This study compares the commissive speech acts used by Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in speeches during the 2016 US presidential campaign. The analysis identified six types of commissives used by Trump - promising, threatening, pledging, offering, refusing, and assuring - which served functions like giving solutions, insulting opponents, showing care, threatening others, and convincing. Clinton only used two types - promising and assuring - to give solutions, show care, and convince. Both candidates most commonly used promising. Trump employed commissives more and with functions like threatening and encouraging. The study aims to compare the types and functions of commissive speech acts between the candidates.
ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN DONALD TRUMP S ACCEPTANCE SPEECH.Scott Bou
This document analyzes the speech acts used in Donald Trump's acceptance speech at the 2016 Republican National Convention. The analysis identifies representative acts, directive acts, commissive acts, expressive acts, and declarative acts. Representative acts make up the largest portion at 55%, showing Trump expressed his personal beliefs and commitment to leading the party. Commissive acts were also common at 20%, demonstrating Trump's commitments to future actions. The analysis provides insight into how Trump communicated his intentions and the party's expectations through his strategic use of language.
A Discourse Analytic Investigation Into Politicians Use Of Rhetorical And Pe...Amy Cernava
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the rhetorical and persuasive strategies used in speeches by Barack Obama and Mitt Romney during the 2012 US presidential election campaign. The researchers conducted a critical discourse analysis of 30 speeches by each candidate from 2011-2012. They found that Obama frequently focused on evoking the "American dream" myth, while Romney mostly used the strategy of negatively representing his opponent. The analysis revealed that Obama was more successful at implementing his message through rhetorical devices, whereas Romney's excessive negative attacks on his opponent seemed unsuccessful.
Octopus and Midget in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: Who Determines W...AJSSMTJournal
The age-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised global security concerns and attracted solution
trajectories which emphasised two-state solution and ignored policy framework towards “one-state” solution,
especially based on the new dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. declaration of Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel. The U.S. declaration introduced unequal relationship between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the
Washington peace negotiations. Consequently, the Palestinian Authority protested that the U.S. acted in selfinterest based on her historical relationship with Israel rather than for peace and security in the Middle East
and the world. The Palestinian Authority withdrew from direct negotiation with Israel and questioned U.S.
moral ground to act as an ‘honest broker’ in packaging a new peace plan. As a reprisal, the U.S. cut all aid to
Palestine, except some $42 million for security cooperation, and closed down Palestinian Liberation
Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
morality is hardly the option. The broad objective of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and challenges
in the Israeli-Palestinian two-state, one-state and no-state solution within the rubrics of global realpolitik of
asymmetrical relationship between power-studded Israel and the putative power-drought Palestinian
Authority. The specific aim is to recommending policy solution for enduring peace and stability in the Middle
East region and the world at large.
Aspects of Impoliteness during 2007 and 2013 Presidential Campaigns in KenyaAJSSMTJournal
Ideally, presidential election campaigns in various countries in the world is undoubtedly an ugly
affair that may be seen as cutthroat undertaking, more so in countries where two opposing factions command
almost fifty percent support a piece. Language plays crucial role during campaigns since in order for politicians
to hammer their points home, language becomes central. The manner in which language is used may depict
some elements of impoliteness as a means to denigrating perceived opponents; in which case therefore,
language ends up linking interlocutors in a dynamic interaction. During campaigns politicians rarely adhere to
the natural principles of communication prompting speakers to employ deliberate impolite language with one
sole agenda; to demean or disparage “the foe”. Phenomena of impoliteness in Kenya political context during
presidential campaigns has always been seen presenting itself back to back if presidential campaigns five
months before 2007 and 2013 elections are analyzed by narrowing down to William Ruto’s utterances in two
major Kenya’s local dailies namely The Daily Nation and The standard. This study intends to investigate
impoliteness strategies that the aforesaid politician employed in order to outwit politicians from the opposing
front with an aim to persuading voters. The study discusses types of language impoliteness found dominantly
in William Ruto’s utterances in the run up to the two general elections. The study draws on Culpeper’s (2011)
“Model of Impoliteness Formulae” with a view to comprehending the extent to which this politician used
impolite language.
This summary analyzes a conflict occurring at Texas A&M University-Commerce. There are two main issues of conflict: 1) Different backgrounds and styles of faculty, staff, and administration working as a team, and 2) Working with a new interim president who has a straightforward leadership approach. The first conflict is ideological due to differing attitudes, while the second is a real conflict regarding leadership style. To address these, the paper recommends using collaboration and goal setting to resolve the ideological conflict, while confrontation and active problem-solving is suggested to address issues with the interim president's leadership approach.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari3IntroductionThe main re.docxsalmonpybus
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari 3
Introduction
The main reason that led toOne reason for Donald Trump’s victory during the US pPresidential elections in 2016 was that he spoke candidly about what he would do if elected, especially on issues that other politicians often failed or avoided to mention in their political discourse (Wang & Liu, 2018). As such, many political analysts analyzed President Trump’s speeches to comprehend how well he gained influence and attracted so many people to vote for him. The analysts mainly adopted one form of Critical discourse analysis (CDA),; which is political discourse analysis. CDA is used as a tool that enables linguistic and communication experts researchers to examine whether or not the language used in political speeches is effective in a given context (Bonilla, 2016). Therefore, the main problem addressed in this paper is that, although Trump's speeches have been examined by many political analysts, the evaluation has not been comprehensive and conclusive. As such, the concerns and questions about how President Trump's language in political speeches had an impact on had so many people are still debated, (Almurashi, 2016). Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Meaning of this phrase here? Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: I see – so this means you will do a more comprehensive review. Okay.
The purpose of this critical literature review is to explore the application of CDA to examine President Trump’s speeches based on what has already been done by various political analysts on his political discourse. This paper is offersing insights into ways that a (CDA) approach can be used to evaluate the language and meanings in Trump's speeches and their meanings. Also, this paper provides a detailed preview of the major shift that has taken place in the way political messages are relayed in the United States of America. The literature reviews offer a detailed critique of past scholarly materials on political discourse and how CDA can be used to analyze political speeches. The paper attempts to show how political influence is created through linguistics elements incorporated in political speeches. As such, the insights gained from the literature reviews will be used to make a conclusive argument about the effectiveness of President Trump’s language in his political speeches. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Still don’t understand this – you’re going to explore how CDA works or you’re going to USE CDA to analyze Trump’s speeches more comprehensively (as stated above). You can’t really do both in the one paper, although when you look at the previous research to analyze more comprehensively you can show how the use of CDA was not comprehensive previously. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is another whole paper. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is yet another purpose.
Literature review
Reviewing existing literature is very important to identify knowledge gaps. As such, this paper looks into past research findings as well as the.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari3IntroductionThe main re.docxcuddietheresa
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari 3
Introduction
The main reason that led toOne reason for Donald Trump’s victory during the US pPresidential elections in 2016 was that he spoke candidly about what he would do if elected, especially on issues that other politicians often failed or avoided to mention in their political discourse (Wang & Liu, 2018). As such, many political analysts analyzed President Trump’s speeches to comprehend how well he gained influence and attracted so many people to vote for him. The analysts mainly adopted one form of Critical discourse analysis (CDA),; which is political discourse analysis. CDA is used as a tool that enables linguistic and communication experts researchers to examine whether or not the language used in political speeches is effective in a given context (Bonilla, 2016). Therefore, the main problem addressed in this paper is that, although Trump's speeches have been examined by many political analysts, the evaluation has not been comprehensive and conclusive. As such, the concerns and questions about how President Trump's language in political speeches had an impact on had so many people are still debated, (Almurashi, 2016). Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Meaning of this phrase here? Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: I see – so this means you will do a more comprehensive review. Okay.
