How the Internet of Things and People can help improve our health, well-being and quality of life

Maged N. Kamel Boulos, MBBCh, PhD, SMIEEE
Professor and Chair of Digital Health
The Alexander Graham Bell Centre for Digital Health
University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland, UK
maged.kamelboulos@uhi.ac.uk
mnkboulos@ieee.org
twitter: @mnkboulos
From smart cities and regions to smart,
healthy individuals: how the Internet of
Things and People can help improve our
health, well-being and quality of life

About this lecture
• I thought I would share with you some key highlights of the European
experience (including that of some European cities in WHO Euro
Healthy Cities Network) in this domain.
• I will also include some highlights of related past and present research
projects I worked/am working on.
All video excerpts in this presentation are either public domain or used under the 'fair use' principle. In its most general sense, a fair use is
any copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and “transformative” purpose, such as to comment upon, criticize, parody, or highlight
(for research and scholarship) a copyrighted work. Such uses can be done without permission from the copyright owner.

Agenda – October 2017 update
• The Internet of Things (and People) (IoT): a primer with examples
• IoT standards and protocols
• IoT big data and analytics
• IoT and connected health / smart lifestyle and nutrition
• IoT-powered cities and regions: towards self-aware, smart and
potentially healthier cities and regions
• Case study: Barcelona and Sant Cugat (a suburb north of Barcelona)
• Linking people to people – social inclusion in the digital age
• The 'distributed city model' or 'smart countryside' for sparsely
populate regions (as in Finland and North of Scotland)
• Concerns: IoT data and device privacy and security
• Metrics: a note on measuring happiness
• Conclusions / Where and how can smart-cities-to-be begin

The Internet of Things (and People)
• The Universe, our bodies and the physical animate and inanimate objects around us have
always generated enormous amounts of data, but we were not able to fully capture and
make sense of those data until recently.
• Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) enables almost everything (people and objects on our
planet and the Universe) to be automatically identified and located, e.g., using RFID or
Radio-Frequency IDentification tags, instrumented using a very wide array of specialised
sensors or detectors to capture data, and connected / interconnected to cloud servers for
storage, processing and 'in context' / 'intelligent' analysis of captured data.
By 2020, 50 billion things and
devices will be equipped with
unique identifiers.
Image source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfhcPvwzJF0
'Internet of Things' was added
to Oxford Dictionaries in 2013:
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
definition/english/Internet-of-things

• The results are smarter 'things' and smarter
environments in which people and objects interact
and cooperate with each other in better and new
ways that can vastly improve our quality of life.
• A 'quantified self' is now possible, thanks to a
growing range of wireless sensors in gadgets /
wearables (e.g., smartwatches and smart garments),
ingestibles and implantables that can continuously
monitor and track in real time various aspects of a
person's daily life and clinical status.
• Internet-connected wireless health sensors and
sensors around the home are key to modern
telehealthcare services (also known as 'connected
health/care'), particularly those aimed at prolonging
the independent living or 'ageing well' of older
people (Ambient Assisted Living—AAL).
The 'smart garment' used in the eCAALYX EU-funded
AAL project: http://ecaalyx.org/
https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/16/apple-watch-saved-my-life-says-man.html

• Connected 'things' can also have remotely-
controlled actuators or other mechanisms to
trigger or modify actions carried out by those
objects according to needs measured by
sensors (or user-initiated), e.g., in home
automation (domotics) scenarios.
• Public engagement / citizen sensing /
crowdsourced efforts: the 'Air Quality Egg'
example - http://airqualityegg.com/.
Source (Kamel Boulos, 2013):
http://www.slideshare.net/sl.medic/public-engagement-
and-participation-in-health-geography

http://myshake.berkeley.edu/
A citizen science network to reduce
earthquake damage

How to convert an object to a connected 'smart thing'
• Suppose we have a chair. We want to know (using an Internet-
connected smartphone / tablet or computer) from anywhere in the
world if it is occupied, and who is currently sitting in it.
• To convert the chair into a smart one, we first need to give it a
unique identity (IPv6) to uniquely identify it and connect to it
specifically (as opposed to all other / similar chairs in the same
room or elsewhere).
• We then need to give it the ability to communicate (wirelessly) and
equip it with the ability to 'sense' its own status and its
environment via sensors.
• A pressure sensor on the seat can detect whether the chair is
occupied or not. An RFID tag reader attached to the seat can
identify any tagged person sitting in it.
• We can even think of ways to control that chair, e.g., move it, from
anywhere in the world, using a remotely-controlled actuator /
motor (though this does not make useful sense with the chair
example).
Image and example source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaTIt1C5R-M
(Dr John Barrett, Cork Institute of Technology)
https://dev.windows.com/en-US/iot
http://goo.gl/UNCDPi

• Boundaries between 'digital' (bits/data) and 'physical' (atoms/things) are getting
blurred:
Internet-connected smartphones, phablets* and similar can also sense and 'recognise'
where we are (location awareness) and the persons, places, things and objects around us
(via camera/cloud-powered image recognition, QR [Quick Response] code scanning, etc.),
and link them to relevant information (e.g., 'Layar' augmented reality app, ESRI 'My Place
History' geomedicine app, Amazon Fire Phone [failed] and Google Glass [is now back]), or
even use them as elements of a digital game (or exergame) taking place in the real world!
* Phone-tablet

