This document discusses the Modern Synthesis (MS) of evolutionary theory and competing views. It makes three key points:
1. The MS viewed genetics as the underlying mechanism of evolution, with natural selection driving adaptation and diversity. However, some see development and form as more important than genetics alone.
2. The explanatory structure of the MS focused on adaptation over homology, whereas alternative views see plasticity, developmental constraints, and homology as more important.
3. The relationship between genetics and evolution was conceived in two ways in the MS - genetics could explain evolution or vice versa. Some mutations are recessive due to the evolution of dominance as an adaptive buffer against generally deleterious mutations.
Evolutionary Genetics by: Kim Jim F. Raborar, RN, MAEd(ue)Kim Jim Raborar
This presentation was created as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject Advanced Genetics. Everything that was here were kinda symbolic. I mean, you could recognize that this was a product of so much data interpretation. I therefore suggest you read and read a lot first before you go back to this presentation. Or you could just contact me so i could send you the key-pointers.
Have a super nice day.
Kimy
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution including:
1. Evolution is the change in populations over time through natural selection and common descent. Microevolution refers to changes within populations while macroevolution creates and eliminates species.
2. Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and observations of variations within populations and the struggle for existence led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology which show conservation and diversification of genes matching evolutionary relationships.
This document discusses nature-inspired generative design. It provides an overview of several theoretical concepts from biology that can be used as the basis for generative design processes, including:
1) Computational embryology, which takes inspiration from developmental biology and embryology to model the growth processes by which an organism develops. This includes concepts like morphogenesis, regional specification, and cellular differentiation.
2) Self-organization concepts to model collective behavior and pattern formation. Collective behavior looks at how local interactions between agents can produce global behaviors, while reaction-diffusion systems can generate intricate patterns.
3) Examples are provided of how these biological concepts have been applied in a research project to generate architectural designs. Computational
This document provides an overview of key concepts about biodiversity and evolution. It begins by listing learning objectives, such as defining biodiversity and evolution, explaining how they affect life, and relating evolution to speciation. It then introduces topics like Charles Darwin's contributions to the theory of evolution and natural selection. It also summarizes evidence that supports evolution, including fossil records, comparative anatomy, and observable changes in species over time.
Selection, drift, speciation, and dispersal are the four key processes that influence patterns of species composition and diversity in ecological communities. Selection represents fitness differences between species, drift represents stochastic changes in species abundance, speciation creates new species, and dispersal is the movement of organisms across space. While community ecology considers many specific mechanisms and interactions, all theoretical models emphasize one or more of these four fundamental processes. Organizing community ecology around these processes provides a coherent conceptual framework and clarifies similarities and differences between models.
This lesson discusses Biodiversity and Evolution
define biodiversity and evolution;
cite the contributions of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution;
account for the evidence of evolution;
explain how biodiversity and evolution affect life;
demonstrate how biodiversity and evolution help an ecosystem to function;
explain the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process; and
relate evolution and speciation.
define what an ecosystem is;
identify the components of ecological structures in an ecosystem;
explain how diversity contributes to stability and survival;
cite examples of what helps and what disrupts the interaction in an ecosystem;
analyze how the human population affects the different ecosystems; and
apply the knowledge of biodiversity in the maintenance of an ecosystem and vice versa.
Morphological concepts in evolution involve the study of the physical forms a...SkyLawaan
Morphological concepts in evolution involve the study of the physical forms and structures of organisms and how they change over time through evolutionary processes. This includes the examination of anatomical features, body shapes, and developmental patterns across different species and their evolutionary relationships. By analyzing morphological traits, scientists can infer evolutionary histories, understand adaptations to various environments, and explore the mechanisms driving diversification and speciation.
This document provides information about various topics in zoology including:
1) It outlines four main branches of life science - botany, zoology, genetics, and ecology. Zoology is defined as the science dealing with animals and animal life.
2) It then discusses seven key properties of living systems - chemical uniqueness, complexity/hierarchy, reproduction, genetic programs, metabolism, growth/development, and environmental interaction.
3) It provides an overview of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including its five major concepts of perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, and natural selection.
4) It describes several types of zoological research including structural, physiological,
Evolutionary Genetics by: Kim Jim F. Raborar, RN, MAEd(ue)Kim Jim Raborar
This presentation was created as a partial fulfillment of the requirements in the subject Advanced Genetics. Everything that was here were kinda symbolic. I mean, you could recognize that this was a product of so much data interpretation. I therefore suggest you read and read a lot first before you go back to this presentation. Or you could just contact me so i could send you the key-pointers.
Have a super nice day.
Kimy
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution including:
1. Evolution is the change in populations over time through natural selection and common descent. Microevolution refers to changes within populations while macroevolution creates and eliminates species.
2. Darwin's voyage on the Beagle and observations of variations within populations and the struggle for existence led him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular biology which show conservation and diversification of genes matching evolutionary relationships.
This document discusses nature-inspired generative design. It provides an overview of several theoretical concepts from biology that can be used as the basis for generative design processes, including:
1) Computational embryology, which takes inspiration from developmental biology and embryology to model the growth processes by which an organism develops. This includes concepts like morphogenesis, regional specification, and cellular differentiation.
2) Self-organization concepts to model collective behavior and pattern formation. Collective behavior looks at how local interactions between agents can produce global behaviors, while reaction-diffusion systems can generate intricate patterns.