The purpose of this critical literature review is to explore the application of CDA to examine President Trump’s speeches based on what has already been done by various political analysts on his political discourse. This paper is offersing insights into ways that a (CDA) approach can be used to evaluate the language and meanings in Trump's speeches and their meanings. Also, this paper provides a detailed preview of the major shift that has taken place in the way political messages are relayed in the United States of America. The literature reviews offer a detailed critique of past scholarly materials on political discourse and how CDA can be used to analyze political speeches. The paper attempts to show how political influence is created through linguistics elements incorporated in political speeches. As such, the insights gained from the literature reviews will be used to make a conclusive argument about the effectiveness of President Trump’s language in his political speeches. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Still don’t understand this – you’re going to explore how CDA works or you’re going to USE CDA to analyze Trump’s speeches more comprehensively (as stated above). You can’t really do both in the one paper, although when you look at the previous research to analyze more comprehensively you can show how the use of CDA was not comprehensive previously. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is another whole paper. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is yet another purpose.
Literature review
Reviewing existing literature is very important to identify knowledge gaps. As such, this paper looks into past research findings as well as the ...
This document analyzes the impoliteness strategies used by the Clinton and Trump presidential campaigns on Twitter during the 2016 US election. It finds that Trump's campaign frequently used bald-on-record impoliteness like name-calling and insults, while Clinton's campaign more often employed positive impoliteness like questioning Trump's abilities or experience. Both campaigns reacted to campaign events by increasing impolite tweets. The study analyzed over 12,000 tweets using frameworks of conventional impoliteness and strategies from Culpeper to understand differences in how each campaign communicated (im)politeness online.
ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN DONALD TRUMP S ACCEPTANCE SPEECH.Scott Bou
This document analyzes the speech acts used in Donald Trump's acceptance speech at the 2016 Republican National Convention. The analysis identifies representative acts, directive acts, commissive acts, expressive acts, and declarative acts. Representative acts make up the largest portion at 55%, showing Trump expressed his personal beliefs and commitment to leading the party. Commissive acts were also common at 20%, demonstrating Trump's commitments to future actions. The analysis provides insight into how Trump communicated his intentions and the party's expectations through his strategic use of language.
A Discourse Analytic Investigation Into Politicians Use Of Rhetorical And Pe...Amy Cernava
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes the rhetorical and persuasive strategies used in speeches by Barack Obama and Mitt Romney during the 2012 US presidential election campaign. The researchers conducted a critical discourse analysis of 30 speeches by each candidate from 2011-2012. They found that Obama frequently focused on evoking the "American dream" myth, while Romney mostly used the strategy of negatively representing his opponent. The analysis revealed that Obama was more successful at implementing his message through rhetorical devices, whereas Romney's excessive negative attacks on his opponent seemed unsuccessful.
Octopus and Midget in the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process: Who Determines W...AJSSMTJournal
The age-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict has raised global security concerns and attracted solution
trajectories which emphasised two-state solution and ignored policy framework towards “one-state” solution,
especially based on the new dynamics in the aftermath of U.S. declaration of Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel. The U.S. declaration introduced unequal relationship between Israel and the Palestinian Authority at the
Washington peace negotiations. Consequently, the Palestinian Authority protested that the U.S. acted in selfinterest based on her historical relationship with Israel rather than for peace and security in the Middle East
and the world. The Palestinian Authority withdrew from direct negotiation with Israel and questioned U.S.
moral ground to act as an ‘honest broker’ in packaging a new peace plan. As a reprisal, the U.S. cut all aid to
Palestine, except some $42 million for security cooperation, and closed down Palestinian Liberation
Organisation liaison office in Washington. Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas reacted and cut off security
cooperation with the U.S. Israeli-Palestinian relationship demonstrates that where parties play it dirty,
morality is hardly the option. The broad objective of this paper is to analyse the opportunities and challenges
in the Israeli-Palestinian two-state, one-state and no-state solution within the rubrics of global realpolitik of
asymmetrical relationship between power-studded Israel and the putative power-drought Palestinian
Authority. The specific aim is to recommending policy solution for enduring peace and stability in the Middle
East region and the world at large.
Aspects of Impoliteness during 2007 and 2013 Presidential Campaigns in KenyaAJSSMTJournal
Ideally, presidential election campaigns in various countries in the world is undoubtedly an ugly
affair that may be seen as cutthroat undertaking, more so in countries where two opposing factions command
almost fifty percent support a piece. Language plays crucial role during campaigns since in order for politicians
to hammer their points home, language becomes central. The manner in which language is used may depict
some elements of impoliteness as a means to denigrating perceived opponents; in which case therefore,
language ends up linking interlocutors in a dynamic interaction. During campaigns politicians rarely adhere to
the natural principles of communication prompting speakers to employ deliberate impolite language with one
sole agenda; to demean or disparage “the foe”. Phenomena of impoliteness in Kenya political context during
presidential campaigns has always been seen presenting itself back to back if presidential campaigns five
months before 2007 and 2013 elections are analyzed by narrowing down to William Ruto’s utterances in two
major Kenya’s local dailies namely The Daily Nation and The standard. This study intends to investigate
impoliteness strategies that the aforesaid politician employed in order to outwit politicians from the opposing
front with an aim to persuading voters. The study discusses types of language impoliteness found dominantly
in William Ruto’s utterances in the run up to the two general elections. The study draws on Culpeper’s (2011)
“Model of Impoliteness Formulae” with a view to comprehending the extent to which this politician used
impolite language.
This summary analyzes a conflict occurring at Texas A&M University-Commerce. There are two main issues of conflict: 1) Different backgrounds and styles of faculty, staff, and administration working as a team, and 2) Working with a new interim president who has a straightforward leadership approach. The first conflict is ideological due to differing attitudes, while the second is a real conflict regarding leadership style. To address these, the paper recommends using collaboration and goal setting to resolve the ideological conflict, while confrontation and active problem-solving is suggested to address issues with the interim president's leadership approach.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari3IntroductionThe main re.docxsalmonpybus
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari 3
Introduction
The main reason that led toOne reason for Donald Trump’s victory during the US pPresidential elections in 2016 was that he spoke candidly about what he would do if elected, especially on issues that other politicians often failed or avoided to mention in their political discourse (Wang & Liu, 2018). As such, many political analysts analyzed President Trump’s speeches to comprehend how well he gained influence and attracted so many people to vote for him. The analysts mainly adopted one form of Critical discourse analysis (CDA),; which is political discourse analysis. CDA is used as a tool that enables linguistic and communication experts researchers to examine whether or not the language used in political speeches is effective in a given context (Bonilla, 2016). Therefore, the main problem addressed in this paper is that, although Trump's speeches have been examined by many political analysts, the evaluation has not been comprehensive and conclusive. As such, the concerns and questions about how President Trump's language in political speeches had an impact on had so many people are still debated, (Almurashi, 2016). Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Meaning of this phrase here? Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: I see – so this means you will do a more comprehensive review. Okay.
