This document outlines hemodynamic disorders including edema, hemorrhage, shock, and thromboembolic disease. It discusses the mechanisms and causes of edema including changes in hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. Hemorrhage is defined as blood extravasation from vessels and can occur externally or internally. Shock is described as impaired tissue perfusion and three major types are covered - hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock. Thrombosis and hemostasis are also summarized, with Virchow's triad of endothelial injury, stasis, and hypercoagulability presented as factors that predispose to thrombus formation.
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in intravascular volume, pressure, or protein content that affect fluid movement across vessel walls and can cause edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, or shock.
2. Edema is increased fluid in tissues, caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, or inflammation.
3. Thrombosis is inappropriate blood clot formation from endothelial injury, blood stasis, or hypercoagulability per Virchow's triad, and thrombi can embolize or organize.
4. Embolism occurs when a detached mass is
Disorders that perturb cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function are often marked by the accumulation of fluid in tissues (edema) or body cavities (effusions).
Hemodynamic changes can include hyperaemia, thrombosis, embolism, ischemia, infarction, and hemorrhage. Hyperaemia is increased blood flow to an organ and can be active or passive. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. Embolism occurs when a detached clot or other mass travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel. Ischemia is reduced blood flow to an organ, and infarction is tissue death from a lack of blood flow. Hemorrhage involves bleeding outside of blood vessels.
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in fluid balance, blood pressure, or vessel integrity that cause fluid to move between blood vessels and tissues. This can result in edema, hyperemia/congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, or infarction.
2. Edema is excess fluid in tissues, caused by increased pressure, reduced proteins, or lymphatic issues. Hyperemia is increased blood flow while congestion is decreased outflow. Hemorrhage occurs when vessels rupture. Thrombosis forms clots, which can embolize. Infarctions are areas of cell death from blocked arteries or veins.
3. Shock is a life-threatening drop in
The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and shock. It defines each condition and describes their mechanisms and presentations. Edema is an accumulation of fluid in tissues and can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium retention. Hemorrhage is the leakage of blood from vessels, while thrombosis is the formation of a clot within vessels. Embolism occurs when a clot or other material travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel in another part of the body.
Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, increased vascular permeability, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, decreased protein synthesis or increased protein loss, or lymphatic obstruction. The major mechanisms are increased hydrostatic pressure, as seen in congestive heart failure, or increased vascular permeability during inflammation. Edema fluid is usually a protein-poor transudate when caused by hydrostatic or oncotic pressure changes, but is a protein-rich exudate with inflammatory causes due to higher vascular permeability.
This document discusses embolism, infarction, and their causes and classifications. It defines an embolism as a detached mass carried by the blood to distant sites, which can lodge and block vessels, causing tissue dysfunction. Emboli sources include thrombi, fat, air, debris. Embolisms are classified as pulmonary (95% from DVTs), systemic (sites include legs, brain, intestines, kidneys). Infarctions are areas of ischemic necrosis due to blood flow obstruction. They are classified as hemorrhagic, white, septic based on appearance and presence of infection. Infarcts are eventually replaced by scar tissue.
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in intravascular volume, pressure, or protein content that affect fluid movement across vessel walls and can cause edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, or shock.
2. Edema is increased fluid in tissues, caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, or inflammation.
3. Thrombosis is inappropriate blood clot formation from endothelial injury, blood stasis, or hypercoagulability per Virchow's triad, and thrombi can embolize or organize.
4. Embolism occurs when a detached mass is
Disorders that perturb cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic function are often marked by the accumulation of fluid in tissues (edema) or body cavities (effusions).
Hemodynamic changes can include hyperaemia, thrombosis, embolism, ischemia, infarction, and hemorrhage. Hyperaemia is increased blood flow to an organ and can be active or passive. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. Embolism occurs when a detached clot or other mass travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel. Ischemia is reduced blood flow to an organ, and infarction is tissue death from a lack of blood flow. Hemorrhage involves bleeding outside of blood vessels.
1. Hemodynamic disorders involve changes in fluid balance, blood pressure, or vessel integrity that cause fluid to move between blood vessels and tissues. This can result in edema, hyperemia/congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, or infarction.
2. Edema is excess fluid in tissues, caused by increased pressure, reduced proteins, or lymphatic issues. Hyperemia is increased blood flow while congestion is decreased outflow. Hemorrhage occurs when vessels rupture. Thrombosis forms clots, which can embolize. Infarctions are areas of cell death from blocked arteries or veins.
3. Shock is a life-threatening drop in
The document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and shock. It defines each condition and describes their mechanisms and presentations. Edema is an accumulation of fluid in tissues and can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or sodium retention. Hemorrhage is the leakage of blood from vessels, while thrombosis is the formation of a clot within vessels. Embolism occurs when a clot or other material travels through the bloodstream and blocks a vessel in another part of the body.
Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, increased vascular permeability, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, decreased protein synthesis or increased protein loss, or lymphatic obstruction. The major mechanisms are increased hydrostatic pressure, as seen in congestive heart failure, or increased vascular permeability during inflammation. Edema fluid is usually a protein-poor transudate when caused by hydrostatic or oncotic pressure changes, but is a protein-rich exudate with inflammatory causes due to higher vascular permeability.
This document discusses embolism, infarction, and their causes and classifications. It defines an embolism as a detached mass carried by the blood to distant sites, which can lodge and block vessels, causing tissue dysfunction. Emboli sources include thrombi, fat, air, debris. Embolisms are classified as pulmonary (95% from DVTs), systemic (sites include legs, brain, intestines, kidneys). Infarctions are areas of ischemic necrosis due to blood flow obstruction. They are classified as hemorrhagic, white, septic based on appearance and presence of infection. Infarcts are eventually replaced by scar tissue.
The document discusses several concepts related to circulation and blood flow. It explains that the health of cells depends on blood circulation to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Under normal conditions, fluid balance is maintained as blood passes through capillaries. However, pathologic conditions can disrupt this balance and cause edema by increasing fluid movement into tissues. The document also discusses blood clotting (hemostasis), thrombosis, embolism, hyperemia, and congestion - specifically explaining their mechanisms and effects on tissues.
The document discusses several concepts related to circulation and blood flow. It explains that the health of cells depends on blood circulation to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Under normal conditions, fluid balance is maintained as blood passes through capillaries. However, pathologic conditions can disrupt this balance and cause edema by increasing fluid movement into tissues. The document also discusses blood clotting (hemostasis), thrombosis, embolism, hyperemia, and congestion - specifically explaining their mechanisms and effects on tissues.
This document contains information about Dr. Abazar Amar, including his qualifications and areas of specialty. It then provides summaries of topics related to hemodynamic disorders, fluid homeostasis, edema, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, shock, and the stages of shock. Key points about each topic are defined and classifications are outlined. Images are also included to illustrate various concepts.
This document defines and describes different types of embolisms. It discusses pulmonary embolism which originates from deep vein thromboses. It also covers paradoxical embolism, fat embolism, air embolism, decompression sickness, amniotic fluid embolism, and hemorrhage. For each type, it provides details on causes, clinical presentations, and consequences.
This document provides an overview of hemodynamics disorders and outlines various pathologies including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. It discusses the normal balance of fluid movement across capillaries and how various pathologic conditions can disrupt this balance and cause edema. Key concepts covered include the Starling forces, categories of edema, factors influencing thrombosis, and the coagulation cascade. Morbidities associated with cardiovascular diseases are also briefly mentioned.
1) Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, pulmonary infarction, and gangrene of limbs are common examples of infarction that result from obstruction of blood flow.
2) Infarctions are typically wedge-shaped areas of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the arterial blood supply or venous drainage of a tissue.
3) The development of an infarction depends on factors like the nature of the blood supply, the rate of occlusion, the tissue's vulnerability to hypoxia, and the oxygen content of the blood. Tissues with dual blood supplies are less likely to infarct.
This document provides a summary of various pathologies related to blood circulation. It discusses edema, hyperemia, ischemia, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and embolism. It defines these terms and describes their causes, classifications, and clinical significance. For example, it explains that edema is the accumulation of tissue fluid, and discusses different types like traumatic or inflammatory edema. It also covers topics like venous plethora, arterial hyperemia, ischemia, mechanisms of bleeding, classifications of hematomas, blood stasis, classifications of thrombi, and outcomes of thrombosis.
Embolism occurs when a solid, liquid, or gaseous mass travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel distant from the site of origin. Embolisms are classified based on direction of travel and composition. Pulmonary embolisms involve the lungs while systemic embolisms affect other organs. Common causes of embolism include blood clots, fat droplets, air bubbles, and infectious materials. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the embolism but may include dyspnea, chest pain, and coughing. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and scans. Consequences depend on factors like vessel size and collateral blood flow.
This document discusses several circulatory disorders including hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. Hyperemia and congestion both involve increased blood volume in tissues but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation while congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous outflow. Hemorrhage is defined as blood escaping from vessels, and can be classified by site, size, vessel type, and timing relative to trauma. Thrombosis is the formation of blood clots and can result from endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow like stasis or turbulence, or a hypercoagulable state of the blood.
1. Infarction occurs when there is a decrease in blood supply to an organ or tissue, causing localized ischemic necrosis. This can be caused by thrombi, emboli, vasospasm, expansion of atheroma, extrinsic vessel compression, vessel twisting, or traumatic vessel rupture.
2. There are three main types of infarction: red (hemorrhagic), white (anemic), and septic. Factors like vulnerability to hypoxia, oxygen content of blood, and blood supply nature influence whether infarction occurs.