3) Examples are provided of how these biological concepts have been applied in a research project to generate architectural designs. Computational
This document provides an overview of key concepts about biodiversity and evolution. It begins by listing learning objectives, such as defining biodiversity and evolution, explaining how they affect life, and relating evolution to speciation. It then introduces topics like Charles Darwin's contributions to the theory of evolution and natural selection. It also summarizes evidence that supports evolution, including fossil records, comparative anatomy, and observable changes in species over time.
Selection, drift, speciation, and dispersal are the four key processes that influence patterns of species composition and diversity in ecological communities. Selection represents fitness differences between species, drift represents stochastic changes in species abundance, speciation creates new species, and dispersal is the movement of organisms across space. While community ecology considers many specific mechanisms and interactions, all theoretical models emphasize one or more of these four fundamental processes. Organizing community ecology around these processes provides a coherent conceptual framework and clarifies similarities and differences between models.
This lesson discusses Biodiversity and Evolution
define biodiversity and evolution;
cite the contributions of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution;
account for the evidence of evolution;
explain how biodiversity and evolution affect life;
demonstrate how biodiversity and evolution help an ecosystem to function;
explain the role of natural selection in the evolutionary process; and
relate evolution and speciation.
define what an ecosystem is;
identify the components of ecological structures in an ecosystem;
explain how diversity contributes to stability and survival;
cite examples of what helps and what disrupts the interaction in an ecosystem;
analyze how the human population affects the different ecosystems; and
apply the knowledge of biodiversity in the maintenance of an ecosystem and vice versa.
Morphological concepts in evolution involve the study of the physical forms a...SkyLawaan
Morphological concepts in evolution involve the study of the physical forms and structures of organisms and how they change over time through evolutionary processes. This includes the examination of anatomical features, body shapes, and developmental patterns across different species and their evolutionary relationships. By analyzing morphological traits, scientists can infer evolutionary histories, understand adaptations to various environments, and explore the mechanisms driving diversification and speciation.
This document provides information about various topics in zoology including:
1) It outlines four main branches of life science - botany, zoology, genetics, and ecology. Zoology is defined as the science dealing with animals and animal life.
2) It then discusses seven key properties of living systems - chemical uniqueness, complexity/hierarchy, reproduction, genetic programs, metabolism, growth/development, and environmental interaction.
3) It provides an overview of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, including its five major concepts of perpetual change, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, and natural selection.
4) It describes several types of zoological research including structural, physiological,
Microevolution refers to small genetic changes within a population over a short time, like sparrows in different climates evolving different body sizes. Macroevolution involves genetic changes over long periods that result in new species, genera, and traits, as seen with human evolution from early hominins like Homo habilis. While microevolution can lead to speciation through natural selection over generations, some argue macroevolution requires entirely new structures and is not simply an extension of microevolution. Examples provided show most new organs evolve through modification of existing structures, not entirely novel innovations.
Evolución:"Toward an extended evolutionary synthesis?" Evosynthesis CiberGeneticaUNAM
This document outlines the history and development of evolutionary theory over time. It discusses:
1) Early evolutionary theory from Darwin which was missing a theory of heredity. Neo-Darwinism added rejection of Lamarckism but also lacked a theory of heredity.
2) The Modern Synthesis of the early 20th century which combined Mendelian genetics with population genetics and natural selection, establishing the major tenets of evolution.
3) Current discussions around potentially extending evolutionary theory to incorporate additional factors like development, non-gradual evolution, and other units of selection beyond genes. The view from Altenberg conference discussed issues like these and potential directions for evolutionary theory going forward.
Evolution is the central theme of biology. It refers to change over time in allele frequencies in populations, driven primarily by natural selection. Speciation occurs through mechanisms like allopatric speciation. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that heritable traits better suited to an organism's environment will increase the organism's fitness and chances of survival and reproduction, driving populations to change over generations. Phylogenies illustrate evolutionary relationships and history based on homologous traits in ancestors.
The document discusses the evolution of life through various mechanisms like natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation. It explains different levels of evolution from population genetics to speciation and provides evidence of evolution through fossils, homologous organs, and orthologous genes. The document also covers applications of evolutionary biology in genomics for understanding disease, conservation efforts, and tracing human ancestry.
The document discusses several key mechanisms of evolution including mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating that can result in evolutionary changes. It provides examples of how mutation introduces genetic variation within populations and how natural selection can act on this variation to drive adaptation. The document also discusses how evolutionary theory has been established through evidence from genetics, fossils, and observations of artificial and natural selection.
This document discusses the term "epigenetics" and proposes a strict definition within the framework of the differential concept of variability. It analyzes three major existing interpretations of epigenetics and identifies limitations with each. The first interpretation defines epigenetics as heritable alterations in phenotype not involving changes to DNA, but many epigenetic processes are not always inherited. The second limits epigenetics to local chromatin changes, but epigenetic phenomena exist beyond chromatin in non-eukaryotes. The third relates epigenetics to gene expression regulation in development, but the term "gene expression" needs clarification. The document argues a new definition of epigenetics is needed based on autonomous aspects of variability.
Thomas Malthus' theory that populations grow exponentially while resources increase arithmetically inspired Darwin's theory of natural selection. Malthus proposed that populations are kept in check by factors like starvation and disease. Darwin applied this concept at the individual level, realizing that traits allowing organisms to better acquire resources and avoid dangers would lead to greater survival and reproduction. He called this natural selection, where heritable traits better suited to the environment are preserved and passed on, driving evolutionary change over generations as less suited traits die out.