The purpose of this critical literature review is to explore the application of CDA to examine President Trump’s speeches based on what has already been done by various political analysts on his political discourse. This paper is offersing insights into ways that a (CDA) approach can be used to evaluate the language and meanings in Trump's speeches and their meanings. Also, this paper provides a detailed preview of the major shift that has taken place in the way political messages are relayed in the United States of America. The literature reviews offer a detailed critique of past scholarly materials on political discourse and how CDA can be used to analyze political speeches. The paper attempts to show how political influence is created through linguistics elements incorporated in political speeches. As such, the insights gained from the literature reviews will be used to make a conclusive argument about the effectiveness of President Trump’s language in his political speeches. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Still don’t understand this – you’re going to explore how CDA works or you’re going to USE CDA to analyze Trump’s speeches more comprehensively (as stated above). You can’t really do both in the one paper, although when you look at the previous research to analyze more comprehensively you can show how the use of CDA was not comprehensive previously. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is another whole paper. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is yet another purpose.
Literature review
Reviewing existing literature is very important to identify knowledge gaps. As such, this paper looks into past research findings as well as the.
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari3IntroductionThe main re.docxcuddietheresa
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS-M. Alshammari 3
Introduction
The main reason that led toOne reason for Donald Trump’s victory during the US pPresidential elections in 2016 was that he spoke candidly about what he would do if elected, especially on issues that other politicians often failed or avoided to mention in their political discourse (Wang & Liu, 2018). As such, many political analysts analyzed President Trump’s speeches to comprehend how well he gained influence and attracted so many people to vote for him. The analysts mainly adopted one form of Critical discourse analysis (CDA),; which is political discourse analysis. CDA is used as a tool that enables linguistic and communication experts researchers to examine whether or not the language used in political speeches is effective in a given context (Bonilla, 2016). Therefore, the main problem addressed in this paper is that, although Trump's speeches have been examined by many political analysts, the evaluation has not been comprehensive and conclusive. As such, the concerns and questions about how President Trump's language in political speeches had an impact on had so many people are still debated, (Almurashi, 2016). Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Meaning of this phrase here? Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: I see – so this means you will do a more comprehensive review. Okay.
The purpose of this critical literature review is to explore the application of CDA to examine President Trump’s speeches based on what has already been done by various political analysts on his political discourse. This paper is offersing insights into ways that a (CDA) approach can be used to evaluate the language and meanings in Trump's speeches and their meanings. Also, this paper provides a detailed preview of the major shift that has taken place in the way political messages are relayed in the United States of America. The literature reviews offer a detailed critique of past scholarly materials on political discourse and how CDA can be used to analyze political speeches. The paper attempts to show how political influence is created through linguistics elements incorporated in political speeches. As such, the insights gained from the literature reviews will be used to make a conclusive argument about the effectiveness of President Trump’s language in his political speeches. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: Still don’t understand this – you’re going to explore how CDA works or you’re going to USE CDA to analyze Trump’s speeches more comprehensively (as stated above). You can’t really do both in the one paper, although when you look at the previous research to analyze more comprehensively you can show how the use of CDA was not comprehensive previously. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is another whole paper. Comment by Egbert, Joy Lynn: This is yet another purpose.
Literature review
Reviewing existing literature is very important to identify knowledge gaps. As such, this paper looks into past research findings as well as the ...
This document analyzes the impoliteness strategies used by the Clinton and Trump presidential campaigns on Twitter during the 2016 US election. It finds that Trump's campaign frequently used bald-on-record impoliteness like name-calling and insults, while Clinton's campaign more often employed positive impoliteness like questioning Trump's abilities or experience. Both campaigns reacted to campaign events by increasing impolite tweets. The study analyzed over 12,000 tweets using frameworks of conventional impoliteness and strategies from Culpeper to understand differences in how each campaign communicated (im)politeness online.
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
Conversation analysis is a method used to analyze spoken interactions to understand how language develops in social contexts. It examines specific aspects of oral interactions like openings and closings, turn-taking, and feedback. Conversation analysis seeks to establish opportunities for all participants to contribute and provides insight into dominant speakers. It analyzes feedback mechanisms and whether conversations allow responses from all participants.
The document summarizes a study on interruptions in a mixed-gender Indonesian talk show conversation. The study analyzed 15 interruptions over 14 minutes of the talk show to determine: 1) types of interruptions based on Ferguson (1977), 2) functions of interruptions based on French & Local (1983), 3) politeness strategies used during interruptions based on Brown & Levinson (1987), and 4) factors affecting interruptions based on Wardhaugh (1985). Most interruptions were initiated by female speakers and were competitive in function. Positive politeness strategies like seeking agreement were most common. Interruptions seemed mostly aimed at breaking up the conversation.
This document outlines a study analyzing Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan's 2018 victory speech using critical discourse analysis. The study examines Khan's speech at the linguistic, discursive, and socio-cultural levels using Fairclough's three-dimensional model. The researcher analyzes how Khan uses techniques like metaphors, facts and figures, and common language to engage audiences and promote his views. The study finds Khan's speech constructs a positive framework to connect with ordinary citizens without direct criticism of others. It concludes the speech demonstrates the function of language in power and identity for political leaders.
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
This document discusses the conceptualization and operationalization of emotion-based political brand equity. It begins by reviewing political emotion causation theory, which proposes that emotions can be elicited both implicitly and explicitly. This theory is then used to conceptualize a dual construct of implicit and explicit emotion-based political brand equity. The document describes operationalizing this construct using data from the 2008-2009 American National Election Studies to measure its predictive power on voting behavior. Results showed the new construct was valid, reliable, and predictive across different political consumer segments. In closing, the document discusses contributions, implications, and directions for future research.
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NANDO S RADIO ADVERTISEMENTHeather Strinden
The document analyzes a Nando's radio advertisement using Critical Discourse Analysis.
[1] It finds that the advertisement utilizes various linguistic features like direct address, imperatives, adjectives and parallelism to engage listeners.
[2] Discourse strategies identified include promoting the product through implication, invoking inadequacies in listeners, use of puffery and emotive words.
[3] A sociolinguistic analysis finds the ad leverages intertextuality through phrases that have cultural significance in Malaysian society to establish Nando's as a local brand.
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Political Science
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Section B Study Introduction
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Title
Entered:05/04/18By:parham, angela
You need to reduce this section to 500 words or less.
Entered:05/07/18By:gebremedhin, teddy
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures. ( 400 words with space) and ( 343 words with no space )
Entered:05/07/18By:gebremedhin, teddy
The election of President Donald J Trump and Brexit have highlighted the resurgence of nationalism in the modern society as workers who are anxious about the effects of globalization on their employment chances turn on outsiders. In addition, the strong performance of Marine Le Pin in the presidential election in France and the resurgence of nationalist parties in Eastern Europe have increased the anxiety of stakeholders about the rise of nationalism and its implications for the society.
( 492 words with space ) and (145 words with no space) one of them will be an introduction.
The rise of nationalism
Introduction
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures.
View Audit
Please provide a brief (350-500 word) summary of your research project, including background and rationale for your study. Be sure to include in your description what kinds o ...
Remembering that all research has some error, respond to at least on.docxhennela
Remembering that all research has some error, respond to at least one colleague’s post and comment on how we as social change agents and critical consumers of research can balance the usefulness with the error in the research. Do we throw the research out because of too much error, or is there something useful that it can tell us?