3. Examples of infarctions include myocardial, pulmonary, and cerebral. Myocardial infarction due to coronary artery blockage can be fatal, while pulmonary infarction is usually
Hemodynamic disorders can disrupt blood flow and cause issues like hyperemia, congestion, edema, hemorrhage, embolism, and infarction. Hemostasis maintains blood clotting to prevent bleeding from vessel damage while thrombosis is abnormal clotting within intact vessels. Shock is a state of impaired tissue perfusion due to low cardiac output or blood volume that can damage cells if prolonged.
This document discusses disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance, including edema, hemorrhage, shock, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. It covers the normal composition and pressures regulating fluid balance, how imbalances can cause edema, and the pathophysiology and stages of shock. Thrombosis is explained as the formation of clots due to endothelial injury, alterations in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Embolism, thromboembolism, and the types and appearances of infarction are also summarized.
Hemostasis; intravascular coagulation and anticoagulationsanaakram65
Hemostasis is the process by which bleeding is stopped. It involves four main steps: vascular constriction, formation of a platelet plug, formation of a blood clot, and fibrous organization of the clot. Platelets play a key role by adhering to damaged blood vessels, becoming activated, aggregating, and releasing chemicals that promote clot formation such as ADP and thromboxane A. Deficiencies in clotting factors such as vitamins K or factors VIII and IX can cause bleeding disorders. Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count that increases bleeding risk. Thromboembolic conditions occur when clots form inside blood vessels and can cause issues like heart attacks, strokes,
Pathology of hemodynamic disorders part 2 nov 2017 Dr. Sufia HusainSufia Husain
This document discusses various types of hemodynamic disorders including embolism, infarction, and shock. It provides detailed information on different types of embolism such as pulmonary thromboembolism, systemic thromboembolism, fat embolism, air embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. It also describes the stages of shock, associated pathophysiology and morphological changes in tissues during the different stages of shock.
Acute myocardial infarction is caused by coronary artery disease and plaque rupture, leading to thrombosis and reduced blood supply to the heart. It is a major cause of death. The heart muscle goes through stages of coagulative necrosis, inflammation, and is eventually replaced by scar tissue. Diagnosis involves clinical features, elevated cardiac enzymes and ECG changes. Complications can include arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac rupture.
This document discusses infarction, which is localized ischemic necrosis of tissue due to decreased blood supply. Infarction can be caused by thrombi, emboli, vasospasm, expansion of atheroma, extrinsic compression of vessels, vessel twisting, or traumatic vessel rupture. There are three main types of infarction: red (hemorrhagic), white (anemic), and septic. Factors that influence infarction development include vulnerability to hypoxia, blood oxygen content, rate of occlusion, and blood supply. Myocardial, pulmonary, and cerebral infarctions are provided as examples and their characteristics and outcomes described.
This document summarizes the vascular changes that occur during inflammation. It describes how irritants initially cause brief vasoconstriction followed by prolonged vasodilation and increased blood flow. This increased flow is then slowed by swelling of endothelial cells and plasma leakage, concentrating red blood cells and slowing circulation. White blood cells marginate near vessel walls and adhere before emigrating between endothelial cells into tissues, drawn by chemotactic factors. Increased vascular permeability allows plasma exudation into tissues, forming inflammatory edema. Red blood cells may also passively diapedese through intact vessels.
The document discusses several concepts related to circulation and blood flow. It explains that the health of cells depends on blood circulation to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Under normal conditions, fluid balance is maintained as blood passes through capillaries. However, pathologic conditions can disrupt this balance and cause edema by increasing fluid movement into tissues. The document also discusses blood clotting (hemostasis), thrombosis, embolism, hyperemia, and congestion - specifically explaining their mechanisms and effects on tissues.
The document discusses several concepts related to circulation and blood flow. It explains that the health of cells depends on blood circulation to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Under normal conditions, fluid balance is maintained as blood passes through capillaries. However, pathologic conditions can disrupt this balance and cause edema by increasing fluid movement into tissues. The document also discusses blood clotting (hemostasis), thrombosis, embolism, hyperemia, and congestion - specifically explaining their mechanisms and effects on tissues.
This document contains information about Dr. Abazar Amar, including his qualifications and areas of specialty. It then provides summaries of topics related to hemodynamic disorders, fluid homeostasis, edema, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, shock, and the stages of shock. Key points about each topic are defined and classifications are outlined. Images are also included to illustrate various concepts.
This document defines and describes different types of embolisms. It discusses pulmonary embolism which originates from deep vein thromboses. It also covers paradoxical embolism, fat embolism, air embolism, decompression sickness, amniotic fluid embolism, and hemorrhage. For each type, it provides details on causes, clinical presentations, and consequences.
