MOBILE COMMUNICATION

2. CONCEPTS
OF
GPRS,EDGE,
3G, IMS .
A
RTTC
BHUBANESWAR
PRESENTATION.
PRESENTED
BY
S.K. GOCHHAYAT
RTTC BBSR.
9437057070
skgochhayat@gmail.com

3. First Mobile Radio Telephone
1924
Courtesy of Rich Howard

4. GSM
Evolution
GPRS
200 KHz carrier
115 Kbps peak data rates
EDGE
200 KHz carrier
Data rates up to 384 Kbps
8-PSK modulation
Higher symbol rate
UMTS
5 MHz carrier
2 Mbps peak data rates
New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum
GSM
200 KHz carrier
8 full-rate time slots
16 half-rate time slots
GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS
3G
2.5G
2G
HSCSD
HSCSD
Circuit-switched data
64 Kbps peak data rates

5. The Abbreviation
GPRS = General Packet Radio System
EGPRS = GPRS + EDGE modulation

6. • Authentication, Authorization
• GTP tunneling to GGSN
• Ciphering & compression
• Mobility Management
• Session Management
• Interaction with HLR,
MSC/VLR
• Charging & statistics
• NMS interfaces
SGSN Role

7. GGSN Role
– Interface to external data networks
– Encapsulate in GTP and forwards
end user data to right SGSN
– Routes mobile originated packets
to right destination
– Filters end user traffic
– Collects charging and statistic
information for data network
usage

8. Different GPRS Capacity Types
TRX 1
TRX 2
CCCH TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
TS
Circuit
Switched
Territory
Packet
Switched
Territory
Territory border moves based
on Circuit Switched traffic load
GPRS
Capacity
Dedicated
GPRS
Capacity
TS TS
Additional
GPRS
Capacity
TS TS

9. MS Class
• CLASS A:
Supports simultaneous attach,
simultaneous activation, simultaneous
monitor, simultaneous invocation, and
simultaneous traffic.
• CLASS B:
Simultaneous traffic shall is not supported.
The mobile user can make and/or receive
calls on either of the two services
sequentially but not simultaneously. The
selection of the appropriate service is
performed automatically
• CLASS C:
Supports only non-simultaneous attach.
Alternate use only. The status of the
service which has not been selected is
detached, that is, not reachable.

10. The Different Multi-slot Classes

11. System Overview

12. Mobility Management State
Idle
Standby
Ready
Packet
TX/RX
STANDBY
Timer Expiry
GPRS
Attach/ Detach
READY
Timer Expiry
MS location known to
SGSN level.
MS is capable of receiving
Point-to-Multipoint data
and being paged for
Point-to-Point data
MS location
not known.
Subscriber is not
reachable by the
GPRS NW.
MS location known to
cell level.
MS is transmitting or has
just been transmitting.
MS is capable of receiving
Point-to-Point data and
Point-to-Multipoint data.

13. Mobility Management states
• A GPRS MS has one of three mobility management
states:
• The Idle state is used when MS is passive(not GPRS
attached)
• Performing a GPRS attach, MS gets into Ready state.
• Standby state is entered when sub. has ended an active
phase but is still attached to network.

14. PDP context activation
• After a successful GPRS attach , MS has to
exchange data packets with external PDNs.
It must get an IP address to be able to
connect to external PDNs.
This is PDP context activation.
• It is an IP allocation to MS.

15. Backbone
Network
Corporate
Network
ISP
Network
BTS
SGSN GGSN
BSC MSC/VLR
MS
GPRS PDP Context Activation
SMS-G/IW MSC
AUC
HLR
Activate PDP context Request
Send Authentication Info.
Send Authentication Info. ACK.
Authentication and Ciphering Req.
Create PDP context Request
Create PDP context Response
Activate PDP context Accept
Authentication and Ciphering Response

16. 11.7EDGE (ENHANCED DATA FOR GSM
EVOLUTION)
• Next step towards 3G for GSM/GPRS Networks
• Increased data rated up to 384 Kbps by bundling up
to 8 channels of 48 Kbps/channel
• GPRS is based on modulation technique known as
GMSK.
• EDGE is based on a new modulation scheme that
allows a much higher bit rate across the air-interface
called 8PSK modulation.
• Since 8PSK will be used for UMTS, network operators
will be required to introduce this at some stage
before migration to 3G.