Describe how you think the research in the article is useful (e.g., what population is it helping? What problem is it solving?).
The analysis that uncovers qualities and shortcomings and a proposed introduction toward open centered methods are cleared up. Keeping in mind the end goal to put this directing approach into impact, changes are vital, and their administration is talked about in detail. Subjective and quantitative estimation of the MOJ's availability for change allows the detailing of a particular proposition that is firmly upheld by hypothetical and pragmatic research in the administration of progress (Sirirat, Somboon, & Rachada, 2010, p. 17). The population that the research is helping is public administrative agencies that provide services to the people locally.
Using Y=
f
(X) +E notation, identify the independent and dependent variables.
Using the Y=
f
(X) +E notation, I identified the independent variable is the level of position a person is in that determines the length of work far as years with the company is concerned. We also could narrow the research down as to the gender to determine who kept which position longer, male or female?
How might the research models presented be wrong? What types of error might be present in the reported research?
Many things can be taken into consideration when it comes to research and presenting the information into data. The analysis could be too broad or missing information for the participating participants. The age bracket for the data as well could have some inconsistencies as well if a person dies will data is being collected for research or if more people have been hired or fired that could cause discrepancies in data as well.
References
Sirirat, C., Somboon, S., & Rachada, D. (2010).
Mandates for Change Management in the Ministry of Justice under the State Administration Act (no. 5)
of 2002.
International Employment Relations Review
,
16
(2), 17-36.
...
This document analyzes the representation of the 2011 Nigerian presidential election in news reports through an ideological lens. It examines how lexicalization, or word choice, was used to shape perceptions. Key findings include: verbs used to describe the opposition conveyed a negative view; nouns like "rival" and "opponent" framed other candidates as threats to the incumbent; and adjectives in reports portrayed the election either positively as free and fair or negatively as marred by irregularities. The conclusion is that lexical choices revealed ideological stances intended to influence readers' judgments of the election and major figures.
The rise of nationalismIntroduction The rise of nationa.docxoreo10
The rise of nationalism
Introduction
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures.
Comments : See my comments on the document. Please address the hypothesis comment and resubmit the hypothesis
Research Question
· What has caused the resurgence of nationalism?
Hypothesis
The examination of rising populism and nationalism in different parts of the world is expected to demonstrate that the rise of inequality due to neoliberalism is responsible for the push for countries to retreat from the world stage. An examination of Brexit, the election of President Donald Trump and the resurgence of nationalist parties across Europe will demonstrate that the intersection of globalization and technology has contributed to create opportunities for only a small segment of the global population. In light of this hypothesis, it is expected that the path forward lie in redesigning the global economic system to promote shared prosperity in the world. Comment by angela parham: Your hypothesis should be something that you can actually test, what's called a testable hypothesis. In other words, you need to be able to measure both "what you do" and "what will happen." Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." Your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen during the course of your research.
Data collection
Qualitative research will be used in this study due to the need to synthesize existing literature on the subject and the perspectives of stakeholders in the society. The exploratory research approach will enable the researcher to find effective answers for the research questions (Jamshed, 2014). In particular, it will highlight the underlying reasons, motivations and causes of the rise in the nationalist movement in the modern society. Qualitative research is used to identify trends in thought and phenomena (Jamshed, 2014). Survey research and focus groups will be used to collect data on the subject. The survey research will include both semi-structured and structured questions that will be administered online. Purposive sampling will be used to ensure that the participants are drawn from different social groups. In addition, focus groups will be used to have an in-depth discussion with different stakeholders on the rise of nationalism. The data that will be collected will be analyzed in conjunction with the existing literature (Jamshed, 2014). The approach will enable the researcher to contextualize the insights that will be drawn from the data collection process. Comment by angela parham: ...
This article summarizes five techniques for managing stress as a nurse: yoga, mindfulness meditation, relaxation techniques, humor, and social support. It discusses how each technique can help reduce stress, prevent burnout, and improve nurse well-being and patient care. Yoga and mindfulness meditation help calm the mind and reduce anxiety. Relaxation techniques lower physiological arousal. Humor creates positive emotions and bonding with colleagues. Social support through colleagues improves coping and resilience. Regular use of these stress-reducing techniques can counteract the effects of occupational stress on nurses.
This study was conducted in order to compare the communication styles of United States and France, among college students. Participants (n = 412) were interviewed through a close-ended questionnaire sent by email, both in the United States and in France.
The current study measured self-assessments on communication styles by 412 individuals.
Political Marketing Management of Parliament Under the Presidential Governmen...UniversitasGadjahMada
Modern political marketing managements of parties, government and parliament have gradually taken place within and across democratic countries those ruled under either the parliamentary government or presidential government systems. Little attention however, has been directed to explore the extent to which modern political marketing management of parliament has taken place within countries those run under the presidential system of
government especially Indonesia. As led by hypothetical-inductive approach, this work has been specifically directed to explore: a) the dynamic exchanges and interactions; b) the nature and structure of political market arenas; c) types of political products; and d) models of political marketing management of the Indonesian parliament/ the Indonesian House of Representative. Having them, this work goes into the extent to which the institutional marketing management strategies has been advanced by the Indonesian Parliament/the Indonesian House of Representative since Post-New Order Soeharto up to SBY’ governments era (2004-2014).
Final PPT Group 1_Authentic Text_Translation Strategies.pptxmdkalex
The article discusses skin whitening practices, products, risks, and the industries that profit from skin whitening. It reports that skin whitening is a large global industry that predominantly targets women of color, with the Asia-Pacific region being the most lucrative market. While some blame colonialism and other historical factors for the persistence of skin whitening trends, others note it is ultimately rooted in colorism and lighter skin being associated with beauty and social prospects. The article reaches out to major corporations involved in the manufacturing, sale or promotion of skin whitening to get their responses on their roles and awareness of health risks from skin whitening products and practices.
This document discusses strategies for addressing deviant behavior, including deterrence strategies, theories of deviance, and policies around suspension and expulsion in schools. It analyzes the goals and effectiveness of four strategies: restorative justice, capital punishment, sentencing circles, and suspension/expulsion policies. Restorative justice aims to repair harm and rebuild relationships, while deterrence strategies like capital punishment aim to preserve law and order but may violate human rights. Sentencing circles provide input from the community on appropriate sentences. Suspension/expulsion policies in schools can help maintain discipline but should be combined with other supports. In conclusion, political campaigns need deterrence strategies against deviant behaviors to promote success and cohesiveness.
This document analyzes Barack Obama's use of metaphors in two speeches about the Affordable Care Act given in 2013 and 2014. It identifies 11 instances of "journey" metaphors used to conceptualize healthcare policy. These metaphors frame healthcare reform as a journey with obstacles along the way but an eventual destination of universal healthcare access. The analysis suggests Obama used these metaphors strategically to acknowledge issues while defending the policy and portraying himself as leading the country toward a worthy goal.
Analysis Of Complaint Speech Act In The Help Movie By Tate TaylorTony Lisko
This document provides an analysis of complaint speech acts used in the movie The Help by Tate Taylor. It begins with an introduction that defines complaint speech acts and strategies. It then reviews literature on complaints, including eight complaint strategies and 22 verbal and non-verbal response strategies. Previous related studies are also summarized that examined complaints between native and non-native English speakers. The document aims to describe the complaint strategies used in the characters of The Help and their intentions and responses. It uses a qualitative, descriptive methodology with data collection through documentation and observation of expressive utterances in the movie.