This document provides an overview of hemodynamics disorders and outlines various pathologies including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. It discusses the normal balance of fluid movement across capillaries and how various pathologic conditions can disrupt this balance and cause edema. Key concepts covered include the Starling forces, categories of edema, factors influencing thrombosis, and the coagulation cascade. Morbidities associated with cardiovascular diseases are also briefly mentioned.
1) Myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, pulmonary infarction, and gangrene of limbs are common examples of infarction that result from obstruction of blood flow.
2) Infarctions are typically wedge-shaped areas of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the arterial blood supply or venous drainage of a tissue.
3) The development of an infarction depends on factors like the nature of the blood supply, the rate of occlusion, the tissue's vulnerability to hypoxia, and the oxygen content of the blood. Tissues with dual blood supplies are less likely to infarct.
This document provides a summary of various pathologies related to blood circulation. It discusses edema, hyperemia, ischemia, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and embolism. It defines these terms and describes their causes, classifications, and clinical significance. For example, it explains that edema is the accumulation of tissue fluid, and discusses different types like traumatic or inflammatory edema. It also covers topics like venous plethora, arterial hyperemia, ischemia, mechanisms of bleeding, classifications of hematomas, blood stasis, classifications of thrombi, and outcomes of thrombosis.
Embolism occurs when a solid, liquid, or gaseous mass travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel distant from the site of origin. Embolisms are classified based on direction of travel and composition. Pulmonary embolisms involve the lungs while systemic embolisms affect other organs. Common causes of embolism include blood clots, fat droplets, air bubbles, and infectious materials. Symptoms vary depending on the size and location of the embolism but may include dyspnea, chest pain, and coughing. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and scans. Consequences depend on factors like vessel size and collateral blood flow.
This document discusses several circulatory disorders including hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. Hyperemia and congestion both involve increased blood volume in tissues but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation while congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous outflow. Hemorrhage is defined as blood escaping from vessels, and can be classified by site, size, vessel type, and timing relative to trauma. Thrombosis is the formation of blood clots and can result from endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow like stasis or turbulence, or a hypercoagulable state of the blood.
1. Infarction occurs when there is a decrease in blood supply to an organ or tissue, causing localized ischemic necrosis. This can be caused by thrombi, emboli, vasospasm, expansion of atheroma, extrinsic vessel compression, vessel twisting, or traumatic vessel rupture.
2. There are three main types of infarction: red (hemorrhagic), white (anemic), and septic. Factors like vulnerability to hypoxia, oxygen content of blood, and blood supply nature influence whether infarction occurs.
3. Examples of infarctions include myocardial, pulmonary, and cerebral. Myocardial infarction due to coronary artery blockage can be fatal, while pulmonary infarction is usually
Hemodynamic disorders can disrupt blood flow and cause issues like hyperemia, congestion, edema, hemorrhage, embolism, and infarction. Hemostasis maintains blood clotting to prevent bleeding from vessel damage while thrombosis is abnormal clotting within intact vessels. Shock is a state of impaired tissue perfusion due to low cardiac output or blood volume that can damage cells if prolonged.
This document discusses disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance, including edema, hemorrhage, shock, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. It covers the normal composition and pressures regulating fluid balance, how imbalances can cause edema, and the pathophysiology and stages of shock. Thrombosis is explained as the formation of clots due to endothelial injury, alterations in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Embolism, thromboembolism, and the types and appearances of infarction are also summarized.
Hemostasis; intravascular coagulation and anticoagulationsanaakram65
Hemostasis is the process by which bleeding is stopped. It involves four main steps: vascular constriction, formation of a platelet plug, formation of a blood clot, and fibrous organization of the clot. Platelets play a key role by adhering to damaged blood vessels, becoming activated, aggregating, and releasing chemicals that promote clot formation such as ADP and thromboxane A. Deficiencies in clotting factors such as vitamins K or factors VIII and IX can cause bleeding disorders. Thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count that increases bleeding risk. Thromboembolic conditions occur when clots form inside blood vessels and can cause issues like heart attacks, strokes,
Pathology of hemodynamic disorders part 2 nov 2017 Dr. Sufia HusainSufia Husain
This document discusses various types of hemodynamic disorders including embolism, infarction, and shock. It provides detailed information on different types of embolism such as pulmonary thromboembolism, systemic thromboembolism, fat embolism, air embolism, and amniotic fluid embolism. It also describes the stages of shock, associated pathophysiology and morphological changes in tissues during the different stages of shock.
Acute myocardial infarction is caused by coronary artery disease and plaque rupture, leading to thrombosis and reduced blood supply to the heart. It is a major cause of death. The heart muscle goes through stages of coagulative necrosis, inflammation, and is eventually replaced by scar tissue. Diagnosis involves clinical features, elevated cardiac enzymes and ECG changes. Complications can include arrhythmias, heart failure, and cardiac rupture.
