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- 1. Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History Islamic Art
- 2. Islamic Art Refers to art and architecture created: • By Muslims artists • For a Muslim patron • For use in Islamic faith It is not an art specific to a religion but to a culture. Common elements but great diversity in Islamic practices.
- 3. 3 Monotheist Religions Sacred architecture Book Founder
- 4. 3 Monotheist Religions Judaism Sacred architecture Synagogue Book Thorah Founder None
- 5. 3 Monotheist Religions Judaism Christianity Sacred architecture Synagogue Church Book Thorah Bible: Old Testament New Testament Founder None Jesus
- 6. 3 Monotheist Religion Judaism Christianity Islam Sacred architecture Synagogue Church Mosque Book Thorah Bible: Old Testament New Testament Qur’an and Hadith Founder None Jesus (0-33) Mohammed / Muhammad (570-632)
- 7. Prophet Muhammad (570-632) Born in Mecca in 570
- 8. Hijra 622 Beginning of the Islamic calendar Mohammed and his follower leave Mecca for Medina
- 10. Koran (or Qur’an) and Hadith Koran (“recitation” –collected revelations of Mohammed Hadith – compilation of traditions
- 12. Aniconism • No mentionned in Koran or Hadith • Fear of idolatry • Suspicion against the creation of images of living beings • Absolute proscription against image of Gods, depictions of Mohammed, Islamic prophets, relatives of Mohammed • Consequence: use of geometric or vegetal-inspired patterns and calligraphy
- 14. Arabic Calligraphy Highest art form in the Islamic world as it is used to transmit the texts revealed from God to Mohammed
- 15. 2 forms of calligraphy Kufic: sober and monumental Naskhi : fluid and elegant
- 16. Calligraphy Decorative or beautiful handwriting
- 17. Arabesques Flowing, intricate and symmetrical pattern deriving from floreal motives
- 18. Tesselation Repetition of geometric design Decoration using polygonal shapes with no gaps
- 20. Muqarnas Muqarnas = Honeycomb work = stalactite work Design involving various combinations of three-dimensional shapes
- 22. Mosque Always oriented towards Mecca Not only for religious purpose. No congregational worship Used for politic or social gatherings
- 23. Elements of the Mosque • Minaret • Sahn • Fountain • Mirhab • Minbar
- 24. Minarets Minaret: a tall, slender column from where muezzins call people to prayer
- 25. Sahn Courtyard in Islamic architecture
- 26. Fountain
- 27. Mirhab Central empty niche in a mosque which indicated the direction of Mecca (qiblah)
- 28. Minbar Minbar: pulpit from which sermon are given
- 30. Horseshoe arch • Appeared for the 1st time in Cordoba (Great Mosque)
- 31. Main architectural features for Mosques • 1st great Islamic building : Dome of the rock • Hypostyle mosques (Kerouan and Còrdoba) • Unified central core (Mosque of Suleyman I or Selim II)
- 32. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 7th century Commemorates the triumph of Islam in Jerusalem, which Muslims captured from the Byzantines in 638.
- 35. Octagonal
- 37. Santa Costanza, Rome Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
- 40. Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia, 836
- 41. Dome of the Rock • 1st Mosque • Built on a Jewish Mount sacred to Jewish and Muslims (rock where Mohammed ascended to heaven) • Mosaics by Byzantine artists • Influenced by centrally planned buildings (as Santa Costanza) • Dome is of gilded wood
- 44. Great Mosque, Samarra, Iraq, 847-852 Built by Caliph Al-Mutawakkil
- 46. 960 Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain, originally built 786-787 850 786-787 990
- 47. Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain, originally built 786-787 Horseshoe arches Abd-al-Rahman established the Umayyad dynasty in Spain when he escaped the Abbasid massacre of his clan.
- 51. Mirhab, Great Mosque, Cordoba, c.961-976 Multilobed arches
- 53. Squinches
- 56. Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain, 8th- 10th century • Double-arched columns • Interior light and airy • Horseshoe-shaped arches • No central focus • Complex dome over mirhab with elaborate squinches • Columns recycled from ancient Roman structures
- 57. Istanbul 1453 – conquested by Ottoman Turks
- 58. Sinan the Great (1491- 1588) “Architect in the above of Felicity”
- 59. Sinan the Great, mosque of Suleyman I, Istanbul, Turkey, 1550 Part of the imperial complex
- 61. Mosque of Suleyman I Hagia Sophia
- 67. Sinan the Great, mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey, 1568-1575 Dome taller than Hagia Sofia
- 72. Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, 1568-1575 • Extremely thin soaring minarets • Abundant window space – light • Decorative display of mosaic • Inspired by Hagia Sophia • Centrally planned building • Dome set on a square, then set on an octogon
- 73. Alhambra, Granada, 1354-1391 Palace of the Nasrid sultans of southern Spain
- 75. Court of Lions, 1377
- 77. Hall of the two Sisters muqarnas
- 78. 5000 muqarnas refract light
- 80. Persian carpet
- 82. The Persian Prince Humay meets the Chinese Princess Humayun in her garden, 1430-40
- 83. Characteristic of Persian Manuscript • Persian tradition: representation of Human beings • Shadowless world • Richly decorated environment • Intricate details and multicolored geometric patterns • Space divided into a series of flat planes • Marriage of text and calligraphy • Manipulation of perspective
- 84. Characteristics of Islamic Art • Intellectual and refined art • Decorative • No strong emotions / No pathos • Try to avoid images (but the Koran doesn’t ban images)
- 85. Questions Explain how the designs of the mosque varies across the Islamic world with reference to two examples. Despite the difference, what features do mosques typically have in common?
