Overview of the current state of the arts of semantic technology and future trends
Linked Open Data + Context-aware Services = Killer Apps of Semantic Technology
2. Outline
Review of Semantic Technology
Hot Issues:
Linked Data
Context-aware
Future Research Trends and Conclusions
3. Semantic Technology
Semantic technology has been a distinct research field for more
than 40 years.
Formal Logic (since Russell and Frege)
Knowledge Representation Systems in AI
Semantic Networks and ATN (William Woods, 1975)
DARPA and European Commission programs in information integration
Development of simple tractable logics
Relational Algebras and Schemas in Database Systems
Library Science (classifications, thesauri, taxonomies)
New challenges of Semantic Technology: Semantic Web
A massive store of information that computers cannot use
A way to get around needing the “big data warehouse”
Another place where “a little semantics can go a long way”...
cf: The Relationship Between Web 2.0 And the Semantic Web - Dr. Mark Greaves, Vulcan, Inc.
4. Ontology Spectrum
strong semantics
Modal Logic
has_experience_in works Company
First Order Logic
Technologies
Knowledge
Representation
Programs Personnel
Logical Theory Is Disjoint Subclass
Management S1 illusion
Agent Natural
Language
Project am
AS
Description Logic of with transitivity
Program AS AS Department
Telecommunication
Task Technical
Paulnderleez
Leo DAML+OIL, OWL property
Semantic Director EcDARPA has WISO
Interoperability
Request
Reza
Assistant
Director
Navy
Intelligence UML
Ann Brad
Howard Conceptual Model
Is Subclass of
RDF/S Semantic Interoperability
XTM
Extended ER
Thesaurus Has Narrower Meaning Than
ER
DB Schemas, XML Schema Animal
Structural Interoperability
Taxonomy Mammal Reptile
Is Sub-Classification of
Bird
Relational Snake
Dog Cat
Model, XML Syntactic Interoperability
Cocker
Spaniel
weak semantics
Lady Based on Leo Obrst, The Ontology Spectrum & Semantic Models
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5. Semantic Technology
Intelligence Integration Interoperability
Machine-processible Digital
Semantics Information Resources
Web resources
Ontology
Services
Semantic
Image
Metadata
Audio/Video
Technology
controlled
Documents
vocabulary
6. Web Technology
Web of machine-processible Data
Common vocabularies: Metadata and Ontology
Query and reasoning
Classic Web Web of Services
Internet of Services
Web of Documents
HTML as document format
HTTP URLs as globally unique IDs
Hyperlinks to connect everything
Social Web
Connect human-being
Web as a platform
Programmable APIs and proprietary interfaces
Mashups based on a fixed set of data sources
7. Semantic Web
Standardizations
Trio of Semantic Web
Metadata / Ontology: RDF, RDF, OWL
Query Language: SPARQL
Rule Language: RIF (SWRL)
SKOS, RDFa, GRRDL, WSMO,…
SOAP/ REST
Tools and Systems
Authoring, Reasoning Engines,…
835 items in Sweet Tools
Best Practices
Linked Open Data
Semantic MediaWiki
NEPOMUK, SIOC, Garlik
W3C Semantic Web Use cases
Sweet Tools: http://www.mkbergman.com/new-version-sweet-tools-sem-web/
W3C Semantic Web Case Studies and Use Cases: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases/
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9. Web 2.0
Resharpen the way of viewing the Web
Web as the platform
Web as the social media
Web as the collaboration tool
Web as ……
Web 2.0 Manifestation
Openness / Sharing
Participation / Collaboration
Web 2.0 Syndrome
Library 2.0
Government 2.0
Enterprise 2.0
……
New Web applications
wiki, blog, RSS,…
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11. Semantic Web Today
Major future issues:
• Vocabularies
• Scalability
• Provenance
• Personal Infospheres
• Mobile and Real World Networks
12. Web 2.0 APIs Today
No Single global space: Web APIs slice the Web into Walled Gardens.
• Mashups of APIs are proprietary.
• No links between data.
MashUp
Web Web Web
API API API
A B C
Christian Bizer: Pay-as-you-go Data Integration (21/9/2010)
13. The Web is Dead??
http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/08/ff_webrip/
14. Long Live the Web !
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web
15. Lessons Learned
Data is more important than API code.
Data is the Intel Inside.
Open data is more important than open source
Structured data is more valuable than unstructured.
We should seek to structure our data well.
Metadata will play a core role of data structure.