This document discusses infarction, which is localized ischemic necrosis of tissue due to decreased blood supply. Infarction can be caused by thrombi, emboli, vasospasm, expansion of atheroma, extrinsic compression of vessels, vessel twisting, or traumatic vessel rupture. There are three main types of infarction: red (hemorrhagic), white (anemic), and septic. Factors that influence infarction development include vulnerability to hypoxia, blood oxygen content, rate of occlusion, and blood supply. Myocardial, pulmonary, and cerebral infarctions are provided as examples and their characteristics and outcomes described.
This document summarizes the vascular changes that occur during inflammation. It describes how irritants initially cause brief vasoconstriction followed by prolonged vasodilation and increased blood flow. This increased flow is then slowed by swelling of endothelial cells and plasma leakage, concentrating red blood cells and slowing circulation. White blood cells marginate near vessel walls and adhere before emigrating between endothelial cells into tissues, drawn by chemotactic factors. Increased vascular permeability allows plasma exudation into tissues, forming inflammatory edema. Red blood cells may also passively diapedese through intact vessels.
Similaire à 6. Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolic Disease.pptx (20)
4 Blood cology Public Health -rtttttttttttt pdf.pdfErmiyasBeletew
This document summarizes drugs used to treat blood disorders including anemia, thrombosis, and bleeding. It discusses heparin and warfarin as anticoagulants used to treat thrombosis. Iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are described as treatments for nutritional anemias. Aspirin and clopidogrel are presented as antiplatelet drugs to prevent blood clots. Statins are highlighted as lipid-lowering agents to reduce heart disease risk. Iron supplements specifically address iron deficiency anemia.
Hema Chapter 24_Hemostasisnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn (2).pptErmiyasBeletew
This document provides an overview of hemostasis and disorders of coagulation. It defines hemostasis as the process of maintaining blood in a fluid state within the circulatory system. Hemostasis involves interactions between the vascular system, platelets, blood coagulation factors, and fibrinolysis. It describes the three phases of hemostasis - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary hemostasis involves platelet adhesion, aggregation, and plug formation. Secondary hemostasis is the coagulation cascade resulting in fibrin clot formation. Tertiary hemostasis is fibrinolysis and clot dissolution. Laboratory tests for bleeding disorders and coagulation factors are also outlined.
The document summarizes various antimalarial drugs, classifying them based on their mechanism of action and the stage of the malaria parasite's lifecycle they target. It describes key drugs such as chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, primaquine, tetracyclines including doxycycline, clindamycin, lumefantrine, and artemisinin derivatives. Adverse effects, therapeutic uses, and mechanisms of action are outlined for many of the drugs. The lifecycle of the malaria parasite and stages the different drug classes target such as blood, liver, and sexual forms are also briefly explained.
Major depressive disorder is characterized by one or more depressive episodes without a history of manic episodes. It can take several forms including major depression, dysthymia, and adjustment disorder. The lifetime prevalence of depression is estimated to be 20.4% in women and 9.6% in men. Risk factors include family history, stressful life events, and medical illnesses. Common classes of antidepressants are TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs, SNRIs, and others. SSRIs are now widely used due to their favorable side effect profile compared to older antidepressants. Special populations like the elderly, children, and pregnant women require careful medication selection and management of depression.
Unit 3.nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnpptxErmiyasBeletew
1) The document discusses the emergence of states and kingdoms in Ethiopia from ancient times through the 13th century. It describes early agricultural communities that formed larger political units like the states of Punt, Da'amat, and the major Aksumite state.
2) The Aksumite state rose to power between 200-100 BC and became a major naval and trading power, exporting goods to places like Egypt, India, and Persia. It declined after the 7th century as environmental issues hurt agriculture and the port of Adulis was destroyed.
3) Subsequent states mentioned include the Zagwe dynasty which ruled from 1150-1270 and built famous rock-hewn churches, as
This document provides an overview of the tissue processing techniques used to prepare tissue samples for microscopic examination. It describes the main steps in tissue processing as fixation, dehydration, clearing, infiltration/embedding. Dehydration involves removing water from tissues using a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol or other solvents to prevent damage. Clearing replaces the dehydrating fluid with a solvent miscible with both the dehydrating fluid and paraffin wax. The goal is to embed tissues in paraffin wax for microtomy, as it provides sufficient rigidity while being soft enough for thin sectioning without harming tissues or knives. Factors like tissue type, fixation, and desired detail influence processing parameters.
p.pyramid ppt group -klllllllllllllllllll4.pptxErmiyasBeletew
The document discusses population pyramids, which graphically represent the age and sex distribution of a population. It describes the structure of population pyramids, including how they show population size on the x-axis and age groups on the y-axis divided by gender. It also explains how to interpret population pyramids and the different types (stationary, expansive, constrictive). The document then discusses the importance of population pyramids for understanding demographic trends and policymaking. It provides examples of population pyramids in Ethiopia from 1999 and 2024, noting Ethiopia's youthful population and declining fertility rates leading to future aging.
