This document discusses algorithms and their analysis. It defines an algorithm as a well-defined computational procedure that takes input and produces output. Properties of a good algorithm include being correct, unambiguous, terminating, and simple. Algorithm analysis methods like operation count, step count (RAM model), and asymptotic notations are introduced. Insertion sort is used as an example to illustrate exact and asymptotic analysis. Common asymptotic notations like Big-O, Omega, and Theta are defined to describe an algorithm's time complexity.
The document discusses GSM architecture and frequency planning. It describes the key components of GSM including the base station subsystem (BSS) with base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem (NSS) with mobile switching centers (MSC). It also covers GSM frequency bands and channel allocation using frequency reuse patterns like 4/12 layout to maximize capacity while minimizing interference between cells. Sectorization is discussed as a way to increase capacity by splitting each cell site into multiple sectors.
This document describes the design of an archery-target antenna for WiFi frequencies. Key aspects summarized:
1. The antenna consists of a 1 wavelength circular loop driven element surrounded by parasitic reflector elements including a main back reflector and smaller front and center reflectors.
2. Design dimensions were derived from existing literature and experimentation. Modifications include adding a secondary rim and using a specified driven element.
3. Field testing showed good signal quality up to 25 meters away with directivity as expected from antenna theory.
The document outlines the process for planning and designing a fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network, including: 1) digitally documenting the existing network and planning duct routes; 2) registering marketing data to establish rollout priorities; 3) defining customer equipment specifications in design software; 4) planning fiber network clusters, backbones, and distribution lines; 5) obtaining approvals from authorities and owners. The process aims to optimize the network design by utilizing existing infrastructure and finding cost-efficient routes.
Hedy Lamarr, a famous actress, invented a new technology for military communications during World War 2 that allowed radio frequencies to change irregularly between transmitters and receivers, making enemy jamming much more difficult. This spread-spectrum technology formed the basis for modern Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks and is still used today in military communications systems, though it has advanced significantly over the years. Lamarr's invention helped enable new technologies like frequency-hopping and helped ensure secret transmissions could not be easily intercepted, though its value was not recognized for many years.
CapellaDays2022 | COMAC - PGM | How We Use Capella for Collaborative Design i...Obeo
COMAC is one of the leading suppliers of civil aircraft in the world. We will introduce how we use Capella in COMAC for collaborative design, including how to collaborate between overall design group and ATA design groups, and how to collaborate between different ATA design groups. We have done a series of extension development based on the System to Subsystem Transition add-on, to support the business process. These extensions include the integration from subsystem models to system model, the refinement of functional exchanges, the synchronization of newly added functional exchanges, and so on.
This document discusses cellular communication systems and the cellular concept. It introduces cellular networks as using multiple low-power transmitters and frequency reuse to improve spectrum efficiency and user capacity compared to single high-power transmitters. Key aspects covered include hexagonal cell shapes, frequency reuse patterns, cluster size calculations, co-channel interference management through channel assignment strategies, and an overview of the base station subsystem, network switching subsystem and their components.
Evolution of mobile radio communicationjadhavmanoj01
The document discusses the history and evolution of mobile communication systems. It describes how mobile systems started with analog modulation in the 1930s but saw little adoption until the 1960s when the cellular concept was developed. It then outlines the progression from 1G analog systems to 2G digital systems to 3G broadband systems. The document also briefly discusses wireless local loop technologies, Bluetooth, and their applications.
Naveen Kumar N G has over 4.5 years of experience in automotive ECU development, verification, and validation. He has strong experience in firmware development, diagnostics implementation, hardware-in-the-loop testing, and working with automotive communication protocols and microcontrollers. Some of his project experience includes firmware development for HVAC systems, driver monitoring systems, and infotainment systems. He has expertise in tools like Vector CANoe, DSpace, Renesas CubeSuite, and debugging tools.
The document discusses GSM architecture and frequency planning. It describes the key components of GSM including the base station subsystem (BSS) with base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem (NSS) with mobile switching centers (MSC). It also covers GSM frequency bands and channel allocation using frequency reuse patterns like 4/12 layout to maximize capacity while minimizing interference between cells. Sectorization is discussed as a way to increase capacity by splitting each cell site into multiple sectors.
This document describes the design of an archery-target antenna for WiFi frequencies. Key aspects summarized:
1. The antenna consists of a 1 wavelength circular loop driven element surrounded by parasitic reflector elements including a main back reflector and smaller front and center reflectors.
2. Design dimensions were derived from existing literature and experimentation. Modifications include adding a secondary rim and using a specified driven element.
3. Field testing showed good signal quality up to 25 meters away with directivity as expected from antenna theory.
The document outlines the process for planning and designing a fiber-to-the-x (FTTx) network, including: 1) digitally documenting the existing network and planning duct routes; 2) registering marketing data to establish rollout priorities; 3) defining customer equipment specifications in design software; 4) planning fiber network clusters, backbones, and distribution lines; 5) obtaining approvals from authorities and owners. The process aims to optimize the network design by utilizing existing infrastructure and finding cost-efficient routes.