A little semantics goes a long way.
Beware the usefulness of shallow ontology shown in LOD.
Linking data and services are essential.
Link every thing.
Rich user experiences are the key for adaption.
We should consider mobile computing and personalization.
Visualize and navigate.
17. Web of Documents
A global file systems of documents (document silos on the
Web).
Implicit semantics of content and links
Designed for human consumption
Disconnected data
18. Linked Data: Web of Data
Goal: Web-scale Data Integration
Alternative to classic data integration systems in order to cope with growing
number of data sources.
Querying Across Data Sources
Global distributed database RDF
Extend the Web with a single global data space
Giant Global Graph (GGG)
Demonstrate the possibility of Semantic Web
By using RDF to publish structured data RDF
By setting links between data single
RDF
universal
information space.
RDF
RDF
RDF
19. Semantic Web: Web of Data
The vision of a Semantic Web:
building a global Web of machine-readable data
Berners-Lee, Hendler & Lassila, 2001; Marshall & Shipman, 2003
The first step is putting data on the Web in a form that machines can
naturally understand, or converting it to that form. This creates what I call a
Semantic Web - a web of data that can be processed directly or indirectly by
machines. Therefore, while the Semantic Web, or Web of Data, is the goal or
the end result of this process, Linked Data provides the means to reach that
goal. -- Tim Berners-Lee, et al., http://linkeddata.org/docs/ijswis-special-issue, Jan, 2009
Linked Data Foundation
can lower the barrier to reuse, integration and application of data from multiple,
distributed and heterogeneous sources.
the more sophisticated proposals associated with the Semantic Web vision,
such as intelligent agents, may become a reality.
20. Linked Data Principles
Use URIs as names for things.
Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.
When someone looks up a URI, provide useful RDF
information.
Include RDF statements that link to other URIs so that
they can discover related things.
Community effort to
publish existing open license datasets as Linked Data on the Web
interlink things between different data sources
develop clients that consume Linked Data from the Web
21. Linked Data Model
dbp-prop:title The Lord of the rings
http://.../isbn/46316
Flexible graph-based model: RDF graph
skos:subject
dbp-prop:author English novels
dbp-prop:publisher
The HTTP protocol brings together identification
dbp-prop:name and retrieval again.
foaf:homepage dbpidia:Allen&Unwin
J.R.R. Tolkien
opencyc:headquarter
dbp-prop:city
Deeper into the Web
wkp-en:J.R.R.Tolkien
London
fb:guid…..92df7
URI: global primary key fb:creator
skos:subject = http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#subject fb:street_address
dbp-prop:title = http://dbpedia.org/property/title
Marivie
83 Alexander St 83
Alexander
23. Summary: the Web of Linked Data
A global, distributed database built on a simple set of
standards
RDF, URI, HTTP
Explicit semantics of content and links
Resources are connected by semantic links.
creating a single global data graph that span data sources
enables the discovery of new data sources
Provides for data co-existence
Anyone can publish data to the Web of Linked Data
Data publishers are not constrained in choice of vocabularies with
which to represent data.
Designed for computer first, humans later
24. LOD Data sets on the Web
25 billion RDF triples, which are interlinked by around 395 million RDF links (Sep. 2010).
http://richard.cyganiak.de/2007/10/lod/lod-datasets_2010-09-22_colored.svg
25. Supporting Technologies
Linked Data Browsers
Provide for navigating between data sources and for exploring the dataspace.
Tabulator Browser (MIT, USA), Marbles (FU Berlin, DE), OpenLink RDF
Browser (OpenLink, UK), Zitgist RDF Browser (Zitgist, USA), Disco
Hyperdata Browser Berlin, Fenfire (DERI, Irland)
Web of Data Search Engines
Crawl the data space and provide best-effort query answers over crawled data.
Falcons (IWS, China), Sig.ma (DERI, Ireland), Swoogle (UMBC, USA),
VisiNav (DERI, Ireland), Watson (Open University, UK), TAP, Sindice
26. Supporting Technologies
Describing data set
the discovery and usage of linked datasets
voiD, Ding
Registry
an open registry of data and content packages
CKAN
Linking tool
discovering relationships between data items within different Linked Data
sources
SILK
Mapping tool
mapping database to RDF triples
Triplify, D2R Server
LOD platform
D2R Server, Virtuoso Universal Server,
Talis Platform, Pubby, …
28. Europeana
European digital library: Europeana: This European Commission initiative
encompasses not only libraries but also museums, archives and other holders of cultural
heritage material.
http://version1.europeana.eu/web/europeana-project
29. Linked Library Cloud
Libraries have been producing
metadata for ages.