The document outlines 5 steps for ordering an essay writing service from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, providing assignment details in an order form, choosing a writer based on bids and qualifications, reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed paper, and having the option to request revisions. The process is described as quick, simple, and focused on ensuring customer satisfaction through original, high-quality work or a full refund.
Writing A Research Paper For Scholarly JournalsKelly Lipiec
1. The document provides instructions for writing a research paper for scholarly journals through a 5 step process. It details how to create an account, submit a request for paper writing help including instructions and sources, review writer bids and select one, authorize payment upon receiving a satisfactory paper, and request revisions if needed.
2. The second document is the beginning of a paper on hemophilia and unexpected bleeding during surgery. It discusses hemophilia pathology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatment. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of hemostasis and the coagulation cascade.
3. The third document continues the beginning of the paper, discussing how industrialization and the invention of the automobile contributed to increased greenhouse
Contenu connexe
Similaire à A Comparison Between Trump S And Clinton S Commissive Speech Act In America S Presidential Campaign Speech
This study aimed at appraising the observance of Gricean maxims by Tanzanian politicians in T.V. hosted interviews. The study adopted Grice (1975) cooperative principle in finding out politicians’ observance of the Gricean quality and quantity maxims.The interviews are from EATV ‘Mkasi’ session and involved Honorable Mwigulu Nchemba from CCM and Hon. Zitto Kabwe from CHADEMA and only their verbal responses were subjected to analysis. Content analysis for data collection was used and the study involved a case study design. The study findings show that politicians did not adhere to these conversational maxims as they responded to questions employing different forms of non-observances include flouting and opting out of maxims as well as maxim clash. These non-observances were meant to persuade the viewers and gain social and political credibility, achieving politeness, imposing and suppressing/avoid any face-threatening, and building the speakers’ positive images and that of their parties. However, the inferences drawn from the findings were the two politicians like other members of public service did not often observe the maxims, meaning that they intentionally chose to be non-literal and opted for indirect communication, even in their non-observances of the maxims they remained communicative in a richer and profound way than if they were literal and direct.
Conversation analysis is a method used to analyze spoken interactions to understand how language develops in social contexts. It examines specific aspects of oral interactions like openings and closings, turn-taking, and feedback. Conversation analysis seeks to establish opportunities for all participants to contribute and provides insight into dominant speakers. It analyzes feedback mechanisms and whether conversations allow responses from all participants.
The document summarizes a study on interruptions in a mixed-gender Indonesian talk show conversation. The study analyzed 15 interruptions over 14 minutes of the talk show to determine: 1) types of interruptions based on Ferguson (1977), 2) functions of interruptions based on French & Local (1983), 3) politeness strategies used during interruptions based on Brown & Levinson (1987), and 4) factors affecting interruptions based on Wardhaugh (1985). Most interruptions were initiated by female speakers and were competitive in function. Positive politeness strategies like seeking agreement were most common. Interruptions seemed mostly aimed at breaking up the conversation.
This document outlines a study analyzing Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan's 2018 victory speech using critical discourse analysis. The study examines Khan's speech at the linguistic, discursive, and socio-cultural levels using Fairclough's three-dimensional model. The researcher analyzes how Khan uses techniques like metaphors, facts and figures, and common language to engage audiences and promote his views. The study finds Khan's speech constructs a positive framework to connect with ordinary citizens without direct criticism of others. It concludes the speech demonstrates the function of language in power and identity for political leaders.
Original ArticleNeed for Cognitive Closure andPolitical .docxvannagoforth
Original Article
Need for Cognitive Closure and
Political Ideology
Predicting Pro-Environmental Preferences and Behavior
Angelo Panno,1 Giuseppe Carrus,1 Ambra Brizi,2 Fridanna Maricchiolo,1
Mauro Giacomantonio,2 and Lucia Mannetti2
1Department of Education, Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Roma Tre University, Roma, Italy
2Department of Social & Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Abstract: Little is known about epistemic motivations affecting political ideology when people make environmental decisions. In two studies,
we examined the key role that political ideology played in the relationship between need for cognitive closure (NCC) and self-reported eco-
friendly behavior. Study 1: 279 participants completed the NCC, pro-environmental, and political ideology measures. Mediation analyses
showed that NCC was related to less pro-environmental behavior through more right-wing political ideology. Study 2: We replicated these
results with a nonstudent sample (n = 240) and both social and economic conservatism as mediators. The results of Study 2 showed that
social conservatism mediated the relationship between NCC and pro-environmental behavior. Finally, NCC was associated with pro-
environmental attitude through both social and economic conservatism.
Keywords: need for cognitive closure, political ideology, pro-environmental behavior, environmental attitude, conservatism, cognition
Ecosystems are under pressure worldwide due to global
phenomena and environmental changes such as global
warming, biodiversity loss, depletion of fresh water, and
population growth. Understanding how individuals react
to the environmental crisis and take a position regarding
environmental conservation policies is, therefore, a crucial
challenge for the current political, scientific, and environ-
mental agenda. To tackle the urgency of current environ-
mental global issues adequately, there is widespread
scientific and political consensus that individuals, groups,
and communities must reduce their environmental foot-
print in the very near term (e.g., Brewer & Stern, 2005;
Schultz & Kaiser, 2012). What is needed at the individ-
ual and societal level is, therefore, an increase in ecologi-
cally responsible behavior (e.g., Clayton & Myers, 2015;
Turaga, Howarth, & Borsuk, 2010). Empirical studies on
the antecedents of pro-environmental behavior and climate
change perception have outlined the role of several predic-
tors, including political ideology as well as some proxy of
conservative ideology such as social dominance (e.g.,
Carrus, Panno, & Leone, in press; Hoffarth & Hodson,
2016; Milfont, Richter, Sibley, Wilson, & Fischer, 2013;
Panno et al., 2018). To better understand the relation
between political ideology and environmentalism individ-
ual differences related to epistemic motivation should be
considered. The main aim of the present study is to exam-
ine the relationship between people’s need for cognitive
closure (NCC; ...
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A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NANDO S RADIO ADVERTISEMENTHeather Strinden
The document analyzes a Nando's radio advertisement using Critical Discourse Analysis.
[1] It finds that the advertisement utilizes various linguistic features like direct address, imperatives, adjectives and parallelism to engage listeners.
[2] Discourse strategies identified include promoting the product through implication, invoking inadequacies in listeners, use of puffery and emotive words.
[3] A sociolinguistic analysis finds the ad leverages intertextuality through phrases that have cultural significance in Malaysian society to establish Nando's as a local brand.
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Section B Study Introduction
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Title
Entered:05/04/18By:parham, angela
You need to reduce this section to 500 words or less.
Entered:05/07/18By:gebremedhin, teddy
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures. ( 400 words with space) and ( 343 words with no space )
Entered:05/07/18By:gebremedhin, teddy
The election of President Donald J Trump and Brexit have highlighted the resurgence of nationalism in the modern society as workers who are anxious about the effects of globalization on their employment chances turn on outsiders. In addition, the strong performance of Marine Le Pin in the presidential election in France and the resurgence of nationalist parties in Eastern Europe have increased the anxiety of stakeholders about the rise of nationalism and its implications for the society.