Below: A WeChat Pay system is demonstrated at
a canteen in Guangzhou, China, 9 May 2017.
REUTERS/Bobby Yip
Above: Amazon Go: Futuristic supermarkets with no checkouts
Amazon's technologies will automatically know which products
you've left the supermarket with. Customers can walk in, take
what they want and walk straight out.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrmMk1Myrxc

Video: IoT-powered (connected) pillbox
• Length: 0:38 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTdRUwl9JsA (also
locally embedded on next slide)

Connected vehicles
• The emerging EU 'connected cars' vision and standards (see
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-141_en.htm) have the
potential of reducing traffic bottlenecks and road traffic accidents, in
addition to improving ambulance response times.
Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkIXHzcU5XA

Video: IoT-powered vehicles
• Length: 0:38 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkIXHzcU5XA (also
locally embedded on next slide)

IoT in criminal justice
• Law enforcement entities are increasingly turning to Fitbits and similar internet-
connected devices for time- and location-stamped information regarding criminal
investigations

Standards & protocols
• In IoT, everything has an IP
address. Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6) uses 128-bit
addresses, allowing 2128, or
~3.4×1038 addresses, i.e.,
>7.9×1028 times as many as
IPv4, which uses 32-bit
addresses and provides ~4.3
billion addresses.
• There are very many other
protocols and standards required
to make IoT work, e.g., 'data
plumbing' standards, IEEE
802.15.4 standard for low-rate
Image source: Adjuvi LLC
HAN: Home Area Network
HVAC: Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
MEMS: MicroElectroMechanical Systems
RFID: Radio-Frequency Identification
wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) and ISO/IEC 18092 standard
for Near Field Communication (NFC), Continua Version 2015 (compilation of
standards and specs for connected health / personal telehealth), among
many others.

IoT generates (and consumes) big data
• IoT-driven sensors, devices, systems and services generate big amounts of real-time data
(not all of which are trustworthy and reliable).
• Much of the IoT-generated 'big data' are geo-tagged or geo-located. Location gives
important context ('where'), as well as being an essential piece of information to know
when responding to events and deploying appropriate actions (but also has some
individual privacy implications).
• Big data and their context are key to gaining new insights that can inform better
decision making in various scenarios. The importance of having robust, intelligent
analytics systems in place to process and make sense of such data in real time cannot,
thus, be overestimated.
The 4Vs of big data: According to Gartner (2012), "big
data are high Volume, high Velocity, and/or high Variety
information assets that require new forms of processing
to enable enhanced decision making, insight discovery
and process optimisation". A fourth V for 'Veracity' can be
added to the definition to emphasise the importance of
establishing data trustworthiness and accuracy.

IoT big data examples
• Farmers can now use sensors to
continuously monitor cows' health and
track their movements, ensuring better
milk supply for human consumption.
• On average, each cow generates
200MB of data/year!
• 'Quantified self' data from the growing
number of personal clinical and health
& fitness wearables / sensors available
today can easily exceed the above
figure (per person).
Image sources:
CISCO, Apple and Fitbit

^ Above (left): The types of physiological
data points and the wearable sensors under
development or on the market to monitor
them. Illustration by PureTech. From:
Defining digital medicine, Nature
Biotechnology 33, 456–461 (2015)
doi:10.1038/nbt.3222
(not a comprehensive/complete list)
Connected health
and lifestyle sensors
and gadgets
'Smart toilets' that would
recognise its user and carry out
biomarker and microbiota analysis
to inform and help formulate
highly-individualised lifestyle and
diet recommendations

Connected health: an 'Internet of Food' for smart nutrition and
lifestyle (Kamel Boulos, 2014 – present)
• Problem / application to China: China is ranked the world's second for obesity, after the United
States, particularly in larger cities where fast food culture and unhealthy lifestyles prevail. China's
most recent child and adolescent obesity figures are also very alarming. Overweight and obesity
are a documented leading risk factor of major non-communicable diseases (not just in the EU, but
worldwide; e.g., China now has the world's largest and fastest growing diabetes epidemic).
• Problems of current solutions: poor compliance and adherence;
lack of accuracy and precision; lack of true personalisation; not taking
individual factors such as metabolism, gut flora, gut hormone levels,
genetic profile, etc. into consideration; no proper prediction of clinical
risks; inflexible and non-negotiable diet and lifestyle recommendations
no true ecosystem/expandability.

Well-tailored P5-Health-compliant
smart nutrition and lifestyle e-
interventions (Precision, Predictive,
Preventive, Personalised and
Participatory Health).