17. EDGE – Provide 3G services today
• Provide 3G services with existing licenses
• New modulation optimized for wireless data services
• Link adaptation: Take highest possible rate
• Covered by existing GSM licenses
• Same channel structure, network infrastructure, frequency
planning and protocol as today’s GSM

18. M
S
BTS
P
U
C
BSC MSC/VLR
HLR
SGS
N
GGSN
Backbone
Network
ISP Network
Corporate
Network
AUC
SMS G/IW MSC
Gb
Gd
Gs
Gn
Gr
Gn
Gi
EDGE
TRU
M
S
Evolution to EDGE

19. voice voice voice voice voice
voice voice
voice
voice voice Free
TS
Data
Free
TS
Standard GSM Transceiver
EDGE Transceiver
EDGE increases capacity

20. More Data Users…
Expecting Higher Performance…
How will you respond to increasing data
traffic & performance demands?
EDGE is becoming an easy choice!
6 times the data capacity vs GPRS
Up to 3x throughput vs. GPRS
3G services at 120 to 200 kb/s
EDGE PA delivers 3G services with better
data performance & capacity :
up to + 20 % throughput increase
Continuing to Drive GSM/EDGE Revenues !
Good EDGE
coverage

21. TCU
BSC
BTS
MSC
Core Network
HLR/AUC
PSTN
Access Network
SCP
A
GPRS
SGSN
GGSN
Intranet
Internet
PCUSN
Backbone
Gb
EDGE ready Radios
On the BTS
SW Upgrade
No changes
On Core Network!
Edge capable
Terminals
EDGE enables data speeds of 384K
GPRS/EDGE Network Architecture

22. EDGE Channel Coding and Frame Structure
464 bits
1 data block
Convolutional
Coding
Rate = 1/3
Length = 7
Puncture Interleave
Burst N
Burst N+1
Burst N+2
Burst N+3
Burst
Format
8PSK
Modulate
1392 bits 1392 bits
348 bits/
burst
348 bits
468.75 bits
156.25 symbols/slot
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 Time Slots
1 Time Slot = 576.92 µs
Tail
symbols
3
Data
symbols
58
Tail
symbols
3
Data
symbols
58
Training
symbols
26
Guard
symbols
8.25
Modulation: 8PSK, 3 bits/symbol
Symbol rate: 270.833 ksps
Payload/burst: 348 bits
Gross bit rate/time slot: 69.6 kbps - overhead = 59.2 kbps user data
20 msec frame with 4 time-slots for each of 8 bearers

23. EDGE Modulation, Channel Coding & Bit Rates
Scheme Modulation Maximum
rate [kb/s]
Code Rate Family
MCS-9 59.2 1.0 A
MCS-8 54.4 0.92 A
MCS-7 44.8 0.76 B
MCS-6 29.6 0.49 A
MCS-5
8PSK
22.4 0.37 B
MCS-4 17.6 1.0 C
MCS-3 14.8 0.80 A
MCS-2 11.2 0.66 B
MCS-1
GMSK
8.8 0.53 C

24. Aggressive frequency re-use 
High spectrum efficiency 
Increased co-channel interference
Downlink Switched Beam Antenna
SIGNAL
OUTPUT
INTERFERENCE
SIGNAL
SIGNAL
OUTPUT
BEAMFORMER
WEIGHTS
Uplink Adaptive Antenna
SIGNAL
INTERFERENCE
BEAMFORMER
BEAM
SELECT
Smart antennas provide substantial interference
suppression for enhanced performance
Smart Antennas for EDGE
•Key enhancement technique to improve system capacity and user experience
•Leverage Smart Antennas currently in development/deployment for IS-136 & GSM

25. page 52
WCDMA is standardized by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP).
Based on the 3GPP reference network model, the
WCDMA network can be considered to consist of
four major components:
 User Equipment (UE)
 Access Network (AN)
 Core Network (CN)
 Network External to WCDMA
WCDMA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

26. page 53
3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) — Soft Switching
SS7
IP/ATM
BTS
BSC
MSC Server
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC server
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
PSDN
CN
C
D
Gc
Gr
Gn Gi
Gb
Abis
Gs
B
H
BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
RNS — Radio Network System
RNC — Radio Network Controller
CN — Core Network
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
A
Nc
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
IuCS
IuPS
3G UE (voice & data)
Mc
CS-MGW
CS-MGW
Nb
PSTN
Mc
ATM