Hedy Lamarr, a famous actress, invented a new technology for military communications during World War 2 that allowed radio frequencies to change irregularly between transmitters and receivers, making enemy jamming much more difficult. This spread-spectrum technology formed the basis for modern Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks and is still used today in military communications systems, though it has advanced significantly over the years. Lamarr's invention helped enable new technologies like frequency-hopping and helped ensure secret transmissions could not be easily intercepted, though its value was not recognized for many years.
CapellaDays2022 | COMAC - PGM | How We Use Capella for Collaborative Design i...Obeo
COMAC is one of the leading suppliers of civil aircraft in the world. We will introduce how we use Capella in COMAC for collaborative design, including how to collaborate between overall design group and ATA design groups, and how to collaborate between different ATA design groups. We have done a series of extension development based on the System to Subsystem Transition add-on, to support the business process. These extensions include the integration from subsystem models to system model, the refinement of functional exchanges, the synchronization of newly added functional exchanges, and so on.
This document discusses cellular communication systems and the cellular concept. It introduces cellular networks as using multiple low-power transmitters and frequency reuse to improve spectrum efficiency and user capacity compared to single high-power transmitters. Key aspects covered include hexagonal cell shapes, frequency reuse patterns, cluster size calculations, co-channel interference management through channel assignment strategies, and an overview of the base station subsystem, network switching subsystem and their components.
Evolution of mobile radio communicationjadhavmanoj01
The document discusses the history and evolution of mobile communication systems. It describes how mobile systems started with analog modulation in the 1930s but saw little adoption until the 1960s when the cellular concept was developed. It then outlines the progression from 1G analog systems to 2G digital systems to 3G broadband systems. The document also briefly discusses wireless local loop technologies, Bluetooth, and their applications.
Naveen Kumar N G has over 4.5 years of experience in automotive ECU development, verification, and validation. He has strong experience in firmware development, diagnostics implementation, hardware-in-the-loop testing, and working with automotive communication protocols and microcontrollers. Some of his project experience includes firmware development for HVAC systems, driver monitoring systems, and infotainment systems. He has expertise in tools like Vector CANoe, DSpace, Renesas CubeSuite, and debugging tools.
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fibre-optic cables. This contrasts with broadcast television (also known as terrestrial television), in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television;
The document discusses various telecommunication technologies used by BSNL including OCB-283, CDMA, GSM, ISDN, broadband, and transmission lines. It provides details on each technology such as what they are, how they work, their applications and advantages. The document concludes that the internship helped gain practical knowledge about the switching exchanges and telecommunication networks that were previously only studied theoretically.
Electronic Warfare ( EW ) Training Crash CourseBryan Len
The Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course is a 4-day training program that provides an introduction to key concepts in electronic warfare (EW) including EW principles, capabilities, functions, technology and modeling/simulation. The training is intended for technical personnel, engineers, analysts and managers involved in EW, radar and electronic systems. The course covers topics such as EW architecture, signals intelligence, radar fundamentals, electronic attack/protection capabilities and EW systems engineering. Participants will learn how EW concepts are applied to counter threats and control the electromagnetic spectrum.
The document discusses the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) and proposes thinking differently about the program. It suggests viewing FCAS not just as another combat aircraft but as an integrated "system of systems" bringing together platforms like the New Generation Fighter and remote carriers. A second approach focuses on developing military capabilities through connectivity and combining systems in new ways rather than just improving individual components. Spain's inclusion in FCAS in 2020 is seen as important for the program and European strategic autonomy.
SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) allows an ongoing voice call on an LTE network to handover or handoff seamlessly to a circuit-switched network such as GSM or UMTS when the UE moves out of LTE coverage or the voice call quality degrades in LTE. The key aspects are:
1) The LTE network triggers the handover when voice call quality deteriorates.
2) The MME coordinates the handover to the MSC via the Sv interface.
3) The call is transferred to the circuit-switched network while maintaining the voice call.
Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course by TONEX
Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course sets up Electronic Warfare (EW) establishment intended for examiners, engineers, electrical specialists, venture directors, electronic warfare specialized experts who outline or work radar frameworks and electronic warfare frameworks; and anybody engaged with arranging, plan, investigation, reenactment, prerequisites definition, execution detail, obtainment, test, security and assessment of electronic assault hardware.
Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course depicts military activity including the utilization of electromagnetic (EM) and coordinated vitality (DE) to control the EMS or to assault the adversary. TONEX has been a pioneer in electronic warfare preparing administrations since 1992.