Big data analytics
• There are three main analytics levels:
• Descriptive analytics: what has happened and where (smart location) / the
'big picture';
• Prescriptive analytics: choices currently available; and
• Anticipatory / predictive analytics: what could happen next and how to be
prepared / take action.
• Health is geospatial, and if we can see trends spatially (the 'where' /
smart location component), we can monitor and improve
population and individuals' health.
• But do not go beyond the actual statistical strength of the (big) data;
accommodate sound 'error bars' around all inferred predictions.
• Also 'big data' methods can only be truly useful if they are paired
with traditional forms of information collection, or what some
researchers call 'small data'.
Image source: IBM -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfEbMV295Kk

Big data analytics: artificial intelligence
• A major way to keep up with the IoT-generated medical/health data and gain the
hidden insights it holds is by using specialised AI, machine learning and cognitive
computing (e.g., IBM Watson Health and Google DeepMind Health).
• See Kamel Boulos (2016): https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/sl.medic/ibm-
watson-health-how-cognitive-technologies-have-begun-transforming-clinical-
medicine-and-healthcare

Machine learning / deep learning (AI comeback) are not
a panacea
• Human learning remains unmatched by any machine.
• That big data 'AI bubble' we are witnessing today will
burst again! (cf. the 1980s)
• A highly-recommended article by Rodney Brooks:
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609048/the-seven-deadly-
sins-of-ai-predictions/
The "sponge-like learning
that humans engage in,
making rapid progress in a
new domain without having
to be surgically altered or
purpose-built" is
unparalleled.

 Wall M: Ebola: Can big data analytics help contain its spread? BBC News 2014 Oct 15, Online at
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29617831
 Lazer D et al.: The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis. Science 2014, 343(6176):1203-1205.
 Gomes L: Interview with IEEE Fellow Michael I. Jordan on 'Why (or when) big data could be a big fail'. IEEE
Spectrum 2014 Oct 20, Online at http://spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/artificial-intelligence/machinelearning-
maestro-michael-jordan-on-the-delusions-of-big-data-and-other-huge-engineering-efforts#qaTopicThree
Cities and regions should avoid being lost in a costly flood of big data, by starting with (the right) questions,
not with data, and by using the right-sized data and analytics ('big data diet' and 'light analytics') to answer
those questions.

Dashboards and real-time visualisation
Smart traffic management in Hamburg, Germany
Image source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoEPlE8Pg7I

IoT-powered cities
• "The cities of the future will be self-aware, much
like a being. These cities will be able to reconfigure
themselves, based on what’s happening, and what
might happen, in the immediate future.
• "You have two versions of cities. One is made of
atoms. You and me, and cars, and all this sort of
thing. We are atoms. Then you have another
version which is a mirror city, which is made of bits.
And the two are connected to one another. If you
have sensors in the one, it can connect to the
other."
--Roberto Saracco, Chair of IEEE's
(Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers) Future
Directions Committee and EIT ICT
Labs Italian Node Director

Diagram source: Roscia et al., 2013 - DOI:10.1109/ICRERA.2013.6749783
Smart Health or sHealth
Reactive mHealth -->
Proactive (P4) sHealth

Barcelona: an IoT-powered smart city
• A 500-Km-long underground fibre network is
being installed progressively as the city carries
out routine maintenance to its roads and
other underground services, which helps
reduce installation costs significantly.
• Solar-panel-powered smart bus stops are
connected to the city's fibre network. They
display real-time bus information and times,
tourist information and digital advertising,
offer USB (Universal Serial Bus) charging
sockets for mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablets, and act as free WiFi
(Wireless Fidelity) hotspots, allowing people to
connect to the Internet using their mobile
devices while waiting for a bus.
Image source: http://paulwallbank.com/2013/11/01/touring-barcelona-smart-
city-internet-of-things/

• The city's smart parking spots are also
connected to Barcelona's WiFi network.
They detect the presence of cars through a
combination of light and metal detectors.
• Online searching and payment for the
smart parking spots is possible using
dedicated smartphone apps.
Image source: http://paulwallbank.com/2013/11/01/touring-barcelona-smart-
city-internet-of-things/
Icon of apparkB app
for Android and iOS
• Reduce traffic congestion
• Lower air and noise pollution

• A city-wide network of sensors provides real-time
information on the flow of citizens, noise and other
forms of environmental pollution, as well as traffic
and weather conditions, enabling local authorities to
streamline city operations for better environmental
management, reduction of costs, and improvement
of socioeconomic and environmental sustainability.
• Barcelona's highly-energy-efficient LED (Light-Emitting
Diode) streetlights are fitted with CCTV (Closed-Circuit
TeleVision), environmental monitoring sensors
(humidity, temperature, air quality / pollution and noise)
and WiFi.
• The streetlights are capable of dynamically managing
the level of lighting depending on surrounding
conditions to save energy, e.g., dim lights when no
motion or pedestrians are detected in the street. Image source: http://paulwallbank.com/2013/11/01/touring-barcelona-smart-city-
internet-of-things/

• Barcelona's smart grid developments
include rolling out one million new smart
electricity meters in the city, providing
customers with higher energy usage
awareness and optimisation tools, and
helping them better plan and adapt their
consumption for greater savings and
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
such as CO2 and NOx.
• Barcelona is also a strong supporter of
electric vehicles and created Spain's first
electric vehicle fast recharge point. An innovative solar-powered building in Barcelona
Image sources:
http://www.endesa.com/en/aboutEndesa/businessLines/principalesproyectos/Pagina
s/Barcelona_Smartcity.aspx and http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaTIt1C5R-M