Libraries (often) produce high-
quality metadata.
Library develops many metadata
standards such as DC, SKOS,
BIBO, OAI-ORE including
MARC 21, MODS, FRBR,..
Integrate Library Catalogues on
global scale
http://code4lib.org/conference/2010/singer
30. Linking Open Drug Data
linking the various sources of
drug data together to answer
interesting scientific and
business questions.
Survey publicly available data
sets about drugs
Publish and interlink these data
sets on the Web
Explore interesting questions that
could be answered if the data sets
are linked.
8 million RDF triples, which are
interlinked by more than
370,000 RDF links (As of
August 2009)
31. BBC Semantic Project
Publish program / music data as RDF/XML or RDFa
Build semantically linked and annotated web pages about artists and
singers whose songs are played on BBC radio stations.
semantically interconnected
32. DBpedia Mobile
Show map with information about nearby locations
Linked data browser
GPS + Google Maps + Dbpedia + Flickr + Revyu
33. Attention by Search Engines
Yahoo!
crawls Linked Data in its RDFa serialization as well as Microformat
Yahoo Search Monkey to make search results more useful and visually
appealing
Google
use Social Graph API
is developing Google Squared and Google Fusion Table
merged MetaWeb
manage Freebase, a DBpedia/YAGO competitor
36. Research Agenda
User Interfaces and Interaction Paradigms
Application Architectures
Schema Mapping and Data Fusion
Link Maintenance
Licensing
Trust, Quality and Relevance
Privacy
• see more details in IJSWIS Special Issue on Linked Data (http://www.ijswis.org/)
38. Context: Concepts
???
Shoes !!!
Objects… Services…
Objects (including users) embody the establishing meaning.
The meaning arises according to the context in the course of action.
The services should be autonomously provided by means of the context.
39. Context: Concepts
Service Cloud
Search and find if you want!! You may need these.
I will deliver them.
• Developers’ view
• Users’ view
40. Context: Usability
Web of Data Web of Services
IaaS
Linked Open Data
PaaS
Domain Ontolgies
SaaS
CKAN SIndice WSMO
voiD USDL
Context
Multi-tenant, ubiquitous rich experience devices
42. Context: Definition
Context:
Context is any information that can be used to characterize the situation
of an entity. An entity is a person, place, or object that is considered
relevant to the interaction between a user and an application, including
the user and application themselves. [A. Day and G. Abowd, 1999]
Typically , Location information, Proximity to devices, Places, Time,
Personal information, Environment factors as weather, temperature,
traffic, Status information of devices, Behavior of the user (e.g. talking,
sleeping, walking, …), User preferences, Personal fitness / health, Tasks,
Business process, …
Context is a essential, foundational information in human-computer interaction.
44. Context Modeling
Context Model
Define and store context data in a machine processable form
Properties of context information
may come from disparate sources and has a relatively transient lifetime.
exhibits a range of temporal characteristics.
Static vs. dynamic
may be imperfect.
Out of date
Faulty information from sensors
Unknown (due to disconnection)
has many alternative representations
is highly interrelated and dependent
sometimes should be persistence
Long lived context (history,...) vs. Short lived context (temperature,..)
45. Context Modeling Language
Context Modeling Language (CML): a tool to assist designers with the
task of exploring and specifying the context requirements of a context-
aware application.
CML is based on Object-Role Modeling (ORM), which was developed for
conceptual modeling of databases.
CML provides a graphical notation designed to support the software engineer
in analysing and formally specifying
The model captures:
the different classes and sources of context facts
dependencies between context fact types
imperfect information using quality metadata and the concept of alternatives
for capturing conflicting assertions
associations between users and communication channels and devices;
histories for certain fact types and constraints on those histories.
47. Standard Ontology For Pervasive Computing
SOUPA: Standard Ontology for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Applications
FOAF : People Profile, and Relationship
DAML-Time: Time, and Scheduling
RCC, OpenCyc: Description, Analysis Place and context
MoGATU-BDI, COBRA-ONT: Display and Analysis of Knowledge
Policy ontology (Rei): High Level Rules, Access Control
48. Context-aware Applications
A cell phone will always vibrate and never beep in a
concert, if the system can know the location of the
cell phone and the concert schedule.