GENERAL ANESTHETICShhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.pptErmiyasBeletew
General anesthesia allows for surgery to be performed while rendering the patient unconscious, amnesic, and unresponsive to pain. It represents a necessity for modern surgical practice. Multiple drugs from different classes are often used together to achieve its effects, including intravenous anesthetics like propofol and thiopental for induction, followed by inhalational agents like sevoflurane or desflurane for maintenance. The discovery of general anesthesia was a major advancement that enabled modern surgery by alleviating the pain and trauma previously associated with surgical procedures. Careful monitoring is required due to the narrow margin between anesthetic and toxic doses of these powerful drugs.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation and from the left ventricle to the body via the systemic circulation. The heart's rhythmic beating is controlled by pacemaker cells located in the sinoatrial node which generate electrical impulses that cause cardiac muscle contraction and propagate through specialized conduction pathways to the atrioventricular node and ventricles. Cardiac valves ensure one-way blood flow through the heart.
The document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), including its definition, classification systems, risk factors, etiologies, pathophysiology, diagnosis and prevention. AKI is defined as a rapid reduction in kidney function over hours to days. It can be caused by prerenal factors like low blood flow, intrinsic renal injury or postrenal obstruction. The RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO systems provide criteria to classify AKI severity. Prevention focuses on adequate intravenous fluid administration and minimizing nephrotoxin exposure in at-risk patients.
The document discusses sand flies and sand fly-borne diseases. It provides background on sand flies, their role in transmitting diseases like leishmaniasis, and their public health importance. It then focuses on sand fly-borne diseases and climate change, the status of these diseases in Ethiopia, and methods for controlling sand fly populations.
Black flies are small biting insects found near water sources that can transmit diseases. This document discusses black flies, the diseases they transmit, their importance to public health, the status of black fly-borne diseases in Ethiopia, and methods for controlling black fly populations. It notes that black flies transmit diseases like river blindness and climate change may impact disease transmission. While Ethiopia has made progress controlling river blindness, challenges remain in some remote areas. Control methods include biological, chemical, physical approaches or integrated pest management.
4 Group 1 correctedhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.pptErmiyasBeletew
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses transmitted to humans through vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. This document discusses several vector-borne diseases prevalent in Ethiopia, including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and rift valley fever. It also outlines methods of transmission, factors influencing transmission like climate change, and general vector control strategies such as eliminating breeding sites and using insecticides. Malaria is one of the most prevalent vector-borne diseases in Ethiopia, with over 2 million reported cases in 2020. Climate change can increase risks of vector-borne diseases by expanding suitable areas for vectors and lengthening transmission seasons.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
3. Objectives
• At the end of the class students are expected to
know about;
Know mechanism of edema,
Causes of hemorrhage,
Understand different types of shock,
Know about Virchow's triads of thrombosis.
4/9/2024 3
4. Introduction
• The health of cells and organs critically depends on
an unbroken circulation to deliver oxygen and
nutrients and to remove wastes.
• However, the well-being of tissues also requires
normal fluid balance
4/9/2024 4
5. Con’t…
• Changes in vascular volume, pressure, or protein
content, or alterations in endothelial function, all
affect the net movement of water across the vascular
wall.
• Such water extravasation into the interstitial spaces
is called edema.
4/9/2024 5
6. Con’t…
• Clotting at inappropriate sites (thrombosis) or
migration of clots (embolism) obstructs blood flow
to tissues and leads to cell death (infarction).
• Conversely, inability to clot after vascular injury
results in hemorrhage;
• Local bleeding can compromise regional tissue
perfusion, while more extensive hemorrhage can
result in hypotension (shock) and death.
4/9/2024 6
7. 1. Edema
• Approximately 60% of lean body weight is water;
two thirds of this water is intracellular, and
the remainder is found in the extracellular space,
mostly as interstitial fluid (only about 5% of total
body water is in blood plasma).
• The term edema signifies increased fluid in the
interstitial tissue spaces.
• Anasarca is a severe and generalized edema with
profound subcutaneous tissue swelling.
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8. Con’t…
• In general, the opposing effects of vascular
hydrostatic pressure and plasma colloid osmotic
pressure are the major factors that govern
movement of fluid between vascular and interstitial
spaces.
• Either increased capillary pressure or diminished
colloid osmotic pressure can result in increased
interstitial fluid === Edema.
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9. Con’t…
• Edema is most easily recognized grossly;
• Although any organ or tissue in the body may be
involved, edema is most commonly encountered in
subcutaneous tissues, the lungs, and the brain.
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10. Con’t…
Subcutaneous edema
• may have different distributions depending on the
cause.