• Barcelona's wirelessly-connected garbage bins are fitted
with sensors that monitor trash levels.
• The data reach the city council's team in charge,
enabling the team to plan the optimal routes for garbage
collection, update garbage truck drivers in real time
regarding which routes to take, and in this way optimise
productivity and reduce waste management service
costs, as well as pollution caused by garbage trucks.
• Other compact drop-off street containers connect
through pipes to a subterranean vacuum network
sucking up trash below the ground, thus decreasing
noise and air pollution caused by garbage trucks.
Image sources: http://paulwallbank.com/2013/11/01/touring-barcelona-smart-city-
internet-of-things/ and http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4175829/20140226/ten-
reasons-why-barcelona-is-smart-city.html

• Smart parks at Sant Cugat (a
suburb 20 Km north of
Barcelona) are watered only
when necessary, thanks to
sensors capturing the degree
of soil humidity and air
temperature in order to
determine the exact amounts
of water needed.
Image source: http://vimeo.com/32661217

Video: Sant Cugat (a suburb of Barcelona)
smart city pilot
• Length: 04:05 - http://vimeo.com/32661217 (also locally embedded on next slide)
See also:
Barcelona embraces IoT to
create a smart city (03:50) -
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=TCbvxb5t5_8

Barcelona: benefits of being an IoT-powered smart city
• An economic growth opportunity: Thanks to IoT, the city was able to
make big savings in areas such as smart water (savings of €42.5 million a
year) and lighting and parking management (increased revenues of
parking fees by 33% or €36.5 million), besides creating 47,000 new jobs
related to the smart city developments in Barcelona (source:
http://www.forbes.com/sites/connieguglielmo/2014/01/07/ces-live-cisco-ceo-chambers-to-deliver-keynote/).
• Better quality of life for citizens and visitors: According to Antoni Vives,
Barcelona's Deputy Mayor for Urban Habitat, the main rationale behind
his city's embracement of IoT is to improve the quality of life of people.
Antoni Vives describes his ultimate vision of a smarter Barcelona by 2023
as "a city of culture, creativity, knowledge but mainly fairness and well-
being; a place where people live near where they work; a city self-
sufficient in energy; a zero emission city and a city hyperconnected to the
world".

Barcelona IoT: not everything worked quite as expected
• What other cities can learn from Barcelona's smart city experiment:
https://www.ft.com/content/6d2fe2a8-722c-11e7-93ff-99f383b09ff9
• "There is a need to focus on what IoT can do to serve the people, instead of a technology push agenda,
and to encourage citizens to participate in smart city planning policies.
• "Some of the technological innovations have produced benefits different to those originally planned.
Others didn't prove useful. In one project, electromagnetic sensors were placed under street parking bays
to indicate whether they were free or occupied. Whenever a subway train stopped beneath, however, its
mass of metal tripped the sensors to read 'occupied' until the train moved on. Moreover, since parking
places are typically filled within 30 seconds of becoming available, it became apparent there was little
point developing a system to direct drivers to free spaces.
• "City Hall ended up with a lot of data, with a lot of dashboards, and yet without any capacity to really use
data and information to take better decisions for the public good, or give ownership of the data to citizens.
• "There are a lot of different silos, a lot of sensor vendors, a lot of different applications, and the first thing
we need is a common layer. The main lesson learnt in Barcelona is that the first thing needed to become a
successful smart city is to start deploying a common platform, to create an open-source sensor network,
with common standards, connected to a computer platform managed by the city itself."

• Video: Nice, France: an IoT-powered smart city
Length: 3:41 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=neVyOTXB4eI
• Video: Hamburg, Germany: an IoT-powered smart city
Length: 3:28 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoEPlE8Pg7I
• Video: Milton Keynes, England, UK - MK:Smart
Length: 2:58 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6KIu3ojtrNs
• Video: OPEN Glasgow, Scotland, UK https://youtu.be/5n0wX3_QLrc
Length: 6:52 (and http://open.glasgow.gov.uk/)
• Singapore: https://www.engadget.com/2016/11/03/singapore-
smart-nation-smart-city/
• And many more cities…
• Related video: Internet of Things World
Barcelona 2013 Keynote Demo:
additional creative IoT application
examples for cities (CISCO)
Length: 13:31 –
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IpRrYbHiKAM
There are many more smart city examples around the world

Linking people to people
"How accepted and supported we feel affects the biological pathways that skew
the genetic expression of a disease, while feeling isolated leaves a loneliness
imprint on every cell." --American social neuroscientist John T Cacioppo
(University of Chicago)
• Social inclusion, the feeling of belonging and connectedness to a cohesive
group of family, friends and neighbours, is key to healthy ageing (and healthy
living for all age groups). Training older people in social media carries the
potential of improving well-being and combatting social isolation.
• Various studies have shown that people with better social support suffer less
heart attacks, have more protection from serious complications following
stroke, greater tissue repair, faster recovery from illness, fight cancer better,
can keep memories for longer, and live a longer healthier life.
• Research evidence shows that Internet use and social engagement can also protect against health
literacy decline during ageing, independent of cognitive decline.
• Also, there is evidence that helping and supporting others can make people of all ages happier and
healthier.