( 492 words with space ) and (145 words with no space) one of them will be an introduction.
The rise of nationalism
Introduction
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures.
View Audit
Please provide a brief (350-500 word) summary of your research project, including background and rationale for your study. Be sure to include in your description what kinds o ...
Remembering that all research has some error, respond to at least on.docxhennela
Remembering that all research has some error, respond to at least one colleague’s post and comment on how we as social change agents and critical consumers of research can balance the usefulness with the error in the research. Do we throw the research out because of too much error, or is there something useful that it can tell us?
Describe how you think the research in the article is useful (e.g., what population is it helping? What problem is it solving?).
The analysis that uncovers qualities and shortcomings and a proposed introduction toward open centered methods are cleared up. Keeping in mind the end goal to put this directing approach into impact, changes are vital, and their administration is talked about in detail. Subjective and quantitative estimation of the MOJ's availability for change allows the detailing of a particular proposition that is firmly upheld by hypothetical and pragmatic research in the administration of progress (Sirirat, Somboon, & Rachada, 2010, p. 17). The population that the research is helping is public administrative agencies that provide services to the people locally.
Using Y=
f
(X) +E notation, identify the independent and dependent variables.
Using the Y=
f
(X) +E notation, I identified the independent variable is the level of position a person is in that determines the length of work far as years with the company is concerned. We also could narrow the research down as to the gender to determine who kept which position longer, male or female?
How might the research models presented be wrong? What types of error might be present in the reported research?
Many things can be taken into consideration when it comes to research and presenting the information into data. The analysis could be too broad or missing information for the participating participants. The age bracket for the data as well could have some inconsistencies as well if a person dies will data is being collected for research or if more people have been hired or fired that could cause discrepancies in data as well.
References
Sirirat, C., Somboon, S., & Rachada, D. (2010).
Mandates for Change Management in the Ministry of Justice under the State Administration Act (no. 5)
of 2002.
International Employment Relations Review
,
16
(2), 17-36.
...
This document analyzes the representation of the 2011 Nigerian presidential election in news reports through an ideological lens. It examines how lexicalization, or word choice, was used to shape perceptions. Key findings include: verbs used to describe the opposition conveyed a negative view; nouns like "rival" and "opponent" framed other candidates as threats to the incumbent; and adjectives in reports portrayed the election either positively as free and fair or negatively as marred by irregularities. The conclusion is that lexical choices revealed ideological stances intended to influence readers' judgments of the election and major figures.
The rise of nationalismIntroduction The rise of nationa.docxoreo10
The rise of nationalism
Introduction
The rise of nationalism poses a threat to globalization and the set of values that the international community has sought to develop in the past. The election of President Donald Trump and Brexit threatened the neoliberal agenda that has promoted free enterprise and globalization. Understanding the rise of nationalism provides an effective instrument for identifying effective intervention measures.
Comments : See my comments on the document. Please address the hypothesis comment and resubmit the hypothesis
Research Question
· What has caused the resurgence of nationalism?
Hypothesis
The examination of rising populism and nationalism in different parts of the world is expected to demonstrate that the rise of inequality due to neoliberalism is responsible for the push for countries to retreat from the world stage. An examination of Brexit, the election of President Donald Trump and the resurgence of nationalist parties across Europe will demonstrate that the intersection of globalization and technology has contributed to create opportunities for only a small segment of the global population. In light of this hypothesis, it is expected that the path forward lie in redesigning the global economic system to promote shared prosperity in the world. Comment by angela parham: Your hypothesis should be something that you can actually test, what's called a testable hypothesis. In other words, you need to be able to measure both "what you do" and "what will happen." Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." Your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen during the course of your research.
Data collection
Qualitative research will be used in this study due to the need to synthesize existing literature on the subject and the perspectives of stakeholders in the society. The exploratory research approach will enable the researcher to find effective answers for the research questions (Jamshed, 2014). In particular, it will highlight the underlying reasons, motivations and causes of the rise in the nationalist movement in the modern society. Qualitative research is used to identify trends in thought and phenomena (Jamshed, 2014). Survey research and focus groups will be used to collect data on the subject. The survey research will include both semi-structured and structured questions that will be administered online. Purposive sampling will be used to ensure that the participants are drawn from different social groups. In addition, focus groups will be used to have an in-depth discussion with different stakeholders on the rise of nationalism. The data that will be collected will be analyzed in conjunction with the existing literature (Jamshed, 2014). The approach will enable the researcher to contextualize the insights that will be drawn from the data collection process. Comment by angela parham: ...
This article summarizes five techniques for managing stress as a nurse: yoga, mindfulness meditation, relaxation techniques, humor, and social support. It discusses how each technique can help reduce stress, prevent burnout, and improve nurse well-being and patient care. Yoga and mindfulness meditation help calm the mind and reduce anxiety. Relaxation techniques lower physiological arousal. Humor creates positive emotions and bonding with colleagues. Social support through colleagues improves coping and resilience. Regular use of these stress-reducing techniques can counteract the effects of occupational stress on nurses.
This study was conducted in order to compare the communication styles of United States and France, among college students. Participants (n = 412) were interviewed through a close-ended questionnaire sent by email, both in the United States and in France.
The current study measured self-assessments on communication styles by 412 individuals.
Political Marketing Management of Parliament Under the Presidential Governmen...UniversitasGadjahMada
Modern political marketing managements of parties, government and parliament have gradually taken place within and across democratic countries those ruled under either the parliamentary government or presidential government systems. Little attention however, has been directed to explore the extent to which modern political marketing management of parliament has taken place within countries those run under the presidential system of
government especially Indonesia. As led by hypothetical-inductive approach, this work has been specifically directed to explore: a) the dynamic exchanges and interactions; b) the nature and structure of political market arenas; c) types of political products; and d) models of political marketing management of the Indonesian parliament/ the Indonesian House of Representative. Having them, this work goes into the extent to which the institutional marketing management strategies has been advanced by the Indonesian Parliament/the Indonesian House of Representative since Post-New Order Soeharto up to SBY’ governments era (2004-2014).
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The article discusses skin whitening practices, products, risks, and the industries that profit from skin whitening. It reports that skin whitening is a large global industry that predominantly targets women of color, with the Asia-Pacific region being the most lucrative market. While some blame colonialism and other historical factors for the persistence of skin whitening trends, others note it is ultimately rooted in colorism and lighter skin being associated with beauty and social prospects. The article reaches out to major corporations involved in the manufacturing, sale or promotion of skin whitening to get their responses on their roles and awareness of health risks from skin whitening products and practices.
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This document analyzes Barack Obama's use of metaphors in two speeches about the Affordable Care Act given in 2013 and 2014. It identifies 11 instances of "journey" metaphors used to conceptualize healthcare policy. These metaphors frame healthcare reform as a journey with obstacles along the way but an eventual destination of universal healthcare access. The analysis suggests Obama used these metaphors strategically to acknowledge issues while defending the policy and portraying himself as leading the country toward a worthy goal.
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Similaire à A Comparison Between Trump S And Clinton S Commissive Speech Act In America S Presidential Campaign Speech (20)
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
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2. Miftakhul Ulum, Djoko Sutopo, Warsono/ English Education Journal 8 (3) 2018 93 - 100
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INTRODUCTION
Language is very important for human. It
is used to interact and communicate with other
people. Language is a common facility when
two persons do an act of communication
(Mujiyanto, 2011). They may express their
feelings, ideas, and desires through language,
either spoken or written (Mutmainnah and
Sutopo, 2016).