#Who Should Attend Electronic Warfare Course
Technical personnel
Electronic warfare or radar system planning, design, development, operations and maintenance
Electrical engineers
Software engineers
System engineers
System analysts
Cyber security professionals
Verification and validation personnel
Project managers
Program managers
#Learning Objectives
Endless supply of Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course, the participants can:
Rundown premise of Electronic Warfare (EW) ideas, engineering and methods
Investigate the utilization of electronic warfare ideas to ground, airborne and maritime surface warfare
Depict the key ideas of electromagnetic field hypothesis
Depict prorogation models, correspondence block and sticking execution expectation
Outline observable pathway (LOS), two-beam, and blade edge diffraction engendering models
Comprehend the essentials of radars and radar cross area
Portray EW and surveillance beneficiary framework configuration exchange off
Give cases of Directed vitality weapons and stealth
Depict how hunt and following radars work
Rundown the utilitarian and operational susceptibilities of weapon frameworks to electronic warfare
Comprehend Electronic Warfare Systems Engineering and System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) standards
Comprehend the application displaying, reproduction and net-driven engineering to electronic warfare.
#Course Agenda
What is Electronic Warfare (EW)?
Electronic Warfare principles
Overview of signals such as radio, infrared or radar
Electronic Warfare architecture
Naval EW
Ground EW
Airborne EW
Cyber EW
RF electronic warfare
Infrared Countermeasures
Visit Tonex website for more information about this course
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/electronic-warfare-training-crash-course/
An antenna is a specialized transducer that converts radio-frequency (RF) fields into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa. ... At frequencies below 3 GHz, many different types of antennas are used. The simplest is a length of wire, connected at one end to a transmitter or receiver.The two functions of an antenna are: (1) For transmission of a signal, radiofrequency electrical energy from the transmitter is converted into electromagnetic energy by the antenna and radiated into the surrounding environment (atmosphere, space, water); (2) for reception of a signal, electromagnetic energy impinging The radio waves travel through the air at the speed of light. 3) When the waves arrive at the receiver antenna, they make electrons vibrate inside it. This produces an electric current that recreates the original signal. Transmitter and receiver antennas are often very similar in design.
The U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command has the mission to ensure decisive overmatch for unified land operations to empower the Army, the joint warfighter and our nation.
This document discusses the representation of multimedia information in digital form. It covers the digitization of analog signals through sampling and quantization in encoders. It also describes the process of decoding digital signals back to analog form using decoders. Additionally, it discusses different types of text representation like unformatted, formatted and hypertext. It also covers computer generated graphics and digitized images including documents scanned by fax machines.
This document provides an overview and summary of a project report on the installation, commissioning, and planning of a Nokia Flexi Edge BTS (Base Transceiver Station). It was submitted by Saurabh Bansal, an electronics and communications engineering student, under the guidance of his professor Sumit Singh Dhanda. The report includes sections on the history of Nokia Siemens Networks, an overview of BTS components and functions, radio frequency details, operations, administration, maintenance, provisioning, and commissioning of the Nokia Flexi Edge BTS site.
The document discusses the LTE attach call flow process, including:
1. An overview of the evolution of cellular systems and the introduction of 5G.
2. The decoding processes involved in LTE attach which include frequency scanning, decoding the PSS, SSS, MIB, PDCCH, and SIBs.
3. The steps in the LTE attach process such as the random access channel process, sending an RRC connection request, receiving an RRC connection setup, and responding with an RRC connection setup complete message.
This document discusses IMS ENUM and DNS mechanisms for mapping telephone numbers and SIP URLs. It contains the following information:
1. ENUM is defined as the E.164 Number Mapping that provides a system to unify telephone numbers with Internet addressing by mapping E.164 numbers to URIs like SIP.
2. When a UE invites another party using a SIP URL, DNS is used to resolve the URL to an IP address. But for TEL URLs, DNS cannot resolve it so ENUM is used to map the TEL URL to a SIP URL which can then be resolved.
3. If ENUM query for a TEL URL succeeds, the TEL URL is mapped to a SIP URL which
In this AUTOSAR layered architecture, Communication Stack or ComStack facilitates communication. Hence ComStack can be defined as a software stack that provides communication services to the Basic Software Modules and Application Layer or Application Software.
https://www.embitel.com/product-engineering-2/automotive/autosar/
This document discusses avionics systems used in aircraft. It states that avionics systems are dependent on electronics and account for a significant portion of an aircraft's total cost, ranging from 30% to over 75% depending on the aircraft type. The key roles of avionics systems are to enable safe and efficient mission accomplishment for military aircraft and air traffic control and all-weather operation for civil aircraft. Important considerations in avionics system design include increased safety, reliability, maintainability, and reduction in life cycle costs. The document outlines various avionics components, subsystems, architectures, and display technologies used in aircraft.
Beginners: 5G Terminology (Updated - Feb 2019)3G4G
This document discusses 5G terminology and deployment options. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile technology standards over time. It explains the differences between 4G LTE and 5G NR networks, as well as various options for non-standalone and standalone 5G network deployment and the migration strategies between these options. Key 5G concepts like gNBs, NG-RAN architecture and the 5G system architecture are also summarized.
Training Course_5G RAN3.0 mmWave Beam Management.pptxgame__over
This document describes Huawei's 5G RAN 3.0 mmWave beam management solution. It introduces basic beam management which manages analog beams for cell-level synchronization signal/physical random access channel (SSB/PRACH) beams and user equipment (UE)-level channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) beams. It also describes a 3D coverage pattern solution which can configure different SSB beam patterns to meet capacity-oriented or coverage-oriented deployment scenarios. The solution provides flexible beam configuration to optimize network performance for various usage scenarios.