• IoT can help users form a variety of communities of practice (smart
communities) for enhancing the quality of life and curating available
expertise in the community; for example:
• a smart home community-based service to allow collective baby and child
care among neighbours;
• a ‘car sharing service’ that combines social interactions (people offering to
help each other, driver ratings, incentives, etc.) and IoT technology (location
services, ride advertising and matching services, etc.) under one platform;
• refranchising older (and younger unemployed) people via e-labour exchange
services, further helped by the connected European Digital Single Market
initiative; and

• 'Vincles BCN', a mobile app by the Spanish city of Barcelona
aimed at helping Barcelona's older people develop and maintain
stronger social ties and networks with trusted and secure circles
of social workers, volunteers, neighbours, friends and family. The
app allows older users to engage in activities with their trusted
networks, such as making calls, sending and receiving
multimedia content, sharing a calendar and transferring money
easily and safely, so that they no longer feel isolated or lonely,
and can more easily find help when they need it, while at the
same time continuing to live independently.

Video: Vincles BCN
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eD-x4niIe6I

• Samsung Tunisia's app for helping people with Alzheimer's disease utilises a device's Bluetooth
connectivity to discover other nearby devices running the same app. A connection to those devices is
then made, if they are in a 10-meter (33 feet) range. Backup Memory then pulls information
(memories and photos) regarding the nearby person (e.g., a family member) and presents it to the
patient to stimulate his/her memory and help him/her recognise the nearby person.
https://youtu.be/qHJiJabtASI

Research direction: Data-driven incentives
for citizen cooperation in smart communities
Source:
http://ict.unitn.it/application/project_specific_grants
^ Gamified
‘connected garbage
bin’ (TetraBIN)

Rural populations are shrinking
worldwide (1950 [70%] – 2030 [40%])
2015 = 46%

The 'distributed city' model (smart countryside)
• While acknowledging that there is 'no-one-size-fits-all' IoT-driven
smart city solution for cities of different sizes, needs and settings, the
'economies of scale', determined by the size of the population to be
served by a given IoT service, usually play an important and decisive
role when deploying sustainable smart services that are cost-efficient
and cost-effective, and thus good value for taxpayers' money.
• Smaller towns and villages tend to be left at a disadvantage because of their much smaller
population sizes and modest local capacities and resources, all of which make the deployment of
some IoT-driven smart services prohibitively expensive and non-viable at such limited scales.
• However, there is no reason why the populations of smaller and rural settlements should be left
lagging behind, especially when one considers the negative consequences in terms of the
difficulty these regions have in retaining their best local skills and stopping the eventual 'brain
drain' of young professionals to the surrounding larger, more attractive and more opportunity-
filled cities.

• It has been said there is 'power in unity', and this cannot be truer than in the case of
small neighbouring towns and villages (e.g., the Scottish Highlands and Islands, as well as
sparsely populated regions in Nordic countries such as Finland) uniting together to reach
the required economies of scale when their local populations and resources are pooled
together under some suitable single administrative umbrella to form a larger 'distributed
city'.
• But for this pooling and the subsequent deployment of smart services to occur and
succeed, the smaller settlements within a distributed city will need to be well connected
with each other and the rest of the country by a good network of physical roads and/or
highways and most importantly by reliable, high-speed cable and mobile Internet (cf. a
metropolis and its suburbs consisting of multiple smaller cities and towns).

• A distributed city of this kind can potentially become a 'magnet' for young and skilled
professionals, as the countryside and smaller towns are converted into more attractive
and digitally connected settlements, with new economic growth and job opportunities
and better services akin to those found in larger cities and metropolises, thus removing
the negative connotations generally
associated with rurality, while preserving
the countryside's unique good character
(e.g., the quiet and beautiful nature, fresh
air and less crowded public spaces) that is
still preferred by many.

IoT data and device privacy and security
• As more of our personal 'quantified self' (health and other) data, and data
originating from our devices, appliances, vehicles, offices and homes get
stored, processed, interlinked and shared online on the 'cloud', questions
and concerns arise about data privacy, misuse (e.g., unauthorised sharing /
unwanted advertising) and security / hacking attacks.
Image sources: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfhcPvwzJF0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaTIt1C5R-M (Dr John Barrett, Cork Institute of Technology)

http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/05/09/the-revolution-will-be-digitized/

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2737708/Is-smart-TV-SPYING-family-
Investigation-reveals-personal-data-TV-sets-knows-you.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25042563
"Smart TV brands monitor the programmes you
watch and the websites you browse to offer
personalised recommendations for TV shows -
but this information can be passed on to
advertisers to target viewers more accurately"

Maker of Internet-connected
robot vacuum Roomba 980 reveals
controversial plan to sell 3D maps
of your home to gadget firms
http://www.ioti.com/security/iot-
privacy-and-tricky-question-data-
ownershipV
Could close deal to sell maps to Amazon,
Apple or Google in the next few years
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4724684/Roomba-
vacuum-maker-iRobot-betting-big-smart-home.html
<-Userconvenience---------Privacy->