The document discusses the theory of biological evolution, including key concepts such as common ancestry, genetic variation over generations, natural selection, and speciation leading to diversity of life. It covers Darwin's theory that natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. Later, molecular analysis of genetic sequences helped map phylogenetic trees to show evolutionary relationships between organisms and domains of life more accurately.
A Developmental Evolutionary Framework for Psychology.pdfKayla Jones
This document outlines a developmental evolutionary framework for psychology as an alternative to evolutionary psychology, which is founded on the assumptions of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology. The proposed framework integrates the study of developmental and evolutionary mechanisms within one explanatory model. It argues that knowledge of developmental processes is necessary to understand evolutionary change, and that psychology can contribute to this endeavor through research in comparative and developmental psychology. The framework rejects the dichotomies of the modern synthesis and favors a relational approach that sees development as a dynamic, context-sensitive process involving interactions between genetic, environmental, and experiential factors across multiple timescales.
This document provides an overview of evolution and genetics from an anthropology course. It discusses key topics like Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Gregor Mendel's experiments with genetics and heredity, and modern understandings of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow and the mechanisms that drive genetic change over time.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection to explain how species adapt over generations through survival of the fittest. Alfred Russel Wallace contributed to understanding how environmental factors and biogeography drive evolution in different habitats. Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments laid the foundations of genetics and heredity. The modern synthesis integrated genetics and natural selection to explain evolutionary change, adaptation, and the generation of biodiversity. Debates on evolutionary theory continue to advance understanding through genomic research and paleontology.
This document outlines the major scientific movements and developments that led to the field of evolutionary psychology. It discusses early evolutionary thinkers before Darwin like Lamarck and Cuvier. It then covers Darwin's theory of natural selection and sexual selection. Later developments discussed include Mendel's work on genetics, the modern evolutionary synthesis, ethology, inclusive fitness theory, sociobiology, and milestones in human evolution and psychology.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution and systematics. It discusses how lineages evolve over time through descent with modification, resulting in evolutionary novelties. Natural selection leads to adaptations that increase fitness. Species are defined as lineages that exchange genes through interbreeding. Systematics aims to reconstruct phylogenies to understand evolutionary relationships among taxa. Characters that represent shared derived states are used to identify monophyletic groups.
The document outlines the core unifying themes of biology, including evolution, heredity, diversity and unity of life, structure and function, cells, emergence, interdependence, regulation, energy transfer, and the nature of science. It describes how evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life through natural selection and adaptation. It also discusses how genetic information is passed down through DNA and how organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships.
Macroevolution examines evolution over long time periods of thousands to millions of years. It studies changes above the species level, including the emergence of new species through speciation and loss of species through extinction. Key areas of study in macroevolution include building phylogenetic trees to demonstrate evolutionary relationships between extinct and modern species based on morphological comparisons, and using molecular analysis to help validate these relationships when possible. Mass extinctions that eliminate large percentages of species are also investigated to better understand causes and patterns of extinction and subsequent radiations as new species evolve to fill open niches.
892018 South Universityhttpsmyclasses.southuniversity.docxransayo
8/9/2018 South University
https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/le/content/34297/viewContent/1114063/View 1/1
Download: Video Transcript (PDF 18KB) (media/week1/SU_W1_L1.pdf?
_&d2lSessionVal=X4ZxS4reQPabhOYfLa2QhfkZb&ou=34297)
The Scienti c Method
Biology consists of a great deal of knowledge. Much of that knowledge takes the form of facts that we
refer to as theories. Or perhaps this is better understood by saying that biologists treat theories as
though they were facts. But, they are special kind of fact. They are not a fact the way your social
security number is a fact. A theory is a fact that has been derived using the scienti c method.
The scienti c method always starts with an observation. And notice carefully that we use the singular
word, observation, and not the plural 'observations', even if a thousand events were observed. The
observation leads to a question. Questions come in many shapes and forms, but the scienti c method
needs to pose only very speci c questions. This is because the question must be able to be worded as a
hypothesis. What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a speci c statement in which a cause and effect
scenario is central. For an example, follow along with the scenarios presented in the assigned textbook
readings. You will see that a hypothesis can never be an open ended question. It must be speci c. For
example, this is a hypothesis: If I put a cover over a ame, it will go out. This is not a hypothesis: Why
does the ame go out when I put a cover over it? After you have created a hypothesis, you design
experiments to see if you can support your hypothesis. Keep in mind that in the biological sciences,
while you can support a hypothesis, you can never prove one. This is one of the most misunderstood
concepts in science. You will never account for every possible condition for a given hypothesis;
therefore, you can never prove it beyond any shadow of doubt.
https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/content/enforced/34297-2405986/media/week1/SU_W1_L1.pdf?_&d2lSessionVal=X4ZxS4reQPabhOYfLa2QhfkZb&ou=34297
CHAPTER 5
Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecology (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
5.1 Adaptations Are a Product of Natural Selection
Stated more precisely, natural selection is the differential success (survival and reproduction) of individuals within the population that results from their interaction with their environment. As outlined by Darwin, natural selection is a product of two conditions: (1) that variation occurs among individuals within a population in some “heritable” characteristic, and (2) that this variation results in differences among individuals in their survival and reproduction as a result of their interaction with the environment. Natural selection is a numbers game. Darwin wrote:
Among those individuals that do reproduce, some will leave more offspring than others. These individuals are considered more fit than the others because they contribute the most to the next g.