27. UE UTRAN CN
Uu Iu
UE – User Equipment RAN – Radio Access Network
UTRAN – UMTS Terrestrial RAN CN – Core Network
Basic UMTS Architecture

28. Iub = Interface Utran Node-B
Iur = Interface Utran RNC
Iu = Interface Utran
Uu = Utran Ue
RNC Iur
Iub Iub
Iu Iu
Iub
Node-B
RNC
Node-B
Node-B
Core N/W
Uu Uu
Uu

29. USIM
ME
Cu
UE
The 3G Network terminal is called
UE and it contains two separate
parts, Mobile Equipment (ME) and
UMTS Service Identity Module
(USIM).
The Interface between USIM and UE
is called Cu interface.
User Equipment (UE)

30. Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC
The subsystem controlling the
wideband radio access has
different names, depending on
the type of radio technology
used. The general term is
Radio Access Network (RAN).
If especially talking about
UMTS with WCDMA radio
access, the name UTRAN or
UTRA is used
UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
Iur
RNS
RNS
Iub
Iub

31. The UTRAN is divided into
Radio Network Subsystem
(RNS). One RNS consist of set
of radio elements and their
corresponding controlling
element. In UTRAN the radio
element is Node B or Base
Station (BS), and the
controlling element is Radio
Network Controller (RNC).
The RNSs are connected to each
other over access network-internal
interface Iur
UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iur
RNS
RNS
Node B
Node B
RNC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iur
RNS
RNS
Iub
Iub

32. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
•It is the switching and controlling element of the UTRAN.
•It is located between the Iub and Iu interface.
•It also has the third interface called Iur for inter-RNS
connection.
•It interfaces the core network.
•It terminates the Radio Resource Control (RRC).
•It logically corresponds to the GSM BSC.
•It controls the mobility and handover within the RAN.
•It supports Radio Access Bearer (RAB) services with CS
and PS data.

33. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Logical Roles of the RNC.
1. Controlling RNC (CRNC)
2. Serving RNC (SRNC)
3. Drift RNC (DRNC)
One Physical RNC normally contains all the CRNC , SRNC and
DRNC functionality.

34. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Controlling RNC (CRNC)
The RNC controlling one Node B (i.e terminating the Iub
interface towards the Node B) is indicated as the
controlling RNC of the Node B.
The CRNC is responsible for the load and congestion
control of its own cells and also executes the admission
control and code allocation for new radio link to be
established in those cell.

35. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
In case one mobile – UTRAN connection uses
resources from more than one RNS , the RNCs
involved have two separate roles with respect to this
mobile – UTRAN connection
Serving RNC (SRNC)
Drift RNC (DRNC)

36. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Serving RNC (SRNC)
The serving RNC for one mobile is the RNC that
terminates both the Iu link for the transport of user data
and the corresponding RAN application part signalling
to / from the CN (this connection is referred to as the
RANAP connection)
The SRNC also terminates the signaling protocol
between the UE and UTRAN.

37. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Serving RNC (SRNC)
It performs the L2 processing of the data to / from the
radio interface.
Basic RRM operations such as the mapping of radio
access bearer (RAB) parameters into air interface
transport channel parameter, the handover decision and
the outer loop power control are executed in the SRNC.
 The SRNC may also (but not always) be the CRNC of
some Node B used by the mobile connection with UTRAN.
 One UE connected to UTRAN has one and only one
SRNC

38. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Drift RNC (DRNC)
The DRNC is any RNC , other than the SRNC , that
controls cells used by the mobile.
The DRNC does not perform L2 processing of the
user plane data but routes the data transparently
between Iub and Iur interfaces.
One UE may have zero , one or more DRNCs

40. Power Control
 What?
– The Transmitter adapts the output power according to Path Loss
 Why?
– Mainly to solve the “Near-Far” problem
– Goal is that all users should experience the same SIR
 How?
– Open Loop Power control (Initially, No signaling)
– Inner Loop Power control (Signaling channel, continuously: 1500
times/s, relative changes: up or down)
– Outer loop Power control (Between BTS and RNC)

41. skgochhayat@gmail.com
Power Control in CDMA system
Essential in CDMA system:
Power Control system
Node-B
UE1
UE2
D2
D1
“Near-Far problem”
D: Distance
UE: User Equipment
Uplink: Because of different
attenuation signals to/from users
nearer to BS are stronger than
signals to/from further located
users.
Downlink: Because of the nature
of attenuation at the cell border
the users experience higher
interference that near to the BS.
They have high level of
interfering signals from own BS
and from other BS.
D1 > D2
P1 > P2
Signal of UE1 will
dominates signal
of UE2
UE3