• Data linking (often combined with rather simple AI) makes it very possible
to "paint" and continually update a comprehensive and detailed 'life/lifestyle
profile' of a given individual, as the person acquires more and more
sensors/devices and/or visits interlinked Web sites (Facebook, cookies, etc.),
all of which capture and send monitoring and usage pattern data about the
individual.
• These linkages can be used to offer highly personalised recommendations and
experiences to the user, but there are real individual privacy and security risks
involved (big brother tracking), if the process is left untamed in the hands of
(unethical) commercial and other providers.
• Linking different personal data sources should only be made when necessary
and beneficial to the user and with the person's understanding and consent. If
a user opts for 'do not track' (or similar settings), this should be honoured.

Big data meets Big Brother as China moves to rate its citizens
The Chinese government plans to launch its Social Credit System in 2020. The aim? To judge
the trustworthiness – or otherwise – of its 1.3 billion residents
http://www.wired.co.uk/article/chinese-government-social-credit-score-privacy-invasion
"Imagine a world where many of your daily activities were constantly monitored and evaluated: what you buy at the shops
and online; where you are at any given time; who your friends are and how you interact with them; how many hours you
spend watching content or playing video games; and what bills and taxes you pay (or not). It's not hard to picture, because
most of that already happens, thanks to all those data-collecting behemoths like Google, Facebook and Instagram or health-
tracking apps such as Fitbit. But now imagine a system where all
these behaviours are rated as either positive or negative and distil-
led into a single number, according to rules set by the government.
That would create your Citizen Score and it would tell everyone
whether or not you were trustworthy. Plus, your rating would be
publicly ranked against that of the entire population and used to
determine your eligibility for a mortgage or a job, where your
children can go to school - or even just your chances of getting
a date."
Good or bad? Depends on process ethics, exact nature and extent
of the implementation, scoring criteria, data protection safeguards,
'rehabilitation' and redress mechanisms (if any), etc.

• Length: 6:06 - http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p025z1kq (also locally
embedded on next slide)
Video excerpts from 'BBC Horizon 2014-2015
Episode 4: Inside the Dark Web'
Image source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25662006

• Data ownership and 'right to be
forgotten' issues:
"[Consumers] may think we're in
charge of our shopper cards and our
mobile apps and our smart fridges—
but … let's not fool ourselves. [The
information] is not ours. It belongs to
Google, and IBM, and Cisco
Systems…and the global Mega-Corp
that owns your local supermarket. If
you don't believe us, just try
removing 'your' data from their
databases."
--Katherine Albrecht and Katina Michael (2013) Image source: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=6679311

http://www.wired.com/2008/03/scientists-demo/
http://krebsonsecurity.com/2012/04/fbi-smart-meter-
hacks-likely-to-spread/
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/10/business
/10hack.html
http://krebsonsecurity.com/2012/04/fbi-smart-meter-
hacks-likely-to-spread/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29475566
http://www.forbes.com/sites/singularity/2012/12/06/yes-
you-can-hack-a-pacemaker-and-other-medical-devices-
too/

A hack that activated
hurricane sirens in
Dallas is a harmless
warning about a far
more serious
problem
https://www.technologyreview.co
m/s/604124/smart-cities-could-
be-crippled-by-dumb-security/

Suggested reading: https://www.iotforall.com/5-worst-iot-hacking-vulnerabilities/
• Devices that cannot
have their software,
passwords, or
firmware updated
should never be
implemented
• Changing the default
username and
password should be
mandatory for the
installation of any
device on the Internet
• Passwords for IoT
devices should be
unique per device,
especially when they
are connected to the
Internet
• Always patch IoT
devices with the latest
software and firmware
updates to mitigate
vulnerabilities

Minimise security risks: Not everything needs to be 'smart'
and 'Internet-connected'. Avoid 'gimmicky' products offering no
real, practical value
• A coffee maker with built-in, non-Internet-connected programmable
timer (and high usability/ergonomics) would do almost the same tricks.
• Users of some models of the so-called "smart" WiFi-connected coffee
machines on the market today spent hours of frustration setting them
up and troubleshooting the coffee machine's connection to the
Internet/to the user's smartphone.
• It is much cheaper and quicker (also possibly more relaxing) to manually
prepare a cup of coffee or use a ‘dumb’ coffee maker,
with no security risks involved ☺
Smart?