The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
4. The evolutionary species concept defines a species as a lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own ecological niche. It aims to address limitations of the biological concept.
The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
4. The evolutionary species concept defines a species as a lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own ecological niche. It aims to address limitations of the biological concept.
The key elements of the Christian worldview are faith, love, forgiveness, and living in Christ. These elements are fundamental to Christ's teachings and reflect the author's own worldview. Living in Christ incorporates aspects like praise, prayer, and witnessing. However, the Christian worldview should focus more on redemption than reconciling the Bible with science. The overarching themes of the Bible can be summarized as creation, humanity, sin/fall, and redemption.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until needs are fully met, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à 55. The Modern Synthesis And Its Competing Views Of The Explanatory Structure Of Explanatory Theory.
Microevolution refers to small genetic changes within a population over a short time, like sparrows in different climates evolving different body sizes. Macroevolution involves genetic changes over long periods that result in new species, genera, and traits, as seen with human evolution from early hominins like Homo habilis. While microevolution can lead to speciation through natural selection over generations, some argue macroevolution requires entirely new structures and is not simply an extension of microevolution. Examples provided show most new organs evolve through modification of existing structures, not entirely novel innovations.
Evolución:"Toward an extended evolutionary synthesis?" Evosynthesis CiberGeneticaUNAM
This document outlines the history and development of evolutionary theory over time. It discusses:
1) Early evolutionary theory from Darwin which was missing a theory of heredity. Neo-Darwinism added rejection of Lamarckism but also lacked a theory of heredity.
2) The Modern Synthesis of the early 20th century which combined Mendelian genetics with population genetics and natural selection, establishing the major tenets of evolution.
3) Current discussions around potentially extending evolutionary theory to incorporate additional factors like development, non-gradual evolution, and other units of selection beyond genes. The view from Altenberg conference discussed issues like these and potential directions for evolutionary theory going forward.
Evolution is the central theme of biology. It refers to change over time in allele frequencies in populations, driven primarily by natural selection. Speciation occurs through mechanisms like allopatric speciation. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection, which proposes that heritable traits better suited to an organism's environment will increase the organism's fitness and chances of survival and reproduction, driving populations to change over generations. Phylogenies illustrate evolutionary relationships and history based on homologous traits in ancestors.
The document discusses the evolution of life through various mechanisms like natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation. It explains different levels of evolution from population genetics to speciation and provides evidence of evolution through fossils, homologous organs, and orthologous genes. The document also covers applications of evolutionary biology in genomics for understanding disease, conservation efforts, and tracing human ancestry.
The document discusses several key mechanisms of evolution including mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and nonrandom mating that can result in evolutionary changes. It provides examples of how mutation introduces genetic variation within populations and how natural selection can act on this variation to drive adaptation. The document also discusses how evolutionary theory has been established through evidence from genetics, fossils, and observations of artificial and natural selection.
This document discusses the term "epigenetics" and proposes a strict definition within the framework of the differential concept of variability. It analyzes three major existing interpretations of epigenetics and identifies limitations with each. The first interpretation defines epigenetics as heritable alterations in phenotype not involving changes to DNA, but many epigenetic processes are not always inherited. The second limits epigenetics to local chromatin changes, but epigenetic phenomena exist beyond chromatin in non-eukaryotes. The third relates epigenetics to gene expression regulation in development, but the term "gene expression" needs clarification. The document argues a new definition of epigenetics is needed based on autonomous aspects of variability.
Thomas Malthus' theory that populations grow exponentially while resources increase arithmetically inspired Darwin's theory of natural selection. Malthus proposed that populations are kept in check by factors like starvation and disease. Darwin applied this concept at the individual level, realizing that traits allowing organisms to better acquire resources and avoid dangers would lead to greater survival and reproduction. He called this natural selection, where heritable traits better suited to the environment are preserved and passed on, driving evolutionary change over generations as less suited traits die out.
The document discusses the theory of biological evolution, including key concepts such as common ancestry, genetic variation over generations, natural selection, and speciation leading to diversity of life. It covers Darwin's theory that natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. Later, molecular analysis of genetic sequences helped map phylogenetic trees to show evolutionary relationships between organisms and domains of life more accurately.
A Developmental Evolutionary Framework for Psychology.pdfKayla Jones
This document outlines a developmental evolutionary framework for psychology as an alternative to evolutionary psychology, which is founded on the assumptions of the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology. The proposed framework integrates the study of developmental and evolutionary mechanisms within one explanatory model. It argues that knowledge of developmental processes is necessary to understand evolutionary change, and that psychology can contribute to this endeavor through research in comparative and developmental psychology. The framework rejects the dichotomies of the modern synthesis and favors a relational approach that sees development as a dynamic, context-sensitive process involving interactions between genetic, environmental, and experiential factors across multiple timescales.
This document provides an overview of evolution and genetics from an anthropology course. It discusses key topics like Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, Gregor Mendel's experiments with genetics and heredity, and modern understandings of evolution including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow and the mechanisms that drive genetic change over time.
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection to explain how species adapt over generations through survival of the fittest. Alfred Russel Wallace contributed to understanding how environmental factors and biogeography drive evolution in different habitats. Gregor Mendel's pea plant experiments laid the foundations of genetics and heredity. The modern synthesis integrated genetics and natural selection to explain evolutionary change, adaptation, and the generation of biodiversity. Debates on evolutionary theory continue to advance understanding through genomic research and paleontology.