The document provides information about Diesel Locomotive Workshop (DLW) in India. It mentions that DLW was established in 1961 in collaboration with ALCO, USA to manufacture diesel locomotives indigenously. DLW has since produced over 4,700 locomotives and exported some locomotives to other countries. DLW obtained ISO certification in 1997 and manufactures state-of-the-art, microprocessor controlled locomotives with technology transferred from General Motors, USA. It has an annual production capacity of 125 locomotives.
This document discusses algorithm analysis and determining the time complexity of algorithms. It begins by defining an algorithm and noting that the efficiency of algorithms should be analyzed independently of specific implementations or hardware. The document then discusses analyzing the time complexity of various algorithms by counting the number of operations and expressing efficiency using growth functions. Common growth functions like constant, linear, quadratic, and exponential are introduced. The concept of asymptotic notation (Big O) for describing an algorithm's time complexity is also covered. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the time complexity of iterative and recursive algorithms.
This document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms. It discusses key concepts like interfaces, implementations, time complexity, space complexity, asymptotic analysis, and common control structures. Some key points:
- A data structure organizes data to allow for efficient operations. It has an interface defining operations and an implementation defining internal representation.
- Algorithm analysis considers best, average, and worst case time complexities using asymptotic notations like Big O. Space complexity also measures memory usage.
- Common control structures include sequential, conditional (if/else), and repetitive (loops) structures that control program flow based on conditions.
Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables, or in more recent systems, light pulses through fibre-optic cables. This contrasts with broadcast television (also known as terrestrial television), in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television;
The document discusses various telecommunication technologies used by BSNL including OCB-283, CDMA, GSM, ISDN, broadband, and transmission lines. It provides details on each technology such as what they are, how they work, their applications and advantages. The document concludes that the internship helped gain practical knowledge about the switching exchanges and telecommunication networks that were previously only studied theoretically.
Electronic Warfare ( EW ) Training Crash CourseBryan Len
The Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course is a 4-day training program that provides an introduction to key concepts in electronic warfare (EW) including EW principles, capabilities, functions, technology and modeling/simulation. The training is intended for technical personnel, engineers, analysts and managers involved in EW, radar and electronic systems. The course covers topics such as EW architecture, signals intelligence, radar fundamentals, electronic attack/protection capabilities and EW systems engineering. Participants will learn how EW concepts are applied to counter threats and control the electromagnetic spectrum.
The document discusses the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) and proposes thinking differently about the program. It suggests viewing FCAS not just as another combat aircraft but as an integrated "system of systems" bringing together platforms like the New Generation Fighter and remote carriers. A second approach focuses on developing military capabilities through connectivity and combining systems in new ways rather than just improving individual components. Spain's inclusion in FCAS in 2020 is seen as important for the program and European strategic autonomy.
SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) allows an ongoing voice call on an LTE network to handover or handoff seamlessly to a circuit-switched network such as GSM or UMTS when the UE moves out of LTE coverage or the voice call quality degrades in LTE. The key aspects are:
1) The LTE network triggers the handover when voice call quality deteriorates.
2) The MME coordinates the handover to the MSC via the Sv interface.
3) The call is transferred to the circuit-switched network while maintaining the voice call.
Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course by TONEX
Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course sets up Electronic Warfare (EW) establishment intended for examiners, engineers, electrical specialists, venture directors, electronic warfare specialized experts who outline or work radar frameworks and electronic warfare frameworks; and anybody engaged with arranging, plan, investigation, reenactment, prerequisites definition, execution detail, obtainment, test, security and assessment of electronic assault hardware.
Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course depicts military activity including the utilization of electromagnetic (EM) and coordinated vitality (DE) to control the EMS or to assault the adversary. TONEX has been a pioneer in electronic warfare preparing administrations since 1992.
#Who Should Attend Electronic Warfare Course
Technical personnel
Electronic warfare or radar system planning, design, development, operations and maintenance
Electrical engineers
Software engineers
System engineers
System analysts
Cyber security professionals
Verification and validation personnel
Project managers
Program managers
#Learning Objectives
Endless supply of Electronic Warfare Training Crash Course, the participants can:
Rundown premise of Electronic Warfare (EW) ideas, engineering and methods
Investigate the utilization of electronic warfare ideas to ground, airborne and maritime surface warfare
Depict the key ideas of electromagnetic field hypothesis
Depict prorogation models, correspondence block and sticking execution expectation
Outline observable pathway (LOS), two-beam, and blade edge diffraction engendering models
Comprehend the essentials of radars and radar cross area
Portray EW and surveillance beneficiary framework configuration exchange off
Give cases of Directed vitality weapons and stealth
Depict how hunt and following radars work
Rundown the utilitarian and operational susceptibilities of weapon frameworks to electronic warfare
Comprehend Electronic Warfare Systems Engineering and System of Systems Engineering (SoSE) standards
Comprehend the application displaying, reproduction and net-driven engineering to electronic warfare.