• The edema distribution is typically influenced by
gravity and is termed dependent edema
• Edema of the dependent parts of the body (e.g., the
legs when standing, the sacrum when recumbent)
is a prominent feature of congestive heart failure,
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11. Con’t…
• Edema as a result of renal dysfunction or nephrotic
syndrome is generally more severe than cardiac
edema and affects all parts of the body equally.
It may, however, initially manifest itself in tissues
with a loose connective tissue matrix, such as the
eyelids;
Periorbital edema is a characteristic finding in
severe renal disease.
• Pitting edema= depression when pressure applied
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13. 2. Hemorrhage
• Hemorrhage, defined as the extravasation of blood
from vessels, is most often the result of damage to
blood vessels or defective clot formation.
• Hemorrhage may be manifested in a variety of
patterns, depending on the size, extent, and location
of bleeding.
• Hemorrhage may be external or may be enclosed
within a tissue;
• Accumulation of blood within tissue is referred to as
a hematoma.
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14. Con’t…
• 1- to 2-mm hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes
are denoted as petechiae
• Slightly larger (≥3 mm) hemorrhages are called
purpura.
• Larger (>1 to 2 cm) subcutaneous hematomas are called
ecchymoses
• Large accumulations of blood in the body cavities are
called;
Hemothorax (in pleural cavity ),
Hemopericardium (in pericardial cavity ),
Hemoperitoneum ( in peritoneal cavity), or
hemarthrosis (in joints).
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15. Con’t…
• The clinical significance of hemorrhage depends on
the volume and rate of bleeding.
• Rapid loss of up to 20% of the blood volume or slow
losses of even larger amounts may have little impact
in healthy adults;
• Greater losses, however, may result in hemorrhagic
(hypovolemic) shock.
• The site of hemorrhage is also important;
Bleeding that would be trivial in the subcutaneous
tissues may cause death if located in the brain.
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16. Con’t…
• Finally, chronic or recurrent external blood loss
(e.g., due to peptic ulcer or menstrual
bleeding)frequently cause iron deficiency anemia as
a consequence of a loss of iron in hemoglobin.
• By contrast, iron is efficiently recycled from
phagocytosed red cells, so internal bleeding (e.g., a
hematoma) does not lead to iron deficiency.
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17. 3. Shock
• Shock is a state in which diminished cardiac output
or reduced effective circulating blood volume
impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular
hypoxia.
17
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20. A. Hypovolemic shock
• Definition: This is shock caused by reduced blood
volume.
•Causes of hypovolumic shock include:
a)Haemorrhage
b)Diarrhoea & vomiting
c)Burns
d)Trauma
20
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21. • Hypovolumic shock is the most common type of
shock in clinical medicine .
•A normal healthy adult can lose 550ml (10% of blood
volume) without significant symptoms.
•But loss of 25% or more of the blood volume
(N=1250ml) results in significant hypovolemia.
21
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22. B. Cardiogenic shock
• Definition: This is shock that results from severe
depression of cardiac performance.
• It primarily results from pump failure [myocardial
failure].
• Example of causes of cardiogenic shock :
–Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI)
–Cardiac Myopathy
22
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23. C. Distributive shock
• Definition: Distributive shock refers to a group of
shock subtypes caused by peripheral vasodilatation
despite normal or high cardiac output.
• Causes of distributive shock
1.Septic shock – the commonest among the group
2.Neurogenic shock
3.Anaphylactic shock
4.Endocrine shock
23
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24. Septic shock
• Caused by the host response to bacterial, viral or
fungal infections.
• Systemic inflammatory condition characterized by
Endothelial cell activation,
Tissue edema,
Disseminated intravascular coagulation, and
Metabolic derangements
24
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26. Stages of Shock
• Non progressive stage- reflex compensatory
mechanisms are activated and perfusion of vital
organs is maintained
• Progressive stage : tissue hypoperfusion and onset
of worsening circulatory and metabolic imbalances,
including lactic acidosis
• Irreversible stage: cellular and tissue injury severe
,survival is not possible
26
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27. 4. Hemostasis and Thrombosis
• Normal hemostasis comprises a series of
regulated processes that culminate in the
formation of a blood clot that limits bleeding
from an injured vessel.
• The pathologic counterpart of hemostasis is
thrombosis, the formation of blood clot
(thrombus) within non-traumatized, intact
vessels.
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30. Con’t..
• The pathologic opposite to hemostasis is thrombosis;
• Thrombosis can be considered as an inappropriate
activation of normal hemostatic processes,
such as the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in
uninjured vasculature or thrombotic occlusion of a
vessel after relatively minor injury.
• Both hemostasis and thrombosis are regulated by three
general components—
the vascular wall,
platelets, and
the coagulation cascade.