This document outlines the major scientific movements and developments that led to the field of evolutionary psychology. It discusses early evolutionary thinkers before Darwin like Lamarck and Cuvier. It then covers Darwin's theory of natural selection and sexual selection. Later developments discussed include Mendel's work on genetics, the modern evolutionary synthesis, ethology, inclusive fitness theory, sociobiology, and milestones in human evolution and psychology.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution and systematics. It discusses how lineages evolve over time through descent with modification, resulting in evolutionary novelties. Natural selection leads to adaptations that increase fitness. Species are defined as lineages that exchange genes through interbreeding. Systematics aims to reconstruct phylogenies to understand evolutionary relationships among taxa. Characters that represent shared derived states are used to identify monophyletic groups.
The document outlines the core unifying themes of biology, including evolution, heredity, diversity and unity of life, structure and function, cells, emergence, interdependence, regulation, energy transfer, and the nature of science. It describes how evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life through natural selection and adaptation. It also discusses how genetic information is passed down through DNA and how organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationships.
Macroevolution examines evolution over long time periods of thousands to millions of years. It studies changes above the species level, including the emergence of new species through speciation and loss of species through extinction. Key areas of study in macroevolution include building phylogenetic trees to demonstrate evolutionary relationships between extinct and modern species based on morphological comparisons, and using molecular analysis to help validate these relationships when possible. Mass extinctions that eliminate large percentages of species are also investigated to better understand causes and patterns of extinction and subsequent radiations as new species evolve to fill open niches.
892018 South Universityhttpsmyclasses.southuniversity.docxransayo
8/9/2018 South University
https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/d2l/le/content/34297/viewContent/1114063/View 1/1
Download: Video Transcript (PDF 18KB) (media/week1/SU_W1_L1.pdf?
_&d2lSessionVal=X4ZxS4reQPabhOYfLa2QhfkZb&ou=34297)
The Scienti c Method
Biology consists of a great deal of knowledge. Much of that knowledge takes the form of facts that we
refer to as theories. Or perhaps this is better understood by saying that biologists treat theories as
though they were facts. But, they are special kind of fact. They are not a fact the way your social
security number is a fact. A theory is a fact that has been derived using the scienti c method.
The scienti c method always starts with an observation. And notice carefully that we use the singular
word, observation, and not the plural 'observations', even if a thousand events were observed. The
observation leads to a question. Questions come in many shapes and forms, but the scienti c method
needs to pose only very speci c questions. This is because the question must be able to be worded as a
hypothesis. What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a speci c statement in which a cause and effect
scenario is central. For an example, follow along with the scenarios presented in the assigned textbook
readings. You will see that a hypothesis can never be an open ended question. It must be speci c. For
example, this is a hypothesis: If I put a cover over a ame, it will go out. This is not a hypothesis: Why
does the ame go out when I put a cover over it? After you have created a hypothesis, you design
experiments to see if you can support your hypothesis. Keep in mind that in the biological sciences,
while you can support a hypothesis, you can never prove one. This is one of the most misunderstood
concepts in science. You will never account for every possible condition for a given hypothesis;
therefore, you can never prove it beyond any shadow of doubt.
https://myclasses.southuniversity.edu/content/enforced/34297-2405986/media/week1/SU_W1_L1.pdf?_&d2lSessionVal=X4ZxS4reQPabhOYfLa2QhfkZb&ou=34297
CHAPTER 5
Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecology (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
5.1 Adaptations Are a Product of Natural Selection
Stated more precisely, natural selection is the differential success (survival and reproduction) of individuals within the population that results from their interaction with their environment. As outlined by Darwin, natural selection is a product of two conditions: (1) that variation occurs among individuals within a population in some “heritable” characteristic, and (2) that this variation results in differences among individuals in their survival and reproduction as a result of their interaction with the environment. Natural selection is a numbers game. Darwin wrote:
Among those individuals that do reproduce, some will leave more offspring than others. These individuals are considered more fit than the others because they contribute the most to the next g.
The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
4. The evolutionary species concept defines a species as a lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own ecological niche. It aims to address limitations of the biological concept.
The document discusses different species concepts:
1. The typological species concept defines a species as having an idealized, invariant pattern shared by all members. It considers variation as trivial.
2. The nominalistic species concept believes that only individuals exist in nature, not species, which are human constructs.
3. The biological species concept defines a species as a group of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups. It is widely accepted but has limitations for asexual groups, cryptic species, and evolutionary intermediates.
4. The evolutionary species concept defines a species as a lineage evolving separately from other lineages with its own ecological niche. It aims to address limitations of the biological concept.
Similaire à 55. The Modern Synthesis And Its Competing Views Of The Explanatory Structure Of Explanatory Theory. (20)
The key elements of the Christian worldview are faith, love, forgiveness, and living in Christ. These elements are fundamental to Christ's teachings and reflect the author's own worldview. Living in Christ incorporates aspects like praise, prayer, and witnessing. However, the Christian worldview should focus more on redemption than reconciling the Bible with science. The overarching themes of the Bible can be summarized as creation, humanity, sin/fall, and redemption.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until needs are fully met, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
Argumentative Essay Topics Dealing With Children - 10Heather Strinden
The document provides instructions for using the writing assistance website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1) Create an account with a password and email.
2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied.
5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
1. The document discusses John Dickson Carr's extensive biography on Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It analyzes Doyle's life and personality through the lens of Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology theory.
2. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in 1859 in England to Irish Catholic parents. He excelled at school but found the classes uninspiring. He loved history but in a more romantic style.
3. Adler's personality theory emphasizes how culture and society influence personality development and behaviors. Analyzing Doyle's life through this lens provides insights into his stubbornness and rebellious acts as a youth.
Can Money Buy Happiness Essay - The Writing Center.Heather Strinden
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55. The Modern Synthesis And Its Competing Views Of The Explanatory Structure Of Explanatory Theory.
1. The Modern Synthesis and its Competing views of
the explanatory structure of evolutionary theory
Philippe Huneman
IHPST (CNRS/ Unniversite Paris I Sorbonne)
2. Context: extending or expamding
the Modern Synthesis
• Perspectives from:
Evodevo
Molecular biology
Ecology
Gilbert Opitz and Raff (1994), Gould (2002), Pigliucci (2007),
Muller and Pigliucci eds. (2011), Gilbert (2009), etc.
3. Outline
• Chracterizing MS from viewpoint of the
critiques. ( switch in explanatory structure)
• MS as a synthesis? Competing views 0f
explananda
Theme 1. Evolution and genetics ( Fisher, Wright,
1930s)
Theme 2. Adaptation and diversity ( Mayr,
Dobzhansky, Simpson, Wright, 1950s)
4. A view from now:
"Dead parts of the Modern Synthesis"
• It is important to be clear about common, though not necessarily universal, assumptions of mid-20th
Century biology that have been discarded. A partial listing would include at least the following:
• •The genome is always a well-organized library of genes.
• Genes usually have single functions that have been specifically honed by powerful natural selection.
• Species are finely adjusted to their ecological circum-stances due to efficient adaptive adjustment of
biochemi-cal functions.
• The durable units of evolution are species, and within them the organisms, organs, cells, and
molecules, whic are characteristic of the species.
• Given the adaptive nature of each organism and cell their machinery can be modeled using principles
of efficient design.
• "The new biology: beyond the Modern Synthesis" Rose and oakley biology direct
2007
5. • Dead parts of the Modern Synthesis
• •The genome is always a well-organized library of genes.
• Genes usually have single functions that have been specifically honed by powerful natural
selection.
• Species are finely adjusted to their ecological circum-stances due to efficient adaptive
adjustment of biochemi-cal functions.
• The durable units of evolution are species, and within them the organisms, organs, cells, and
molecules, which are characteristic of the species.
• Given the adaptive nature of each organism and cell their machinery can be modeled using
principles of efficient design.
"Natural selection , acting on the heritable variation provided by
mutation and recombination of a Mendelian genetic
constitution, is the main agency of biological evolution." .
(Huxley to Mayr, 1951)
6. Core of the MS?
• Population genetics is the science of the process of evolution
by natural selection. (1)
Evolution is change in gene frequency
Variation = mutation/ recombination. Inheritance is genetic
• Natural selection is the main cause of the change of traits,
evolution, adaptation, etc. (2)
• Developement and inheritance are distinct; only the latter
matters for evolution (3)
Macroevolution has same processes as microevolution
8. Define evolution
• Textbook definition: evolution is a change in
genotypic frenquencies in a population (see 1)
• Contrast with (2005):
• Evodevo definition 2005 (Sean Caroll) Evolution is
transformation of developmental pathways
• Should the extended synthesis to be
understood as decoupling evolution from
genetics ?
Genes?
9. Genes and form
(1,3)
• Modern synthesis was about genes in
evolution. Form was left out. (Ghiselin 1981,
Love 2003 etc.). New advances in Evodevo
are about form (Pigliucci 2007)
• Evo devo, morphology, etc. Form is back
(commonalities in structure, eg Tetrapod limb)
• -> need for an " extended synthesis"
Genes?
10. Form and adaptation
(2)
• perspectives: structuralists ( evodevo) vs
adaptationnist ( MS) (Amundson 2005):
MS is adaptationist (i.e. externalist) and Evo
devo is structuralist.
• But in this viewpoint, chances of a genuine
new synthesis are low.
Adaptation?
11. Dilemma
• Pigliucci, Muller (2011), Gilbert Opitz & Raff
(1996), etc. Build a new ( extended)
synthesis
• Amundson: synthesis not very plausible
• How to decide?
12. claim: The Ms/ ext synthesis
alternative is about explanatory
structure
• Amundson 2000:
• EvoDevo, alternative view:
"importance of homology over
adaptation"
