Roasting is a process that converts an ore or concentrate into another chemical form through heating. There are several types of roasting including oxidizing, volatilizing, chloridizing, sulphatizing, and reduction roasting. Factors that affect roasting include time, temperature, oxygen availability, and physical conditions. Multiple hearth and fluidized bed roasting are common techniques. Multiple hearth roasting involves slowly moving ore through stacked circular hearths, while fluidized bed roasting suspends finely ground ore in an upward gas stream.
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