42. Power Control Implementation Open-loop: (Initially)
• UE measure received BS power & read
BS transmit power – calculate initial
transmit power.
• access acknowledged??
• Increase UE power by 1dB
Inner-loop (Fast) Power Control:
• BS compare received UE – power
& power target value (SIR)
•Increase/decrease UE power,
1dB, 1500 times/sec
Outer-loop (Slow) Power Control:
• FER measured by BS
• RNC increases/decreases
power target value of the
Inner-loop (SIR), 1 time/sec
RNC
Core
Network
Closed Loop Power Control (CLPC)During call
SIR – Symbol to interference Ratio
FER – Frame Error Rate

43. skgochhayat@gmail.com
UTRA Power Control Types
“Open Loop Power Control”
UE increase the power until get
the response from RNC
Node-B
“Inner Loop Power Control”
– UL/DL: Node B command UE
– TPC up/down (SIR versus SIRdef)
– 1500 PC cycle/sec
“Outer Loop Power Control”
RNC control UE SIRdef in
order to maintain the
quality of radio channel
SIR: Signal-to- Interference
Ratio
TPC: Transmit Power Control
Node-B
RNC

44. skgochhayat@gmail.com
UTRA Power Control Types
“Open Loop Power Control”
UE increase the power until get
the response from RNC
Node-B
-Basically used for uplink.
-UE adjust its uplink
transmission power level in a
way that is inversely
proportional to the pilot signal
power level. Consequently the
stronger the received pilot
signal, the lower the UE
transmitted power.

45. UE
Node B
Power Control Open Loop Power Control
•If this attempt is unsuccessful, it will increase the power in steps and retry.
•In addition UE receive information about the allowed power parameters from the cell
BCCH when in idle mode.
UE adjust transmission power based on an estimate of the received signal level from
the base station Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) when the UE is in idle mode and
prior to physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission.

46. Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control (Inner loop)
Utilized when radio connection has already been established.
Main target is to compensate the effect of rapid changes in
the radio signal strength.
TPC commands 1500 times per sec.
Step size 1,2 or 3 db.
Power control decision on the basis of pre defined SIR value.
Should be fast enough to compensate for a Rayleigh fading ,
which depends on radio frequency and speed of the UE.

47. Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control (Outer loop)
RNC comes into the picture.
RNC adjust threshold SIR values as per changing radio
condition , bit error rate (BER) , Block error rate (BLER).
Not to high, not too low SIR threshold value.
If received quality of uplink is better than the required
quality , the SIR target is decreased , if not SIR target is
increased.

48. Cell Breathing

49. Cell Breathing
Coverage / Capacity
BS 1 BS 2
Fully loaded system
Unloaded system
• When the cell load is low coverage area is more. (Expansion)
• When the cell load is high coverage area low. (Shrinking)
• Cell breathing provides a degree of load balancing.

50. Multipath Propagation
1
t 0
t
2
t
3
t
Time Dispersion
t
1
t
0
t 2
t 3
t
Multipath fading

51. C
O
M
B
I
N
E
R Power measurements
of neighboring BS
Sum of individual
multipath components
Finger #1
Finger #2
Finger #3
Searcher
Finger
Finger #N
Buffer/delay
Correlators
Channel
The RAKE Receiver

52. WCDMA
Handover Management
IN

53. TYPES OF HANDOVERS
• Inter - Radio Access Technology Handover
• Inter - Frequency Handover
• Intra - Frequency Handover

54. TYPES OF HANDOVERS

55. UMTS Technology by
skgochhayat.
skgochhayat@gmail.com
Handover
Hard HO versus Soft HO
Hard HO
•TDD/TDD
• FDD/FDD by verandering CN
• Inter-system HO (FDD/TDD, UMTS/GSM)
Soft HO
Intra-systeem FDD/FDD
Softer HO
Node B internal
Inter - Frequency
Handover