• http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/fridges-cameras-sainsburys-food-
waste_uk_573ca4d1e4b058ab71e628d1
• http://www.techtimes.com/articles/159288/20160518/in-the-age-of-iot-theres-
a-smart-tampon-that-tells-you-when-its-time-to-change.htm
• http://www.wsj.com/articles/smart-tampon-the-internet-of-every-single-thing-
must-be-stopped-1464198157
Users' fridge contents and
menstrual cycle details
The smart fridge could be well
worth it if well implemented, but is
a smart tampon really needed?
^ Smart hairbrush by Nokia
i.Con: lets users
know how good
they are in bed,
detects signs of STIs

IoT data and device privacy and security:
some possible solutions
• Individuals can be offered an option to 'opt out' of syncing their data with third-party or
public cloud databases and services and become their own service providers. Using home
(private) cloud-computing systems, individuals store their information privately instead of
relying on companies, and choose what data leave their homes (or private cloud) and
become part of the public cloud and what do not. However, by doing so, they might lose
some features and functionality offered by third-party processing and interlinking* of their
data (see http://theinstitute.ieee.org/technology-focus/technology-topic/the-value-of-privacy).
• In its report "IoT Privacy, Data Protection, Information Security" published in January 2013,
the European Union recommends the development of privacy-friendly default settings on
IoT products and services that would give users more control over what information is
shared with others. It also suggests that IoT networks give individuals the rights to their
own data.
* with additional own data and/or others' data, e.g., to
answer the question: 'how do I compare to others'.

^ HP sells printers equipped with wireless (Internet-connected)
sensors that monitor ink levels and automatically trigger online
reorders before clients run out
"Getting customers to agree to have their products
monitored, which in turn means giving them
something of value in return. (…) This is especially
the case when a company's wireless sensors are
transmitting sensitive customer data such as medical
conditions.
"Data must be processed and acted upon quickly (or
else the service would be useless)."
https://hbr.org/2016/06/using-iot-
data-to-understand-how-your-
products-perform
<—Max. convenience——'Sweet spot'——Max. privacy—>
Only send those data that are absolute-
ly necessary for service delivery, as long
as user wants the service; users have
full control, know which data are being
sent and how they are going to be used,
and can fully turn off data sending
when they want so
Data sending
on
Data sending
off
Limited or no
service
IoT value exchange vs. privacy:
Or consider the smart connected speakers
on offer today: Amazon Echo, Apple
HomePod, and Google Home

Give back control to IoT device owners/users
• IoT device manufacturers can/should implement
micro-client-side policies on IoT devices that users
can control (e.g., to set bounding values such as
temperature limits, so that deliberate attacks aimed
at sending equipment out of limits can be
prevented), as well as hardware switches to allow
users to physically turn off features such as network
and location functions. The latter (hardware
switches) would afford a visible indication of the
physical state of a connected device (with no need
for a software user interface), besides enforcing a
local, hardware-controlled form of security that
cannot be easily overridden remotely.
• Users should not be penalised because of their data
sharing choices or to force them to opt-in/turn data
sending on. Functions that do not rely on data not
shared by users should never be blocked or disabled
in any way.
Smart connected plants
http://iot.ieee.org/newsletter/november-2014/riding-and-
surviving-the-iot-rodeo-helping-users-stay-in-control.html

Privacy and security at the concept (design) stage
• While the research was successful at documenting
and highlighting the risks associated with IoT
deployments in health/care, the industry has
somewhat failed to follow and tackle those issues,
focusing more on rapid profit generation and
usability (user convenience).
• Device and service security and user privacy are
often addressed as an afterthought, if at all, even
though they should be given prominent priority
from the very early concept and design stages.
• As we rely more and more on the IoT, the above
wisdom becomes imperative, not optional. Failing
that could cost lives, e.g., self-driving connected
cars that get remotely hacked killing passengers and
pedestrians, etc.
Are we ready?!
http://bit.ly/2uWaRPJ

Metrics: Measuring and benchmarking smart cities and
regions and their impact on happiness and well-being
• European Parliament's 2014 report/comparisons: Mapping Smart Cities in the EU
• European Smart City Model Version 3.0 (2014) by TU - Vienna University of Technology
• OECD Better Life Index and Regional Well-Being: The ultimate outcomes of happiness
and well-being can be tricky to measure, but the OECD's approach is quite notable with
their Better Life Index, covering the 34 OECD member countries, and their related OECD
Regional Well-Being--'How's life where you are?' tool, which covers 362 OECD regions
(OECD defines regions as the first tier of sub-national government, e.g., the region of
Catalonia in Spain, rather than the city of Barcelona).

Measuring happiness and well-being
• OECD is focusing on outputs rather than on the conventional 'raw'
system inputs, such as indicators of material wealth and deprivation.
• Also focusing on what actually affects outputs. For example, education may help individuals live
longer, participate more actively in civic life, commit fewer crimes, rely less on social assistance,
and be less affected by unemployment trends. But it is the quality of education that really matters
the most when considering the positive effects that education can have on people's lives. Rather
than just measuring graduation rates, which while important, tell very little as to the quality of
education received, the Better Life Index measures Education as a function of both educational
attainment and student skills (the latter are computed from the results of OECD's Programme for
International Student Assessment or PISA, and serve as
a proxy to quality of education).
See these metrics details in: Kamel Boulos MN, Tsouros AD,
Holopainen A. 'Social, innovative and smart cities are happy
and resilient': insights from the WHO EURO 2014 International
Healthy Cities Conference. Int J Health Geogr. 2015 Jan 14;
14(1):3. http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/14/1/3

Conclusions
• IoT-powered smart cities aim at improving the quality of life of their
populations in a variety of ways, including through measures that promote eco-
friendly, sustainable environments and the delivery of 'connected health/care'
services to citizens at home and on the move.
• Smart cities and regions stand better chances of becoming healthier cities and
regions. The WHO and associated national Healthy Cities networks have
hundreds of member cities around the world that could benefit from, and
harness the power of, IoT to improve the health and well-being of their local
populations.
• IoT-powered smart cities rely on a growing number of sub-technologies and
subsystems that need to be seamlessly interconnected and interfaced with one
another in real time. This can only be achieved through the adoption of
adequate standards and protocols for measurement, communication,
integration, interoperability and control.