One example of spoken language in
communication is political speech. Political
speech can be seen as a means of establishing
and maintaining social relationships, expressing
feelings, and selling ideas, policies and programs
in any society. It is used by the politicians to
communicate directly with the general public in
order to convince them (Priyatmojo, 2012). Its
period is usually held before the election
happens. During this period, the candidates
attract the voters by delivering issues happening
in the country. They explain the problems that
the country is facing and what they will do as
solution to solve these problems.
Political speech becomes more vital for
the election of the presidential seat since the
issues that are delivered by the presidential
candidates will be the main issues that are
discussed in media. In case of Super Power
country such as America, the speech will catch
the attention not just America’s society but also
the whole world (Arisetiyani and Yuliasry,
2017). It is because the policy that will be
undertaken by the candidates in the future is
reflected through their speech. As the result, it
will affect other countries politically and
economically.
The language of political speech has
certain characteristics. It usually uses rhetoric,
which involves promises (Omozuwa and
Ezejideaku, 2007). In analyzing promises, there
are some theories that we can use to analyze
them. In pragmatics, it can be analyzed by using
speech act theory that is commissive speech act.
The term speech acts is used to mean the
same as illocutionary acts (Thomas, 1995). They
are classified into five categories; assertives,
directives, commissives, expressives, and
declaratives (Searle in Septiningsih and
Warsono, 2017). In addition, commissives is
illocutionary act whose point is to commit the
speaker to some future course of action (Searle,
1976). The examples are promise, threaten,
refuse, warrant, etc. By analyzing the
commissive speech act of the candidates, we can
see the policies and future actions of the
candidates when they are elected to be the
president.
There are some previous studies
conducted by researchers regarding commissive
speech act in political speeches. Al-bantany
(2013) studied the use of commissive speech act
in gubernatorial candidate debate. The result
shows that the commissive speech act used are
mostly realized by guarantee, promise, and
refusal. The study from Suwandi (2013)
investigated promising utterance in Barack
Obama’s speeches. He analyzed the promise and
categorized it whether it is performative or
constantive. The result shows that most of
promising utterances used by Obama are
constative. Meanwhile Hashim (2015)
investigated speech acts in political speeches.
The results show that the speech act found are
mostly commissive, then followed by assertive,
directive, and expressive. In addition, Taufik’s et
al. study (2014) shows that persuasive utterances
in election campaign of Pasuruan are mostly
realized through assretive-directive and
commissive-directive. Ilić and Radulović (2015)
analyzed commissive and expressive speech act
in political speeches. They are used as indicators
of the politicians’ personal involvement,
notorious vagueness, and avoiding commitment.
The result shows that a specific use or lack of
commissives be the politicians’ strategy to add
the credibility of their speech. This way the
politicians can control the opinion of public to
serve their interest.
Some studies are also conducted by
researchers related to commissive speech act
with different context. Puspitasari (2009),
Prastuti (2015) analyzed the realization of
commissive speech act, the speakers’ strategy,
and its function considering the context of
situation happens. The result shows that various
3. Miftakhul Ulum, Djoko Sutopo, Warsono/ English Education Journal 8 (3) 2018 93 - 100
95
types of commissive speech act are found by the
researchers. They are promise, guarantee,
refusals, threats, volunteers, and offers while in
the second study, they are promise, threat, offer,
and refusal. Regarding the speakers’ strategy, it
is found that the speakers tend to use indirect
strategy in employing commissive speech act.
Since in the movie different context of situation
happened, the speakers adjust the way they
uttered commissive speech act related to the
context of situation happened. Regarding the
function, they employed commissive speech act
for variuos purposes such as to maintain
relationship, show like/dislike, avoid conflicts,
etc. Syukri and Humaerah (2016) investigated
the realization of speech act in advertising
language of provider mobile phone product. The
study aimed to know how speech act contribute
in successfulness of advertisement in persuading
the consumers. The result indicates that
illocutionary act used such as convincing,
persuading, deterring, and surprising or
misleading are used as persuasive and
informative device. Meanwhile from the
perlocutionary act analysis, it is hope that the
consumers will buy the products being
advertised. The study from Altikriti (2011)
which investigated speech act in short stories in
three novels entitled “Acme”, “Post Haste”, and
“The Happy Prince showed that various types of
speech act are found in the novels. All those five
categories of Searle’s speech act are found in the
novels although they have different proportion
number in each novel. The analysis also showed
that direct speech act dominates the findings of
the speech act. From the previous studies above,
it can be concluded that speech act can be found
in any activity in our daily life. In case of
political speeches, commissive speech act has a
very important role in helping the speakers
achieving their purpose in communication.
Further, the researcher cannot find any study
tries to compare commissive speech act in
political speeches before. Therefore, the
researcher thinks that by conducting this study,
the researcher thinks it will fill the gap in the
study of commissive speech act. Thus, this study
aims to: 1) explain commissive speech act used
by Trump, 2) explain commissive speech act
used by Clinton, 3) explain the similarities
between Trump’s and Clinton’s commissive
speech act, 4) explain the difference between
Trump’s and Clinton’s commissive speech act.
METHODS
This study employed descriptive
qualitative method. Descriptive research is
research which gives description about problem,
fact, event, and real situation deeply and widely
so that it can get a new understanding (Raco,
2010). Further, as research procedure,
qualitative methodology produces descriptive
data in form of people’s written or spoken words
and their behaviour which can be observed
(Bagdan and Taylor in Moleong, 1990). In
qualitative research, the collected data are in
form of words, sentences or pictures. In this
study, the data are taken from eight speeches of
Trump and Clinton campaign speeches. The
data are taken from their first, final, and
campaign speeches in grey areas.
The data then were analyzed by using
commissive speech act instrument adapted from
Searle and Vandervecken (1985). There are five
steps in analyzing the data. 1) identifying the
commissive speech act, 2) classifying the
commissive speech act, 3) comparing the
commissive speech act, 4) interpreting the
commissive speech act, 5) drawing conclusion
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
There are four aims of this study. They
are 1) to explain commissive speech act used by
Trump, 2) to explain commissive speech act
used by Clinton, 3) to explain the similarities
between Trump’s and Clinton’s commissive
speech act, 4) to explain the difference between
Trump’s and Clinton’s commissive speech act.
Commissive speech acts used by Trump
From the data analysis, it is found that
there are 199 commissive speech acts found.
They can be classified into six types. They are
promise (77.9%), threaten (4.5%), pledge (2%),
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offer (0.5%), refuse (0.5%), and assure speech act
(14.6%). Regarding the functions of the
utterance, they have five different functions.
They are as giving solutions (69.9%), insulting
(1%), threatening (4.5%), showing care (5%),
convincing (15.1%), and encouraging (4.5%).
The function of commissives as giving solution
is employed by Trump through promise (69.4%)
and offer speech act (0.5%). Meanwhile insulting
is employed through promise (0.5%) and refuse
speech act (0.5%). Threatening is employed via
threaten speech act (4.5%). Showing care is
employed through promise (5%), and convincing
through promise (3%) and assure (12.1%). The
last function, encouraging, is employed via
pledge (2%) and assure speech act (2.5%).