56. UMTS Technology by
skgochhayat.
skgochhayat@gmail.com
Handover
Intra-RNC versus Inter-RNC
Intra-RNC Soft HO
slechts 1 RNC betrokken
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iub
CN
Iu
Inter-RNC Soft HO
• S-RNC: combining/Splitting + RR allocation
• D-RNC: RR allocatie
• D-RNC  S-RNC
RNC
Iub
Iub
Iub
CN
Iu
Iur
RNC

57. PROCESS OF HANDOVER

58. Received Power Without Soft
Handover
time
Trouble zone: Prior to Hard Handover,
the UE causes excessive interference to
BS2
BS2 Receive Power Target
UE responding to BS1
power control bits
UE responding to BS2
power control bits
time
BS1 Receive Power Target

59. Received Power With Soft Handover
time
BS2 Receive Power Target
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
UE responding to BS1
power control commands
UE responding to BS2
power control commands
time
BS1 Receive Power Target
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
BS1 BS2 Action
0 0 Reduce power
0 1 Reduce power
1 0 Reduce power
1 1 Increase power
UE responds to
power control commands
from both BS1 and BS2

60. Soft Handover Diversity Gain in the
Uplink SRNC CN
Good block
Block in error

61. Soft Handover Diversity Gain in the
Downlink

62. 4- New RL
3- Add
1- CPICH
SRNC
2- Report
Principles of Adding a New Cell to the Active Set, i.e.
Soft Handover

63. Signaling Flow When Changing the
Active Set
RNC UE
Perform
Measurement
RNC Evaluation
UE Evaluation
Radio Link Addition
MEASUREMENT CONTROL message
(DCCH)
MEASUREMENT REPORT message
(DCCH)
Radio Link
Add/Remove/Replace
Radio Link Removal
RNC Evaluation
MEASUREMENT CONTROL message
(DCCH)
ACTIVE SET UPDATE
(DCCH)
ACTIVE SET
UPDATE COMPLETE
Execution

64. HANDOVER EVENTS
1a - To Add a new Cell to the Active Set
1b - To Delete a new Cell from the Active Set
1c - To Replace a Cell in the Active Set
1d - To Change the best cell in the Active Set

65. The Basis for Event 1a
Measurement Parameters Involved in Event 1a
Mnew - The measurement result of the cell entering the reporting range
Mi - Measurement result of a cell in the Active Set
NA - Number of cells in the current Active Set
MBest - Measurement result of the strongest cell in the Active Set
W - A parameter used for tuning and is sent from WCDMA RAN to the UE
reportingRange1a - A relative threshold referred to the CPICH of the best cell (if W=0)
in the Active Set used as evaluation criteria for event 1a
hysterisis1a - Hysterisis used in addition-window in evaluation criteria for event 1a
to avoid ping pong effects
To Add a new Cell to the Active Set

66. The Basis for Event 1b
Measurement Parameters Involved in Event 1b
Mold is the measurement result of the cell leaving the reporting range
Mi is a measurement result of a cell in the AS
NA is the number of cells in the current AS
MBest is the measurement reault of the strongest cell in the AS
W is a parameter used for tuning and is sent from WCDMA RAN to
the UE
reportingRange1b is a relative threshold referred to the CPICH of the
best cell (if W=0) in the Active Set used as evaluation criteria for
event 1b
hysterisis1b is a hysterisis used in drop window in evaluation criteria
for event 1b to avoid ping pong effects
To Delete a new Cell from the Active Set

67. Reporting Event 1a and 1b (Add and Delete)
reportingRange1a
Measurement
quantity
time
P_CPICH best cell
timeToTrigger1b
reportingRange1b
timeToTrigger1a
P_CPICH 2
Hysteresis1a/2
Hysteresis1a/2
Hysteresis1b/2
Hysteresis1b/2
measQuantity1
(Ec/No or RSCP)

68. Reporting of Event 1c (Replace)
hyst1c/2
Measurement
quantity
time
P_CPICH 1
timeToTrigger1c
P_CPICH 2
P_CPICH 3
P_CPICH 4 hyst1c/2
measQuantity1
(Ec/No or RSCP)
Example:
maxActiveSet = 3

69. Reporting of Event 1d
(Change of Best Cell)
Measurement
quantity
time
P_CPICH 1
timeToTrigger1d
P_CPICH 2
P_CPICH 3
Hysteresis1d/2
Hysteresis1d/2
measQuantity1
(Ec/No or RSCP)