• MS: importance of adaptation over
homology
15. Is it really the MS view?
• Textbook def: evolution is a change in allelic
frequency in population
But see already in the MS:
• “Evolution is not a change in gene frequencies, as is claimed so
often, but the maintenance (or improvement) of adaptedness
and the origin of diversity. Changes in gene frequency are a result
of such evolution, not its cause.” Mayr 1997
16. Theme 1. Genetics and
evolution
• Roughly said: "genetics underlies evolutionary processes"
is a common claim in MS
• For example:
• Mayr: "mutation, recombination selection and isolation
are the four cornerstones of evolution" ("genetic change
and environment", 1955)
• Dobzhansky: "Evolution is a change in the genetic
composition of populations. The study of mechanisms
of evolution falls within the province of population
genetics". (GOS 1951 8)
17. • Genetics of the transmission of hereditary materials, and genetics of
development, are concerned with individuals as units. The former seeks to find
out the rules which govern the formation of gene constellations in individual
zygotes, so that the probable distribution of genes in the offspring may be
predicted from a knowledge of the genotypes of the parents. The latter studies
the mechanisms of gene action in ontogeny. A third subdivision of genetics has
as its province the processes which take place in groups of individuals, in
populations, and is therefore called genetics of populations. (Dobzhansky,
GOS, 1951, 10)
• Evolution is a process of change or movement. Description of any movement
may be divided into two parts: statics, which treats of the forces producing a
motion and the equilibrium of these forces, and dynamics, which deals with the
motion itself and the action of forces producing it ( Dobzhansky, GOS, 1951, 15)
• Mutation, recombination// selection and migration // "The origin
and functioning of the reproductive isolating mechanisms"
18. • But the relation between genetics and evolution can be conceived of
in two ways, as Fisher indicates
• The status of genetics within evolution is not always the same comparing
HALDANE' S sub-ject, "Can evolution be explained in terms of present known
genetical causes ?" with the heading under which I chose to speak, "The
evolutionary "modification of genetic phenomena." My own address might
equally well have been entitled, "Can genetical phenomena be explained in
terms of known evolutionary causes ?" The one approach, as you perceive, is
analytic and deductive. Genetic studies are regarded as revealing the
mechanism connecting cause and effect, from a knowledge of which the
workings of the machine can be deduced and the course of evolutionary
change inferred. The other approach is inductive and statistical; genetics
supplies the facts as to living things as they now are, facts which, like the
living things in which they occur, have an evolutionary history and may be
capable of an evolu-tionary explanation, facts which are not immutable laws of
the workings of things but which might have been different had evolutionary
history taken a different course.
(THE EVOLUTIONARY MODIFICATION OF GENETIC PHEnomena 1932)
19. • Application: The problem of the evolution of dominance
• Out of 221 different mutations available for classification I
found that 208 were described as recessive; that is to say,
that in these cases the cross-bred or heterozygous fly
appeared to be com-pletely normal, and the mutation was
entirely concealed. In not one case did the cross- bred fly
resemble the pure- bred mutant. But in the 13 remaining
cases it was intermediate, showing a defect of the same
kind as the mutant, but of less intensity. The distribution
of these mutations in respect of dominance or
recessiveness was therefore extremely one-sided.
• The whole body of observations may be summarised in the
two rules : that the wild- type gene is completely dominant
to all other genes of the series, whilst absent.
20. • Thesis: "the recessiveness
of mutations is itself a
consequence of a
prolonged evolutionary
process, by which each
species reacts to the
unfavourable mutations
with which it is persistently
peppered."
• The evolution of dominance is
an adaptive Mechanisms
which buffers the species
against generally deleterious
mutations
• "That the vast majority of mutations
should be deleterious is a perfectly
natural consequence from the view
that the organism is maintained in a
highly adapted condition by natural
selection, for a highly adapted
condition can mean nothing else
than one which is more easily injured
than improved by a change in its
organisation"
Evolution of dominance
Adaptive character of organisms
Deleterious ( in general) character of mutations
21. • The (empirically noticed) generally deleterious
aspect of mutations implies that mutations can
not be directed
• "Just where does the theory of natural
selection place the creative causes which
shape evolutionary change? In the actual
life of living things; in their contacts and
conflicts with their environments,"
Fisher, eeddington Lecture 1950.
• ->> it is not mutations which cause
evolution (argument against any
lamarckism)
22. • What adaptation is: a reversal of probabilities.
Natural selection makes highly probable the
very improbable. Exemple of the eye.
("Retrospect of the criticisms", Evo as a process, 1954)
• Idea of "design" as a highly improbable
structure (Hume, Kant, etc.). The statistical
understanding of selection explains design.
A genetical theory of adaptation: Fisher (vs
Wright & Dobzhansky)
25. • "Natural selection is not evolution" (GTNS
1931) : a genetical theory of adaptatiom
• FTNS: increase in population mean fitness
due to selection equals genetic additive
variance. (Price, 1972, Edwards 1994)
• The FTNS analytically ties the part of
evolution caused by selection, with the
increase in fitness, hence adaptation
A genetical theory of adaptation: Fisher (vs
Wright & Dobzhansky)
26.
27. A genetical theory of adaptation:
Fisher (vs Wright & Dobzhansky)
• FTNS: deterioration
of environnement (
eg epistasis,
pleiotropy, etc,
change of
reproductive value
of alleles regarding
the genetic
background) can
swamp the
adaptive-selective
part of evolution
• But the theory of dominance
shows that selection acts upon
the level of the genic structure
of populations
28. The bearer of adaptation is individual: never a species, but the individual
organism or its genes ( "immediate progeny")
• The injury observed on close inbreeding is thus exposed in an entirely
new light. It is not perpetual self- fertilisation, but the first few
generations, and especially the first generation, that is dangerous. The
inbred lines show no perceptible further deterioration after eight or ten
generations. Moreover, it is not the racial potentialities that are injured,
but only the individual expression of them. It is not the species, but the
individual, which suffers. The various devices which exist in nature to
ensure exogamy are not for the benefit of the species, for which, so
to speak, Natural Selection cares nothing, but to ensure the well-
being of the immediate progeny ; to guard them against the
recessive parents. (THE BEARING OF GENETICS ON THEORIES OF
EVOLUTION. 1932)
Compare with Dobzhansky: mendelian population is the unit of
adaptation
A genetical theory of adaptation: Fisher (vs
Wright & Dobzhansky
29. A genetical theory of adaptation:
Fisher vs Dobzhansky
• The injury observed on close inbreeding
is thus exposed in an entirely new light. It
is not perpetual self- fertilisation, but the
first few generations, and especially the
first generation, that is dangerous. The
inbred lines show no perceptible further
deterioration after eight or ten
generations. Moreover, it is not the racial
potentialities that are injured, but only the
individual expression of them. It is not the
species, but the individual, which suffers.