#Course Agenda
What is Electronic Warfare (EW)?
Electronic Warfare principles
Overview of signals such as radio, infrared or radar
Electronic Warfare architecture
Naval EW
Ground EW
Airborne EW
Cyber EW
RF electronic warfare
Infrared Countermeasures
Visit Tonex website for more information about this course
https://www.tonex.com/training-courses/electronic-warfare-training-crash-course/
An antenna is a specialized transducer that converts radio-frequency (RF) fields into alternating current (AC) or vice-versa. ... At frequencies below 3 GHz, many different types of antennas are used. The simplest is a length of wire, connected at one end to a transmitter or receiver.The two functions of an antenna are: (1) For transmission of a signal, radiofrequency electrical energy from the transmitter is converted into electromagnetic energy by the antenna and radiated into the surrounding environment (atmosphere, space, water); (2) for reception of a signal, electromagnetic energy impinging The radio waves travel through the air at the speed of light. 3) When the waves arrive at the receiver antenna, they make electrons vibrate inside it. This produces an electric current that recreates the original signal. Transmitter and receiver antennas are often very similar in design.
The U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command has the mission to ensure decisive overmatch for unified land operations to empower the Army, the joint warfighter and our nation.
This document discusses the representation of multimedia information in digital form. It covers the digitization of analog signals through sampling and quantization in encoders. It also describes the process of decoding digital signals back to analog form using decoders. Additionally, it discusses different types of text representation like unformatted, formatted and hypertext. It also covers computer generated graphics and digitized images including documents scanned by fax machines.
This document provides an overview and summary of a project report on the installation, commissioning, and planning of a Nokia Flexi Edge BTS (Base Transceiver Station). It was submitted by Saurabh Bansal, an electronics and communications engineering student, under the guidance of his professor Sumit Singh Dhanda. The report includes sections on the history of Nokia Siemens Networks, an overview of BTS components and functions, radio frequency details, operations, administration, maintenance, provisioning, and commissioning of the Nokia Flexi Edge BTS site.
The document discusses the LTE attach call flow process, including:
1. An overview of the evolution of cellular systems and the introduction of 5G.
2. The decoding processes involved in LTE attach which include frequency scanning, decoding the PSS, SSS, MIB, PDCCH, and SIBs.
3. The steps in the LTE attach process such as the random access channel process, sending an RRC connection request, receiving an RRC connection setup, and responding with an RRC connection setup complete message.
This document discusses IMS ENUM and DNS mechanisms for mapping telephone numbers and SIP URLs. It contains the following information:
1. ENUM is defined as the E.164 Number Mapping that provides a system to unify telephone numbers with Internet addressing by mapping E.164 numbers to URIs like SIP.
2. When a UE invites another party using a SIP URL, DNS is used to resolve the URL to an IP address. But for TEL URLs, DNS cannot resolve it so ENUM is used to map the TEL URL to a SIP URL which can then be resolved.
3. If ENUM query for a TEL URL succeeds, the TEL URL is mapped to a SIP URL which
In this AUTOSAR layered architecture, Communication Stack or ComStack facilitates communication. Hence ComStack can be defined as a software stack that provides communication services to the Basic Software Modules and Application Layer or Application Software.
https://www.embitel.com/product-engineering-2/automotive/autosar/
This document discusses avionics systems used in aircraft. It states that avionics systems are dependent on electronics and account for a significant portion of an aircraft's total cost, ranging from 30% to over 75% depending on the aircraft type. The key roles of avionics systems are to enable safe and efficient mission accomplishment for military aircraft and air traffic control and all-weather operation for civil aircraft. Important considerations in avionics system design include increased safety, reliability, maintainability, and reduction in life cycle costs. The document outlines various avionics components, subsystems, architectures, and display technologies used in aircraft.
Beginners: 5G Terminology (Updated - Feb 2019)3G4G
This document discusses 5G terminology and deployment options. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile technology standards over time. It explains the differences between 4G LTE and 5G NR networks, as well as various options for non-standalone and standalone 5G network deployment and the migration strategies between these options. Key 5G concepts like gNBs, NG-RAN architecture and the 5G system architecture are also summarized.
Training Course_5G RAN3.0 mmWave Beam Management.pptxgame__over
This document describes Huawei's 5G RAN 3.0 mmWave beam management solution. It introduces basic beam management which manages analog beams for cell-level synchronization signal/physical random access channel (SSB/PRACH) beams and user equipment (UE)-level channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) beams. It also describes a 3D coverage pattern solution which can configure different SSB beam patterns to meet capacity-oriented or coverage-oriented deployment scenarios. The solution provides flexible beam configuration to optimize network performance for various usage scenarios.
The document provides information about Diesel Locomotive Workshop (DLW) in India. It mentions that DLW was established in 1961 in collaboration with ALCO, USA to manufacture diesel locomotives indigenously. DLW has since produced over 4,700 locomotives and exported some locomotives to other countries. DLW obtained ISO certification in 1997 and manufactures state-of-the-art, microprocessor controlled locomotives with technology transferred from General Motors, USA. It has an annual production capacity of 125 locomotives.