70. page 97
3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) — Soft Switching
SS7
IP/ATM
BTS
BSC
MSC Server
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC server
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
PSDN
CN
C
D
Gc
Gr
Gn Gi
Gb
Abis
Gs
B
H
BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
RNS — Radio Network System
RNC — Radio Network Controller
CN — Core Network
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node
A
Nc
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
IuCS
IuPS
3G UE (voice & data)
Mc
CS-MGW
CS-MGW
Nb
PSTN
Mc
ATM

71. 3G rel5 Architecture (UMTS) —IP Multimedia
Gb/IuPS
A/IuCS
SS7
IP/ATM
BTS
BSC
MSC Server
VLR
HSS
AuC
GMSC server
BSS
SGSN GGSN
PSTN
CN
C
D
Gc
Gr
Gn Gi
Abis
Gs
B
H
IM — IP Multimedia sub-system
MRF — Media Resource Function
CSCF — Call State Control Function
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP)
IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW
Nc
2G MS (voice only)
2G+ MS (voice & data)
Node B
RNC
RNS
Iub
3G UE (voice & data)
Mc
CS-MGW
CS-MGW
Nb
PSTN
Mc
IuCS
IuPS
ATM
IM
IP
PSTN
Mc
MGCF
IM-MGW
MRF
CSCF
Mg
Gs
IP Network

72. IMS Key Elements
 CSCFs (“Call Session Control Functions”) provide handling of SIP
signalling in the network
Three flavours of CSCF – allows “home IMS” and “access provider”
networks to be separated
– “Proxy-CSCF” – manages access to IMS local to the IP anchor point
– “Interrogating-CSCF” – finds the right Serving-CSCF
– “Serving-CSCF” – provides user services
 HSS (“Home Subscriber Server”) provides centralised database of
subscription and service information
 Policy nodes such as a PCRF (“Policy and Charging Rules Function”)
manages policy for handling IP flows in network
 Application Server – Provides value added applications on top of IMS
framework
HSS
I-CSCF
S-CSCF
SGSN
GGSN
P-CSCF
To External
PDN, Other
IMS etc.
From External
PDN, Other IMS etc.
PCRF
P-CSCF
PCRF
GGSN
Home Network
Visited Network/
Access Provider
App.
Server
IP cloud
SIP message flow
non-SIP interfaces
Access

73. IMS Architecture
PS
UE
SGSN
Internet
HSS
IMS
P-CSCF
GGSN
Application Server
SIP phone
Media Server
Gi/Mb
Mw Mg
Mb
Mb
Gi
Mn
MGCF
TDM
IM-MGW
ISUP
Mb
Mb
Cx
Go
Signaling
CSCF — Call Session Control
Function
IM-MGW — IM-Media Gateway
MGCF — Media Gateway Control
Function
MRF
Gm
SIP
Mp
PSTN
CPE
ISC
CSCF

74. IMS Concepts (2)
 In Rel.5, services controlled in home network (by S-CSCF)
– But executed anywhere (home, visited or external network) and
delivered anywhere
UE
Visited IMS
Gm
P-CSCF
S-CSCF
Internet
Application Server
Home IMS
Mw
Media Server
Application
Servers
PS
UE
Gm
P-CSCF
PS
Service control
Service execution
SIP phone
ISC
ISC
ISC

75. MMD Architecture —
3GPP2 MultiMedia Domain
MS
Access
Gateway
Internet
AAA
MMD
SIP phone
Signaling
AAA — Authentication, Authorization & Accounting
MGW — Media Gateway
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function
MRFC — Media Resource Function Controller
MRFP — Media Resource Function Processor
PSTN
CPE
Databases
Core QoS
Manager
ISUP
MGCF
TDM
MGW
Mobile IP
Home Agent
Border
Router
Packet Core
Session
Control
Manager
MRFC
MRFP
MRF
IM-MGW + MGCF
P-SCM = P-CSCF
I-SCM = I-CSCF
S-SCM = S-CSCF
L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions
Integrated in P-CSCF
3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping

77. 4G (HSPA+)
• Frequencies: Band 2 (1900 MHz), Band
4 (1700/2100 MHz)
• Voice and data services can work
simultaneously.
• 4G offers incredibly fast download speeds,
nearly as fast as 4G LTE

78. 4G LTE
• Frequencies: Band 2 (1900 MHz), Band
4 (1700/2100 MHz), Band 5 (850 MHz), Band
12 (700 MHz), Band 66 (Extension of band 4 on
1700/2100 MHz), Band 71 (600 MHz)
• Voice and data services can work simultaneously
only on VoLTE. (If VoLTE is turned off or the
device does not support it, then LTE is only data.)
• 4G LTE offers incredibly fast download speeds, up
to 50% faster speeds than 3G.