- 86. Questions Images of People are not allowed in Islamic religious contexts, but mosque and other religious building are lavishly decorated. What artistic motifs and techniques are used and why?
- 87. Questions Select an Islamic structure that is influenced by Roman or Byzantine architecture. Which forms are borrowed? Why and how, in their Islamic context, are they transformed?
Notes de l'éditeur
- Born in Mecca Messenger and prophet of God
- 622 – Mohammed and his follower have to leave Mecca fro Medina Beginning of the Islamic calendar At his Death, the caliph become the main ruler
- Army conquested a large territory Used to major conquests: Byzantine Empire and Persian
- Koran –revealed word of gods Hadith – compilation of tradition Both – base of the Islamic law Doesn’t ban images but strong tradition to not represent Sometimes floreal and animal decoration
- Declaration of Faith : there is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 5 times a day facing Mecca Division Sunni and Shiite
- Competition with God
- Double function: decorative and iconographic Even noblemen had to have a good calligraphy. Important artists All media
- Specific islamic Continuity and repetition In the entire Muslim word All material
- Unity is in multiplicity Patterns seem to radiate from a central point although any point can be thought of as start Importance of mathematicians Complexity , taste for math and symmetry / Filosophy Star / circles
- From Stalictics or Typical for Islamic art From squinches then only ornemental Stom or plaster
- Don’t need a mosque to pray 5 prayers / day
- Square – Syria and Magreb Polygonal in Egypt Cylindrical in Turkey
- Fes / Cairo / Istanbul
- Often in wood Sometimes stone or marble // throne in ebony
- Sultan Mosque in Cairo
- Earliest mosque Sacred stone for the 3 religions Mosaics and marble Dazzling/ Influence from Byzantine and Persian
- Repeated motive tesselation in multiplicty there is unity Calligraphy
- Like Christian martyria Domed wooden octagon
- Column from Roman monuments Mosaics by Byzantine artists
- Adam was buried Abraham nearly sacrificed Issac Muhammad ascended to heaven Temple of Jerusalem was located
- Kairouan, Tunisia Sud – Mecca – Prayer room
- Model: Mohammed’s house Muslims can pray everywhere For Friday prayer Lot of different typology according to the region
- Built by caliph al-Mutawakkil Ruins Bigger mosque Bricks -
- Abd Al Rahman – 1st muslim ruler Cordoba capital Flexibility of the mosque
- No centrality / no main axis
- Reuse of roman column – short so double heights of horseshoe-shaped arches Brick and stone Double arches Origininally wooden roof Impression of movement Sense of mystery Dimly lit
- Squinches Intrigated geometric patterns 8 stone arches crisscrossed Mozaic inspired mosaics with golden background
- Calligraphy and arabesques
- Arabesques (acanthus and split leaves)
- Architect of the caliph // Michelangelo
- Centrally planned mosques / on a hill – Visual effect 1453 – Istanbul conquested by Ottoman Turks / Hagia Sofia – mosque Ottoman Empire (until 1922) Sinan, great architect Influence of Hagia Sofia
- Lot of domes but unity thanks to a square shape Geometry and symmetry Circle in square Very thin and high minaret
- Unity Clear influence of Hagia Sofia and Byzantine architecture
- Decoration / Light Pendentive Abundant window
- Master piece
- Last muslim city in Spain 1492 reconquested by the Catholic King Nasrids sultans
- Organic / Many courtyards / fountains…
- Importance of water and courtyard for Islam All around main rooms for guests Water on the floor (4 river of paradise) Fountain with colour Lions represent
- Incredible variety of patterns
- Lot of light / open air Honeycomb of stalactites that dangles from the ceiling Abstracts pattern Squinches
- Higly sophisticated
- Light is refracted Highly sophisticated Same motive reapeted / We don’t know the beginning nor the end
- Importance for prayer
- Rich heritage from Persia Visual image of a litteray plot, rendering the reading more enjoyable Influence of China
- Importance of Persian manuscripts / miniature Influence of China Used as an illustration to the text Look like a carpet Fairy-tale world No foreshortening / no shade / no light No relation between the figures and the background Beautiful dresses Lot of details Flat planes Marriage of text and images Crowded composition No Perspective