern or not. given text ‘T’. It firstly divides the pattern with a predefined Rem (Text) =234567/11=3 Rem (Pattern) =667888/11=1 prime number ‘q’ to calculate the remainder of pattern P. Then As both the remainders are not equal so there is no need to it takes the first m characters (where m is the length of pattern compare text with pattern. Now move on to next set of P) from text T at first shift s to compute remainder of m characters from text and repeat the procedure. [1]. If characters from text T. If the remainder of the Pattern and the remainders match then only we compare the part of text to the remainder of the text T are equal only then we compare the pattern otherwise there is no need to perform the comparison. text with the pattern otherwise there is no need for the We will maintain three variables Successful Hit, Spurious Hit comparison.[1] The reason is that if the remainders of the two and Unsuccessful Hit. numbers are not equal then these numbers cannot be equal in any case. We will repeat the process for next set of characters Rabin Karp Matcher Algorithm Rabin_Matcher (T,P,d,q) Dr. Rajender Singh Chillar is Reader, Formal HOD (CS) with Maharishi Dayanand University, India (phone: +919416277507; e-mail: chillar01@ { rediffmail.com). n =Length (T) Barjesh Kochar is working as HOD-IT with GNIM, New Delhi, India m= Length (P) (phone:+919212505801; e-mail: barjeshkochar@gmail.com) t0=0 Garima Singh (Jr. Author) is pursuing B.Tech studying in GGSIPU University, New Delhi, India (e-mail: garima_20_04@yahoo.co.in). p=0 Kanwaldeep Singh (Jr. Author) is pursuing B.Tech studying in GGSIPU h=dm-1mod q University, New Delhi, India (e-mail: kawal_deep87@yahoo.co.in ). PWASET VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 868 © 2008 WASET.ORG
2.
PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 For i=1 to m then print pattern matches at shift ‘s’ { p = (dp+P[i]) mod q } t0 =(d t0 + T[i] ) mod q if s<= n-m } ts+1= ( d(ts-h*T[s+1]) + T[s+1+m] ) mod q For s =0 to n-m } { If ts=p } [3] { then { if P[1….m]=T[s+1…….s+m] III. IMPROVEMENTS then print pattern matches at shift ‘s’ } Rabin Karp matcher algorithm was computing remainder on } the basis of which it was conducting whether the pattern has if s<= n-m been found in the text or not. So there was an extra ts+1= (d(ts-h*T[s+1]) + T[s+1+m] ) mod q computation when processing for the spurious hits. But in the } case of Modified RB matcher there is no chance of spurious }[1] hits because it always gives one solution i.e. in case of successful hits. II. IMPROVED STRING MATCHING ALGORITHM A. Comparisons in terms of Time Complexity A. Theory To compare the previous work with the new one we applied As we can see, spurious hit is an extra burden on algorithm both these algorithms on a lot of Fictitious Data & the results which increases its time complexity because we have to shows that Modified RB_matcher algorithm is having less compare text with pattern and won’t be able to get pattern at Time complexity as compared to Rabin – Karp Matcher. The that shift so to avoid this extra matching, RB_Matcher says worst case time complexity of Rabin-Karp matcher is O (n- that along with remainders compare the quotients also. m+1) m). While the worst case time complexity of Modified REM(n1/q)=REM(n2/q) and RB Matcher is O (nm+ 1) (This Time complexity can be QUOTIENT (n1/q)= QUOTIENT (n2/q) further improved if q=m) where n denotes the total characters So, according to this method along with calculation of in Text T and m denotes total characters in Pattern P.[9] remainder, we will also find out quotient and if both remainder and quotient of text matches with pattern then it is Graphs:- successful hit otherwise it is an unsuccessful hit and then there is no need to compare it. That means there is no extra computation of spurious hits if both are same then pattern found else pattern not found. Please, leave two blank lines between successive sections as here. B. Algorithms The modified algorithm is as follows:- RB_ Matcher (T,P,d,q) { n =Length (T) m= Length (P) t0=0 p=0 Q=0 pq=0 h=dm-1mod q For i=1 to m { p = (dp+P[i]) mod q t0 =(d t0 + T[i] ) mod q } Fig. 1 shows Time complexities of Rabin Karp and RB pq= P[1…..m] DIV q Matcher if n=9 For s =0 to n-m { Q=T{s+1……….s+ m] DIV q If (ts = p and Q = pq) { PWASET VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 869 © 2008 WASET.ORG
3.
PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 Fig. 4 Example Rabin Karp Fig. 2 shows Time complexities of Rabin Karp and RB Matcher if n=20 Modified Rabin Karp Example: (Q denotes Quotient) In this algorithm comparison of pattern and Text will always lead to successful hits. C. Test Cases We will some study test cases for the modified algorithms Fig. 3 shows Time complexities of Rabin Karp and B complexity. Matcher if n=100 B. Comparison in terms of Example TABLE I FOR MODIFIED RABIN KARP MATCHER (CONSTANT TEXT LENGTH) Rabin Karp Example: Text= 14412217356431121441, to S No Length of Length of VALUE Complexity find Pattern P= 1441, q = 11, Remainder of Pattern ‘P’ is p=0 text (n) pattern OF q (n-m+1) Rest cases are Unsuccessful Hits. So in Rabin Karp to find out (m) Pattern ‘P’ we encounter Spurious Hits which is extra processing. 1 100 10 2 91 3 91 5 91 7 91 11 91 13 91 PWASET VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 870 © 2008 WASET.ORG
4.
PROCEEDINGS OF WORLD
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 17 91 7 291 19 91 11 291 23 91 13 291 2 100 15 2 86 17 291 3 86 19 291 5 86 23 291 7 86 4 400 10 2 391 11 86 3 391 13 86 5 391 17 86 7 391 19 86 11 391 23 86 13 391 3 100 20 2 81 17 391 3 81 19 391 5 81 23 391 7 81 11 81 13 81 IV. CONCLUSION 17 81 With the above, we concluded that any numeric pattern can 19 81 be found out from the given Text ‘T’ by following Modified 23 81 4 100 50 2 49 RB matcher in an effective & efficient way. We also invite 3 49 other Research Scholars to work on same and find out some 5 49 better way to find out string from the given text.T. 7 49 11 49 REFERENCES 13 49 [1] Algorithm design and analysis by T.H Coreman . 17 49 [2] Algorithm design by Aho ulman and Hopcrafft [3] www.algodesign.com 19 49 [4] Richard M.Karp. An Introduction to Randomized Algorithms. Discrete 23 49 Applied mathematics,34:165-201,1991 TABLE II FOR MODIFIED RABIN KARP (FOR CONSTANT PATTERN LENGTH) S Length Length VALU Complexity No of text of pattern E OF q (n-m+1) (n) (m) 1 100 10 2 91 3 91 5 91 7 91 11 91 13 91 17 91 19 91 23 91 2 200 10 2 191 3 191 5 191 7 191 11 191 13 191 17 191 19 191 23 191 3 300 10 2 291 3 291 5 291 PWASET VOLUME 32 AUGUST 2008 ISSN 2070-3740 871 © 2008 WASET.ORG
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