This document discusses algorithm analysis and determining the time complexity of algorithms. It begins by defining an algorithm and noting that the efficiency of algorithms should be analyzed independently of specific implementations or hardware. The document then discusses analyzing the time complexity of various algorithms by counting the number of operations and expressing efficiency using growth functions. Common growth functions like constant, linear, quadratic, and exponential are introduced. The concept of asymptotic notation (Big O) for describing an algorithm's time complexity is also covered. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to determine the time complexity of iterative and recursive algorithms.
This document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms. It discusses key concepts like interfaces, implementations, time complexity, space complexity, asymptotic analysis, and common control structures. Some key points:
- A data structure organizes data to allow for efficient operations. It has an interface defining operations and an implementation defining internal representation.
- Algorithm analysis considers best, average, and worst case time complexities using asymptotic notations like Big O. Space complexity also measures memory usage.
- Common control structures include sequential, conditional (if/else), and repetitive (loops) structures that control program flow based on conditions.
This document provides an introduction to the CSE 326: Data Structures course. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The course will cover common data structures and algorithms, how to choose the appropriate data structure for different needs, and how to justify design decisions through formal reasoning. It aims to help students become better developers by understanding fundamental data structures and when to apply them. The document provides examples of stacks and queues to illustrate abstract data types, data structures, and their implementations in different programming languages.
This document provides an introduction to the CSE 326: Data Structures course. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
The course will cover common data structures and algorithms, how to choose the appropriate data structure for different needs, and how to justify design decisions through formal reasoning. It aims to help students become better developers by understanding fundamental data structures and when to apply them. The document provides examples of stacks and queues to illustrate abstract data types, data structures, and their implementations in different programming languages.
This document provides an overview of a Data Structures course. The course will cover basic data structures and algorithms used in software development. Students will learn about common data structures like lists, stacks, and queues; analyze the runtime of algorithms; and practice implementing data structures. The goal is for students to understand which data structures are appropriate for different problems and be able to justify design decisions. Key concepts covered include abstract data types, asymptotic analysis to evaluate algorithms, and the tradeoffs involved in choosing different data structure implementations.
This document provides an overview of Spring AOP and Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP). It discusses basic AOP concepts like joinpoints, pointcuts, advice, and aspects. It also covers how to get started with Spring AOP, including using @Aspect annotations and pointcut expressions to define aspects and apply advice. The document includes examples of logging and transaction management aspects. It concludes with information on AOP technologies like Spring AOP and AspectJ and links to additional resources.
This document outlines the teaching and evaluation scheme for the 3rd semester Information Technology program for the 2019-20 academic year. It includes:
- A list of 5 theory subjects and their credit hours, internal assessment marks, end semester exam marks, and total marks.
- A list of 4 practical subjects and their lab hours, internal assessment marks, and total marks.
- The total credit hours, internal assessment marks, end semester exam marks, and grand total marks for the semester.
- Minimum passing marks requirements and details on student centered activities.
- An outline of the curriculum for the 3rd semester Diploma in Information Technology program.
This document provides an overview of data structures and algorithms analysis. It discusses big-O notation and how it is used to analyze computational complexity and asymptotic complexity of algorithms. Various growth functions like O(n), O(n^2), O(log n) are explained. Experimental and theoretical analysis methods are described and limitations of experimental analysis are highlighted. Key aspects like analyzing loop executions and nested loops are covered. The document also provides examples of analyzing algorithms and comparing their efficiency using big-O notation.
This document introduces key concepts related to data structures and algorithms. It defines objectives like introducing commonly used data structures and selecting the best one for a given problem. It describes how abstraction is used to model problems and define abstract data types independently of programming languages. Data structures provide a physical implementation of abstract data types by organizing data in memory. Algorithms manipulate data structures to transform their state and produce outputs. Properties like finiteness, definiteness, correctness, and efficiency are discussed for algorithms. Measuring an algorithm's theoretical efficiency using asymptotic analysis is introduced.
Algorithm Analysis
Computational Complexity
Introduction to Basic Data
Structures
Graph Theory
Graph Algorithms
Greedy Algorithms
Divide and Conquer
Dynamic Programming
Introduction to Linear Programming
Flow Network
This document provides an overview of a lecture on designing and analyzing computer algorithms. It discusses key concepts like what an algorithm and program are, common algorithm design techniques like divide-and-conquer and greedy methods, and how to analyze algorithms' time and space complexity. The goals of analyzing algorithms are to understand their behavior, improve efficiency, and determine whether problems can be solved within a reasonable time frame.
A Powerpoint Presentation designed to provide beginners to MATLAB an introduction to the MATLAB environment and introduce them to the fundamentals of MATLAB including matrix generation and manipulation, Arrays, MATLAB Graphics, Data Import and Export, etc
Data Structure and Algorithm chapter two, This material is for Data Structure...bekidea
The document discusses algorithm analysis and different searching and sorting algorithms. It introduces sequential search and binary search as simple searching algorithms. Sequential search, also called linear search, examines each element of a list sequentially until a match is found. It has average time complexity of O(n) as it may need to examine all n elements in the worst case.