Conclusions
• IoT sensors, devices, systems and services generate big amounts of real-time data,
much of which are geo-located. The main challenge facing smart cities and smart-
cities-to-be is how to make sense and best use of such 'big data', while preserving
citizens' privacy and data security. Cities can only be really 'smart' if they have in
place the necessary intelligent, robust and reliable analytics functions to integrate and
synthesise these big data, and filter out any unwanted 'noise' for the purposes of
better planning and managing city operations and systems (including healthcare).
• Innovation is key to avoiding collapse and promoting sustainability of large cities and
their infrastructures. IoT for cities is a major innovation, able to stimulate other forms
of innovation, and in doing so, generate economic value, growth and competitive
advantage.
• Rural regions should not be left behind! ('distributed city model'/smart countryside)

The fourth industrial revolution is here!
Don't miss it H&I!
• "The Internet of Things represents the fourth industrial revolution,
opening up opportunities for a more enjoyable life and new and
better ways of doing business. While IoT will create entirely new
business models, innovations will have to come more quickly for
companies to stay relevant. To do this, managers need to envision
the valuable new opportunities that become possible when the
physical world is merged with the virtual world and where
potentially every physical object can be both intelligent and
networked. Starting now, they must create the organisations and
IoT-based business models that can turn these ideas into reality."
Third Industrial Revolution (beginning from the late 1950s to the late 1970s): the change from analogue, mechanical and
electronic technology to digital technology (start of the 'Information Age').
Second Industrial Revolution (2nd half of the 19th century until World War I): the period from the introduction of Bessemer
steel in the 1860s to early factory electrification, mass production and the production line (Ford Model T car in 1908).
First Industrial Revolution (2nd half of the 18th century until 1820-1840): the transition to new manufacturing processes, going
from hand production methods to machines, with new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved
efficiency of water power, increasing use of steam power and the change from wood fuel to coal.
--Matthew Jennings,
Managing Director, Bosch
Software Innovations
(2014)

Practical notes: Where and how do we begin
• IoT has been abused to "solve problems" that are not really problems, while posing
serious security, individual privacy and 'infoglut' challenges, and fuelling rampant
consumerism. From connected cars, smart (and camera-fitted) fridges and plants fitted
with sensors to smart water bottles, tampons and umbrellas, everyday objects are
becoming increasingly connected to the cloud and to apps running on our smartphones,
with variable utility and impacts ranging from trivial or 'gimmicky' (no practical value or
advantage) to truly transformative results that have the potential of improving the health,
well-being and overall quality of life of individuals and whole populations.
• To avoid the former and realise the latter, we should always begin with real world
problems, exploring and harnessing suitable technologies to solve them, rather than start
with the latest technologies, trying to create and enforce unneeded applications of these
technologies.

Practical notes: Where and how do we begin
• There is much more to (Digital) Health than GP care/acute care (hospitals), telehealthcare/homecare for
older people and chronic conditions. There are many smart services that could engage and benefit our
communities, while having a direct, positive effect on their health, well-being and overall quality of life,
e.g., smart (green and sustainable) environment, smart transport, smart social support, etc.
• Putting people first and foremost, and engaging people in the process as creators and decision makers and
not as mere service users: Engaging WITH citizens/engaging citizens IN the WHOLE process (active citizen
participation), from the design board to service running (even some aspects of service ownership); citizen-
centred but also citizen-LED approach: for them and by them, making sure no one (or group) is
excluded/left behind, e.g., because of (digital or other forms of) literacy, age, social status, etc.
• The European Parliament's report entitled 'Mapping Smart Cities in the EU' analysed a sizeable sample of
smart city projects and initiatives across 37 European cities, and identified three key factors for successful
smart cities (vision, people and process). These are: (i) the presence of a vision of inclusion and participation
to avoid polarisation between urban elite and low income areas; (ii) the presence of inspiring leaders or 'city
champions' who are able to foster participative environments, bringing together businesses, the public
sector and citizens, with a focus on empowering citizens through active participation to create a sense of
ownership and commitment; and (iii) the presence of a sound process, including the creation of a central
office acting as go-between diverse stakeholders, open data provision, and various level of coordination and
integration mechanisms (central and local) across ideas, initiatives, projects and stakeholders.
OECD BLI

Founder & Editor-in-Chief:
Maged N. Kamel Boulos (UK)
www.ij-healthgeographics.com
IMPACT
FACTOR
3.28
• 2016 Impact Factor 3.282
• 2016 5-Year Impact Factor 3.199
• High-quality content
• Covers a wide range of
interdisciplinary geospatial
topics
http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/13/1/10
http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/series/
smarthealthycities

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