A coffee machine that senses the user can make
coffee according to preferences.
A t-shirt automatically adjusts the ambient
temperature of the room by sensing body
temperature.
An airline check-in count automatically issues the
board pass according to the passenger context.
When you visit Berlin at first time, your smart
phone connects Facebook users who have already
been there to ask the best way to West Bahnhoff.
Context aware advertisements Tourist Guides & Navigation Systems Argument Reality
Office Awareness Systems Smart workspace
A Context-Aware Recommender System
Conference Assistant Telematics services
Location Aware Information Delivery
Emergency services Workflow management Package tracking services
49. Issues: Context-aware
Specific Context Definition to General Context Definition
Non-Flexible Context Models to Flexible and Extensible Context Model
Domain-specific Applications to General Frameworks
Provide Rich User Experience through diverse mobile devices
Service-oriented system based on Context Ontology
50. Research Directions
Real interaction: These technologies move the site and style of interaction
beyond the desktop and into the larger real world where we live and act.
Real-world services: The desktop is a well-understood, well-controlled
environment. Context
Context-aware computing is for the real world services.
51. Summary: Context-aware
Catalyst and enabler to make semantic technology real…
Gun for killer apps of semantic technology…
Real human-computer interaction
Unlimited opportunities ahead…
53. Semantic Technology
Scalability Personalization Context-aware
Semantic
Usability Interoperability Aggregation
Intelligence
Semantic Technology
Ontologies usually are application domain-dependent.
Healthcare Education Telecom Life Science Automotive
Banking Business Culture Library
Aero-Space Energy Manufacturing
Publishing Food Laws Human Relations
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54. Open Semantic Data Services
Industries R&D Users Education
Government Healthcare
Culture Rich Experience
Delivery Ubiquitous
Layer
Service Innovation
Layer Creativity
Service Cloud
Open Semantic Data Service Framework
Knowledge Knowledge Semantic Web-Scale Knowledge
Construction Registry Search Reasoning Management Interoperability
Core Reuse
Layer Semantic Service Service Service
Service Service
Service Access Delivery Partner
Repository Mashup
Discovery Control Man’mt Man’mt
Resource Public DB Public Resources
Openness
Layer
Sharing
Global Open Knowledge base
56. Research Strategy
Leave the Top-Down path.
No Grand semantic theory, No Grand upper ontology
Do not be overconfident about Semantic Technology.
Do not oversell the Semantic Technology.
Demonstrate Performance.
Early release is the key.
Show the power of Semantic Technology even though it is small
Do not oversell the Semantic Technology.
A little semantics goes a long way.
Beware the usefulness of shallow ontology shown in LOD.
Focus on the domain ontology.
Be convinced of the benefit of Semantic Technology.
Remember the community.
Open and Share your ontologies, tools and platforms.
Make it standard.
Wikipedia is all about semantics.
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57. R&D Agenda
Foundation Core Technologies Applications
Context: Semantic Repository Semantic services
• Context modeling • Automatic LOD population • Semantic search/discovery
• Knowledge-in-context • Linking relational DB to LOD • Semantic social network/semantic
• Context ontology (D2RQ, D2R,) graph/semantics for Internet of things
• Emotion ontology • Scalable LOD store and • Context-aware service (location-based
repository service, emotion-based service,
Ontology • Semantic index (Sindice, SIRE) personalized service)
• Ontology
mapping/matching Large-scale reasoning Rich user experience
• Large-scale reasoner (Larkc, • Personalized knowledge
Knowledge SILK) manager/Semantic browser (Siri,
• Knowledge extraction • Spatial/temporal reasoning Nepomuk)
• Knowledge mining • Parallel implementation of • Semantic augmented reality
reasoner (semantics+mobile+service)
Query processing Embedded semantics
• SPARQL engine • Green It using semantic sensor
• SPARQL/SQL integrator network
• Context-aware robot
Semantic Services
• Semantic service Domain applications
• Semantic service platform (Talis) • Semantic business process
• Semantic service mashup management
• Semantic e-commerce
• Semantic e-government
• Semantic e-learning
58. Conclusions
Semantic Technologies need to go where the data is !
Long Live Semantic Technology !
Early adaptation of Semantic Technology is the king !
Link, Integrate,
Embed Semantic Technology!
Ontology is the common shared conceptualization.
Ontology is the common vocabulary to communicate.
We are live in the networked planet.
Connection, Cooperation and Collaboration !
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