A Generic Neural Network Architecture to Infer Heterogeneous Model Transforma...Lola Burgueño
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This document discusses multivector and SIMD computers. It covers vector processing principles including vector instruction types like vector-vector, vector-scalar, and vector-memory instructions. It also discusses compound vector operations, vector loops and chaining. Finally, it discusses SIMD computer implementation models like distributed and shared memory, and SIMD instruction types.
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1. Data Structures and Algorithms IT2070
SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
IT2070 – Data Structures and Algorithms
Lecture 06
Introduction to Algorithms
U. U. Samantha Rajapaksha
M.Sc.in IT, B.Sc.(Engineering) University of Moratuwa
Senior Lecturer SLIIT
Samantha.r@slit.lk
1
2. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
ALGORITHMS
• Algorithm is any well defined computational procedure
that takes some value or set of values as input and produce
some value or set of values as output.
2
ALGORITHM
INPUT OUTPUT
3,1,7,2,9,8,5,4,6 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
ALGORITHM (Contd.)
1.Get the smallest value from the input.
2.Remove it and output.
3.Repeat above 1,2 for remaining input until there is no item
in the input.
3
4. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Properties of an Algorithm.
• Be correct.
• Be unambiguous.
• Give the correct solution for all cases.
• Be simple.
• It must terminate.
4
Necker_cube_and_impossible_cube
Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity#Mathematical_i
nterpretation_of_ambiguity
5. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Applications of Algorithms
• Data retrieval
• Network routing
• Sorting
• Searching
• Shortest paths in a graph
5
6. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Pseudocode
• Method of writing down a algorithm.
• Easy to read and understand.
• Just like other programming language.
6
• More expressive method.
• Does not concern with the technique of software
engineering.
7. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Pseudocode Conventions.
English.
Indentation.
Separate line for each instruction.
Looping constructs and conditional constructs.
// indicate a comment line.
= indicate the assignment.
7
8. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Pseudocode Conventions.
Array elements are accessed by specifying the array
name followed by the index in the square bracket.
The notation “..” is used to indicate a range of values
within the array.
Ex:
A[1..i] indicates the sub array of A consisting of
elements A[1] , A[2] , .. , A[i].
8
9. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Analysis of Algorithms
Idea is to predict the resource usage.
9
• Memory
• Logic Gates
• Computational Time
Why do we need an analysis?
• To compare
• Predict the growth of run time
10. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Worst, Best and Average case.
Running time will depend on the chosen instance characteristics.
• Best case:
Minimum number of steps taken on any
instance of size n.
• Worst case:
Maximum number of steps taken on any instance of size n.
• Average case:
An average number of steps taken on any
instance of size n.
10
11. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Worst,Best and Average case(Contd.)
11
Best case
Average case
Worst case
Input Size
# of steps
12. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Analysis Methods
• Operation Count Methods
• Step Count Method(RAM Model)
• Exact Analysis
• Asymptotic Notations
12
13. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Operation count
• Methods for time complexity analysis.
• Select one or more operations such as add, multiply and
compare.
• Operation count considers the time spent on chosen
operations but not all.
13
14. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Step Count (RAM Model)
• Assume a generic one processor.
• Instructions are executed one after another, with no concurrent
operations.
• +, - , =, it takes exactly one step.
• Each memory access takes exactly 1 step.
•Running Time = Sum of the steps.
14
15. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
RAM Model Analysis.
Example1:
n = 100 1step
n = n + 100 2steps
Print n 1step
15
Example1:
n = 100 1step
n = n + 100 2steps
Print n 1step
Steps = 6n+3
]
[
to
1
for
0
i
A
sum
sum
n
i
sum
1 assignment
n+1 assignments
n+1 comparisons
n additions
n assignments
n additions
n memory accesses
Steps = 4
Example2:
16. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Question 01
• Using RAM model analysis, find out the no of steps
needed to display the numbers from 1 to 10.
i = 1 1 step
While i <=10 11 steps
print i 10 steps
i = i + 1 10 + 10 = 20 steps
16
Steps = 42
17. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Question 02
• Using RAM model analysis, find out the no of steps
needed to display the numbers from 10 to 20.
i = 10 1 step
While i <= 20 12 steps ( Hint :20 – 10 + 2 = 12)
print i 11 steps
i = i + 1 11 + 11 = 22 steps
17
Steps = 46
18. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Question 03
• Using RAM model analysis, find out the no of steps
needed to display the even numbers from 10 to 20.
for i = 10 to 20 (12+ 12 + 11) steps = 35 steps
if i % 2 == 0 2 * 11 = 22 steps
print i 6 steps
18
Steps = 63
19. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Problems with RAM Model
• Differ number of steps with different architecture.
eg: sum = sum + A[i] is a one step in the CISC processor.
• It is difficult to count the exact number of steps in the algorithm.
eg: See the insertion sort , efficient algorithm for sorting
small number of elements.
