2. What is Data
Data is a stream of raw facts representing things
or events that have happened.
In ICT, we usually say that data is made up from
four basic types:
• Numbers
• Text
• Images
• Sound

3. Storing Data
Inside the computer, however, all data is stored as
numbers:
• Numbers – are stored as numbers, obviously!
• Text characters are stored as a code that represents each –
e.g. ASCII
• Images are stored as numbers representing the amounts of
red, green and blue for each pixel
• Sounds are stored as numbers representing the loudness at
given intervals

4. How are the numbers represented
All data types are transformed into a uniform
representation when they are stored in a computer
and transformed back to their original form when
retrieved. This universal representation is called a
bit pattern.

5. Bits and Bytes
• Each of the 0s and 1s is called a bit – binary
digit
• Eight bits together form a byte
• The longest number a computer can handle in
one go is called a word – e.g. a 32-bit computer
has a 32-bit word length
• 1024 bytes is a kilobyte, 1024 kilobytes is a
megabyte, 1024 megabytes is a gigabyte, etc.

6. Storage of different data types

7. Storing Numbers
A number is changed to the binary system before being
stored in the computer memory. For e.g. 39 is stored as:
2
39
1
2
19
1
2
9
1
2
4
0
2
2
0
1
Binary equivalent of 39 is : 100111

8. Storing Text
A section of text in any language is a sequence of symbols
used to represent an idea in that language.
To store text and symbols we use the ASCII codes which
is further coded to binary equivalent.
For example: Text such as “CATS”, which is made up from four
symbols, can be represented as four n-bit patterns, each pattern
defining a single symbol and having certain numeric value in
ASCII..

9. Storing Audio
Audio is not countable and Continuous data, Audio is an
example of analog data.
For audio we select only a finite number of points on the
analog signal, measure their values, and record them, this
records are known as sample.
The quantized sample values need to be encoded as bit
patterns, to store in computer memory.

10. Storing Images
Images are stored in computers using two
different techniques: Raster graphics and Vector
graphics.
These graphics are stored in form of Pixel, Pixel
is picture element.
To store Pixel there be a certain bit pattern.

11. Information
• Information is data that has been processed to make it
meaningful and useful
• Data + Meaning = Information
• For storing Information in digital organization we
require a tool called database.

12. Database
A centralized and structured set of data stored on a
computer system.
The database provides facilities for retrieving, adding,
modifying and deleting the data when required.
A database is usually managed by a Database
Administrator (DBA).
Traditional Database are organized by fields, records
and files.

13. Data Management
 Without data and the ability to
process it, an organization
could not successfully
complete most business
activities
 Data consists of raw facts
 For data to be transformed
into useful information, it
must first be organized in a
meaningful way

14. Digital Information Systems
 Digital information system (DIS): single set of hardware, software,
databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect,
manipulate, store, and process data into information
DIS components
– Hardware: computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and
output activities
– Software: computer programs that govern the operation of the computer
– Database: organized collection of facts and information
– Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for
communications
– Networks: connect computers and equipment in a building, around the
country, and around the world

15. Business Information Systems
Most common types of information systems used in
business organizations
 E-commerce: any business transaction executed electronically
between parties
 Transaction processing system (TPS): organized collection of
people, software, databases, and devices used to record
completed business transactions
 Management Information Systems (MIS): provide routine
information to managers and decision makers
 Decision support system (DSS) : used to support problemspecific decision making

16. Thank You