79. VoLTE
• VoLTE (Voice over LTE) allows you to place and receive calls on our
LTE data network, and it's available nationwide.
• Placing a call connects twice as fast.
• Switching between 4G VoLTE and Wi-Fi Calling does not drop a call.
• HD Voice on VoLTE
– HD Voice is a feature that improves in-call voice quality nationwide for
compatible phones.
– Voice call quality is more true-to-life, with less background noise.
– It automatically activates, if you and the person you're calling are both
using supported phones on VoLTE.
• Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) is another codec for HD Voice that
further enhances call quality. It is available on specific device
models, such as those made by Apple.

80. Wideband LTE
• Wideband LTE delivers up to 50% faster LTE
speeds, on a network that's already delivering
blazing fast speeds.
• Increasing to wideband provides both greater
speeds and the ability to handle more
customers.
• This is created by expanding our basic 5 + 5 or
10 + 10 LTE capacity and increasing it to 15 +
15 or 20 + 20.

82. Frequency bands
Frequency Band # Network technology
1900 MHz 2
4G LTE
4G (HSPA+)
3G (UMTS/HSPA)
2G (GSM/GPRS/EDGE)
1700/2100 MHz
(AWS)
4
4G LTE
4G (HSPA+)
3G (UMTS/HSPA)
66 4G LTE
850 MHz 5 4G LTE
700 MHz 12 4G LTE
600 MHz 71 4G LTE

83. Telecom
Circle
Airtel
Reliance
Jio
Vodafone
Idea
Cellualr
BSNL Aircel
Orissa
BAND 3,
40
BAND 3,
5, 40
BAND 3,
41
BAND 3,
41
BAND 41
no
Delhi
BAND 3,
40
BAND 3,
5, 40
BAND 3,
41
BAND 3 No No
Mumbai
BAND 3,
40
BAND 3,
5, 40
BAND 3,
41
BAND 3 No No
Kolkata
BAND 3,
40
BAND 3,
5, 40
BAND 3,
41
BAND 3 No BAND 40
Andhra
Pradesh
BAND 3,
40
BAND 3,
5, 40
BAND 3
BAND 3,
41
No BAND 40
Gujarat
BAND 3,
40
BAND 3,
5, 40
BAND 3,
40, 41
BAND 3,
41
No No
Karnataka
BAND 3, BAND 3,
BAND 3 BAND 3 No BAND 40

84. 3GPP RELEASES
3GPP
RELEASE
RELEASE
DATE
DETAILS
Phase 1 1992 Basic GSM
Phase 2 1995 GSM features including EFR Codec
Release 96 Q1 1997 GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data
Release 97 Q1 1998 GSM additional features, GPRS
Release 98 Q1 1999 GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE
Release 99 Q1 2000 3G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access
Release 4 Q2 2001 UMTS all-IP Core Network
Release 5 Q1 2002 IMS and HSDPA
Release 6 Q4 2004 HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over
Cellular, operation with WLAN
Release 7 Q4 2007 Improvements in QoS & latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC
integration, EDGE Evolution
Release 8 Q4 2008 Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA

85. 3GPP RELEASES
3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS
Release 9 Q4 2009 WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with
MIMO, Dual Cell HSUPA, LTE HeNB
Release 10 Q1 2011 LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE),
Multi-Cell HSDPA
Release 11 Q3 2012 Heterogeneous networks (HetNet), Coordinated Multipoint
(CoMP), In device Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP
interconnection of Services,
Release 12 March 2015 Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation (2 uplink
carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrier aggregation),
MIMO (3D channel modelling, elevation beamforming, massive
MIMO), MTC - UE Cat 0 introduced, D2D communication,
eMBMS enhancements.
Release 13 Q1 2016 LTE-U / LTE-LAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming / Full Dimension
MIMO, Indoor positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4MHz & Cat 200kHz
introduced
Release 14 Mid 2017 Elements on road to 5G
Release 15 End 2018 5G Phase 1 specification
Release 16 2020 5G Phase 2 specification

86. IMT-2020 - Final submission

153. IMS VoLTE
RTTC BBSR

154. IMS VOLTE