19
20. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Insertion sort
20
Key 2 Key 4 Key 6
Key 1 Key 3
Sorted Array
21. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Pseudocode for insertion sort.
INSERTION-SORT(A)
1 for j = 2 to A.length
2 key = A[j]
3 // Insert A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1..j-1]
4 i = j - 1
5 While i > 0 and A[i] > key
6 A[i+1] = A[i]
7 i = i-1
8 A[i+1] = key
21
22. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
22
(a)-(e) The iterations of the for loop lines 1-8.
In each iteration, the black rectangle holds the key taken from A[j],
Key is compared with the values in shaded rectangles to its left line 5.
Shaded arrows show array values moved one position to the right line 6,
Black arrows indicate where the key is moved to line 8.
Insertion sort - Example
sorted array
23. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Exact analysis of Insertion sort
• Time taken for the algorithm will depend on the input size
(number of elements of the array)
23
Running Time (Time complexity):
This is the number of primitive operations or steps
executed through an algorithm given a particular input.
24. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Running Time : T(n)
24
INSERTION-SORT(A) Cost Times
1 for j = 2 to A.length c1 n
2 key = A[j] c2 n-1
3 // Insert A[j] into the sorted
// sequence A[1..j-1]
0 n-1
4 i = j – 1 c4 n-1
5 While i > 0 and A[i] > key c5 n
j=2 tj
6 A[i+1] = A[i] c6 n
j=2 (tj - 1)
7 i = i-1 c7 n
j=2 (tj - 1)
8 A[i+1] = key c8 n-1
ith line takes time ci where ci is a constant.
For each j=2,3,…,n , tj be the number of times the while loop is executed for that value of j
25. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Running Time(contd.)
T(n) = c1 n + c2 (n-1) + c4 (n-1) + c5 n
j=2 tj
+ c6 n
j=2 ( tj - 1) + c7 n
j=2 ( tj - 1) +
c8(n-1)
• Best Case (Array is in sorted order)
- T(n) an+b
• Worst Case (Array is in reverse sorted order)
- T(n) cn2 + dn + e
25
26. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Worst Case T(n) cn2 + dn + e
26
27. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Worst Case T(n) cn2 + dn + e
27
28. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Asymptotic Notations
• RAM Model has some problems.
• Exact analysis is very complicated.
28
Therefore we move to asymptotic notation
• Here we focus on determining the biggest term in the
complexity function.
• Sufficiently large size of n.
29. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Asymptotic Notations(Contd.)
• There are three notations.
29
O - Notation
- Notation
- Notation
30. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Big O - Notation
• Introduced by Paul Bechman in 1892.
• We use Big O-notation to give an upper bound on a function.
Definition:
O(g(n)) = { f(n) : there exist positive constants c and no such that
0 f(n) cg(n) for all n no}.
30
Eg: What is the big O value of f(n)=2n + 6 ?
c = 4
no = 3
g(n)=n therefore
f(n) = O(n)
31. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Back to the example
• Alternative calculation:
31
T(n) = c1 + c2 (n+1) + c3 n
= (c1 + c2) + (c2 + c3) n
= c4 + c5 n O (n)
Proof: c4 + c5 n ≤ c n TRUE for n≥1 and c ≥ c4 + c5
cost times
sum = 0 c1 1
for i = 1 to n c2 n+1
sum = sum + A[i] c3 n
32. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Big O – Notation(Contd.)
Assignment (s = 1)
Addition (s+1)
Multiplication (s*2)
Comparison (S<10)
32
O(1)
33. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Question
• Find the Big O value for following fragment of code.
for i = 1 to n
for j = 1 to i
Print j
33
O(n2)
34. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Graphs of functions
34
35. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
35
36. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Big O – Notation(Contd.)
• Find the Big O value for the following functions.
(i) T(n)= 3 +5n + 3n2
(ii) f(n)= 2n + n2 +8n +7
(iii) T(n)= n + logn +6
Answers:
(i) O(n2)
(ii) O(2n)
(iii) O(n)
36
37. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
- Notation
• Provides the lower bound of the function.
Definition:
(g(n)) = { f(n) : there exist positive constants c and n0 such that 0 cg(n)
f(n) for all n no}
37
38. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
- Notation
• This is used when the function f can be bounded both from
above and below by the same function g.
Definition:
(g(n)) ={ f(n): there exist positive constant c1, c2, and n0
such that 0 c1 g(n) f(n) c2g(n) for all n n0 }
38
39. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
Summary
• What is an algorithm?
• Properties of an algorithm.
• Design methods.
• Pseudocode.
• Analysis(Operation count & Step count, RAM model).
• Insertion Sort.
• Asymptotic Notation
39
40. Module Code | Module Name | Lecture Title | Lecturer SLIIT - Faculty of Computing
Data Structures and Algorithms
References
• T.H. Cormen, C.E. Leiserson, R.L. Rivest, Clifford Stein
Introduction to Algorithms,3rd Edition, MIT Press,
2009.
40