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31. Thrombosis
• Three primary influences predispose to thrombus
formation, the so-called Virchow’s triad:
(1) Endothelial injury;
(2) Stasis or turbulence of blood flow; and
(3) Blood hypercoagulability
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33. 1. Endothelial Injury
• It has the dominant influence; endothelial injury by
itself can lead to thrombosis.
• It is particularly important for thrombus formation
occurring in the heart or in the arterial circulation,
• Thus, thrombus formation within the cardiac
chambers (e.g., following endocardial injury due to
myocardial infarction), or
• at sites of traumatic or inflammatory vascular injury
(vasculitis) is largely due to endothelial injury.
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34. 2.Alterations in Normal Blood Flow/Stasis
• Turbulence contributes to arterial and cardiac
thrombosis by causing;
o endothelial injury or dysfunction
o as well as by forming countercurrents and local
pockets of stasis;
stasis is a major factor in the development of venous
thrombi
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35. • Normal blood flow is laminar such that the platelets
flow centrally in the vessel lumen, separated from the
endothelium by a slower-moving clear zone of
plasma.
• Stasis and turbulence therefore
(1) disrupt laminar flow and bring platelets into contact
with the endothelium;
(2) prevent dilution of activated clotting factors by fresh
flowing blood;
(3) retard the inflow of clotting factor inhibitors and
permit the build-up of thrombi; and
(4) promote endothelial cell activation, predisposing to
local thrombosis, leukocyte adhesion
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36. 3. Hypercoagulability
• Hypercoagulability contributes less frequently to
thrombotic states.
• It is defined as any alteration of the coagulation
pathways that predisposes to thrombosis.
• The causes of hypercoagulability may be primary
(genetic) and secondary (acquired) disorders
- Example: pregnancy , HIV/AIDS, Cancer …
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37. • Thrombi may develop anywhere in the
cardiovascular system:
within the cardiac chambers;
on valve cusps; or
in arteries, veins, or capillaries.
• They are of variable size and shape, depending on
the site of origin and the circumstances leading to
their development.
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38. • Arterial or cardiac thrombi usually begin at a site of
endothelial injury (e.g., atherosclerotic plaque) or
turbulence (vessel bifurcation);
• venous thrombi characteristically occur in sites of
stasis.
• An area of attachment to the underlying vessel or
heart wall, frequently firmest at the point of origin,
is characteristic of all thromboses.
• The propagating tail may not be well attached and,
particularly in veins, is prone to fragmentation,
creating an embolus.
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39. Arterial thrombi :
• are usually occlusive;
• the most common sites, in descending order,
Coronary A,
Cerebral A, and
femoral arteries.
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40. Fate of the Thrombus
• Thrombi undergo some combination of the
following four events in days to weeks
1. Propagation. The thrombus may accumulate more
platelets and fibrin (propagate), eventually leading
to vessel obstruction.
2. Embolization. Thrombi may dislodge and travel to
other sites in the vasculature (eg to lung ).
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41. 3. Dissolution. Thrombi may be removed by
fibrinolytic activity
4. Organization and recanalization. Thrombi may
induce inflammation and fibrosis (organization) and
may eventually become recanalized; that is,
may reestablish vascular flow, or
may be incorporated into a thickened vascular wall
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Hemodynamics or haemodynamics are the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms of autoregulation, just as hydraulic circuits are controlled by control systems. The hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Hemodynamics explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.
Hyperemia is an active process resulting from arteriolar dilation and increased blood inflow, as occurs at sites of inflammation or in exercising skeletal
muscle. Hyperemic tissues are redder than normal because of engorgement with oxygenated blood.
Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue. It can occur systemically, as in cardiac failure, or locally as a consequence of an isolated venous obstruction.
Major pathogenic pathways in septic shock. Microbial products (PAMPs, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns) activate endothelial cells
and cellular and humoral elements of the innate immune system, initiating a cascade of events that lead to end-stage multiorgan failure. Additional details are
given in the text. DIC, Disseminated vascular coagulation; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1 protein; NO, nitric oxide; PAF, platelet activating factor; PAI-1,
plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; TF, tissue factor; TFPI, tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Normal hemostasis. (A) After vascular injury, local neurohumoral factors induce a transient vasoconstriction. (B) Platelets bind via glycoprotein
Ib (GpIb) receptors to von Willebrand factor (VWF) on exposed ECM and are activated, undergoing a shape change and granule release. Released ADP
and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) induce additional platelet aggregation through platelet GpIIb-IIIa receptor binding to fibrinogen, and form the primary
hemostatic plug
. (C) Local activation of the coagulation cascade (involving tissue factor and platelet phospholipids) results in fibrin polymerization,
“cementing” the platelets into a definitive secondary hemostatic plug. (D) Counterregulatory mechanisms, mediated by tissue plasminogen activator
(t-PA, a fibrinolytic product) and thrombomodulin, confine the hemostatic process to the site of injury.