The various devices which exist in nature
to ensure exogamy are not for the
benefit of the species, for which, so to
speak, Natural Selection cares nothing,
but to ensure the well-being of the
immediate progeny ; to guard them
against the recessive parents. (THE
BEARING OF GENETICS ON THEORIES
OF EVOLUTION. 1932)
30. • Wright (1932): adaptation is not the only process of
evolution (random drift and SBT theory)
(hence Evolution is not only natural selection. And compare to
Fisher.)
• But they deal with a similar adaptive problem ("the intricacy
of design")
• Wright: the cohesive coadaptive charact of genotypes
makes evolution unlikely to maximise adaptation directly via
selection
• Idea of adaptive landscape: populations cans be stacked
on a local fitness peak ( local maximum of adapted design)
A genetical theory of adaptation: Fisher vs
Wright
31.
32.
33. • Shifting balance theory: episodes of random drift
allow switching from one peak to a higher one.
• Wright's SBT answers through non adaptive
processes to the question of the consevation of
"intricacy" through evolution
(ie variation (mutation, recombination) tends to
dismantle adaptiveness of organisms but still evolution
occurs)
• Fisher's view of the evolution of genetic make-
up (dominance recessivity etc.) answered it by
an adaptive process altering the nature of
alleles.
A genetical theory of adaptation: Fisher vs
Wright
34. A genetical theory of adaptation:
Fisher vs Wright
• Wright looks for the conditions under which evolution can take
place, as a switch from peaks (and they are restrictive)
• Analogously the FTNS allows to determine conditions under
which evolution is adaptive (ie: the change directly caused by
selection overcomes the deterioration of the environnement)
36. • Mayr: critique of the
"beanbag genetics"
• From Wright, idea of
coadapted genotypic
complexes (the
selective value of a
gene depends upon the
genetic background)
•
Mayr1955
The idea of adaptedness as "intricacy of
design"
37. • Some of the conceivable
combinations, indeed a vast majority
of them, are discordant and unfit for
survival in any environment. Others
are suitable for occupation of certain
habitats and ecological niches.
Related gene combinations are, on
the whole, similar in adaptive value.
The field of gene combinations may,
then, be, visualized most simply in a
form of a topographic map, in which
"contours" symbolize the adaptive
values of various combinations.
( GOP 7)
•
Dobzhansky GOP
ch 9 261
Reproductive isolation,
hence the concept of a
species, explains the
preservation of adapted
genotypes
38. Adaptation and diversity: Dobzhansky /
Simpson vs.Wright
Natural
selection
Adaptation
Adaptive radiation
Diversity Analogies -> Unity
Common descent -
homology
« Unity of type »
• Dobzhansky:
adaptative landscape
explains diversity
•
43. Divergences are due to
differences in ancestry
( distinct homologies).
Adaption is noise on the
patterns of diversity
44. • Probleme 2: "The
hierarchical nature of
the biological
classification reflects
the objectively
ascertainable
discontinuity of adaptive
niches."
• This link between unity,
diversity and adaptation
is problematic because
the explanatory theory
(la SBT by Wright) is not
truly adaptationist !
• -> irony: Fisher (1950)
uses results by
dobzhansky on
Drosophila melanogaster
to criticise Wright's SBT
Adaptation and diversity:
Dobzhansky / Simpson
vs.Wright
45. • namely that it is not only small
isolated populations, but also large
populations, that experience
fluctuations in gene ratio. If this is
the case, whatever other results
isolation into small communities
may have, any effects which flow
from fluctuating variability in the
gene ratios will not be confined to
such subdivided species, but will
be experienced also by species
having continuous populations.
This fact, fatal to "The Sewall
Wright Effect," appeared in our
own researches from the
discovery that the year-to-year
changes in the gene ratio in a wild
population were considerably
greater than could be reasonably
ascribed to random sampling, in a
population of the size in question.
We presumed that random
sampling fluctua-tions must always
be present, but that other causes
must be actingtoo, with an intensity,
which, even in a population of no
more than 1000, seems to be
greater than the effects of random
sampling. But it is only the random
sampling fluctuation which is
accentuated by the small size of an
isolated population ; other causes,
like selective survival varying from
year to year, will influence large
populations equally. Indeed we
pointed to other researches,
notably those of Dobzhansky,
demonstrating such fluctuations in
large populations.
Fisher & Ford, Heredity, 4: 117-119,
(1950).
47. • The entanglement between theory of adaptation and
evolutionary aspect of genetics is proper to Fisher. His theory
of adaptation is not so pervasive in MS. But the problem of
'buffering and evolving intricacy of design' is a common one.
• The difference between Fisher, Wright and Dobzhansky is not
only an empirical question of the degree or amount of
adaptation in evolytion (the RV on the Wright / Fisher debate).
• The explanatory structure (adaptation- diversity- selection) is
not constant across the MS
• The question whether one can extend or overcome the MS is
not so well formulated when MS is understood as a historical
set of views, concepts, theories etc.