Commissive speech acts used by Clinton
In her campaign speeches, Clinton
produced smaller number of commissive speech
act rather than Trump did. It is found that she
produced 46 commissive speech act which can
be classified into two types. They are promise
(97.8%) and assure (2.2%). These two types of
commissives, having three different functions
related to the context happened. They are as
giving solution (84.4%), showing care (6.7%),
and convincing (8.9%). As giving solution,
showing care, and convincing are employed by
Clinton by exploiting promise speech act.
Meanwhile assure speech act is employed by
Clinton as convincing.
The similarities between Trump’s and
Clinton’s commissive speech act
From the findings of Trump’s and
Clinton’s commissive speech act above, it can be
drawn some similarities. First, it is found that
both Trump and Clinton used two similar types
of commissive speech act. They are promise and
assure speech act. Promise speech act is type of
commissive speech act which is used to telling
someone that the speaker is going to do
something in the future. By using promise
speech act, Trump and Clinton try to tell the
audience what they are going and able to do as
the future president of the United States of
America. Here the example is:
Our country has tremendous potential. We
have tremendous people. We have people that aren't
working. We have people that have no incentive to
work. But they're going to have incentive to work
because the greatest social program is a job. And they
will be proud, and they will love it, and they will make
much more money than they would have ever made.
And they will be doing so well, and we're going to be
thriving as a country, thriving! It can happen
[CHEERS and APPLAUSE]. I'll bring back our
jobs from China, from Mexico, from Japan, from so
many places.
From the excerpt above, Trump
mentioned one of the problems faced by
American at that moment that is difficulties in
finding jobs. But Trump told the audience not to
worry about it anymore since if he is elected to
be the president; he is going to bring back the
jobs from other countries such as from China,
Mexico, and Japan. Trump’s promise to bring
back the jobs can be solution for the job
problems mentioned before.
Meanwhile, assure speech act is to
commit oneself to a future course of action with
the perlocutionary intention of convincing the
hearer that one will do it while presupposing
that the hearer has doubts. By using assuring
speech act, they tell the audience their sincerity
in doing the promise. The example is below:
If you believe that America thrives when the
Middle Class thrives, then you have to vote. We're
gonna make the biggest investment in good-paying
jobs since World War II; jobs in infrastructure, small
business, clean energy, advanced manufacturing.
We're gonna actually deliver on that, unlike my
opponent, who makes his products mostly overseas,
buys cheap Chinese steel and aluminum instead of
what's made by American steel workers right here in
Pennsylvania.
The excerpt above is the example of
Assure speech act. In the excerpt above, Clinton
asked the audience to vote if they believed that
America progress depends on Middle Class. If
America’s Middle Class thrieves, then the
America also thrieves. Therefore, Clinton
promised to make the biggest investment in
good-paying jobs that are jobs in infrastructure,
small business, clean energy, and advanced
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manufacturing. Clinton then convinced the
audience that she will really carry out the
promise by saying “We're gonna actually
deliver on that”. In the utterance above, Clinton
assure the audience that she really would deliver
good-paying jobs that she promised before that
are jobs in infrastructure, small business, clean
energy, and advanced manufacturing.
In addition, promise also becomes the
most dominant type of commissives used by
both of them. It is proved with the data findings
which show Trump’s findings (77.9%) and
Clinton’s findings (97.8%). Promise becomes the
most dominant type of commissive speech act
because promise is a main feature of the
language of political campaign (Omozuwa and
Ezejideaku, 2007); and it becomes vital since it
is used to telling the future actions of the
candidates. It is also in line with Hisyam’s study
(2015) which has the similar result.
Regarding their utterance functions, they
are found that there are similar functions of
commissive speech act uttered by them. Both of
them use promise speech acts to give solution for
the issues that they mentioned before. In
addition, they also employed promise speech act
to show their care to the audience. Another
similarity is located on the function of assure
speech act employed by them that is to convince
the audience that they will really carry out the
promise they stated before.
The differences between Trump’s and
Clinton’s commissive speech act
From the findings above, there are some
differences concluded. First, it is about the
number of occurances of commissive speech act
employed by Trump and Clinton. From the data
findings, it is known that Trump employed 199
commissives while Clinton 46 commissives. It
means that Trump employed more commissive
speech act rather than Clinton did and their
number gap is significant. This significant
number gap resulted the difference of the type of
commissive speech act employed where Trump
employed more types of commissive rather than
Clinton did. They are threaten, pledge, offer,
assure, and refuse speech act. Threaten is the
opposite of promise speech act. Threaten means
doing something in the future that is harmful for
the hearer. Here the example is:
If a company wants to fire their workers, leave
Florida and move to another country like Mexico as
an example, and then ship their products back into the
United States through what will become an
unbelievably strong border, I will tell you
(APPLAUSE). We will make them pay a 35 percent
tax on those products (APPLAUSE).
The excerpt above shows the example of
threaten speech acts. It is done by Trump by
saying “We will make them pay a 35 percent
tax on those products”. This threatening act is
used by Trump in order to threaten any
company not to leave America especially
Florida where Trump delivered his speech since
if they do so and bring their products back to
America, they would be charged 35% tax. The
high tax that will be charged on the product is
going to be a serious threat for the companies
because it will affect on the product price and
the competitiveness with other products.
Meanwhile, a pledge is a strong
commitment to a future course of action. Pledge
is a serious or formal promise to give or do
something. Here the example of pledge used by
Trump during the campaign speeches is:
To all Americans tonight, and all of our cities
and all of our towns, I pledge to you one more time,
together, we will make America wealthy again. We
will make America strong again. We will make
America safe again. And we will make America
great again. Thank you everybody. Thank you. God
bless you, everybody. Go to bed, go to bed right now,
get up and vote. Thank you, everybody, thank you
Michigan, we love you. We will be back. Let's win.
Thank you.
The excerpt above is taken from the
ending of Trump’s speech in Florida. Trump
ended his speech by pledging to the audience
that together, they will make America wealthy,
strong, safe, and great again.
Another difference is the use of refuse
speech act by Trump. Refuse means to say that
you will not do or accept something. In this
campaign speeches, refuse speech act is
employed by Trump in order to refuse to the
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98
audience about his conversation with the Top
Generals and Admirals on Clinton. He said so
because he wants to insult Clinton as his
opponent for the presidential seat and damage
her image in front of the audience. Here the
example is:
I saw these great men, these great Admirals last
night, these great Generals; these are great people,
strong, smart. I saw these unbelievably brave recipients
of the Medal of Honor, and I said to them, "How
would you feel to have Hillary Clinton as your
leader?" And they're -- they're wonderful Americans...
(CROWD REACTS)... and I refuse to tell you what
they said, but it wasn't good, believe me.
The excerpt above shows that Trump met
with Admirals and Generals in the night before
the speech happen. In their meeting, Trump
asked to Admirals and Generals about their
opinion on Clinton as their leader. But their
answer is not good that makes Trump did not
want to tell it to the audience. By saying refuse
speech act, Trump wants to insult Clinton with
Top Admirals and Generals’ opinion about her
which is so bad that even Trump think it is not
good to tell in front of the audience.
Offer speech act is also being the
difference between Trump’s and Clinton’s
commissives. Offer means to ask someone if
they would like to have something or if they
would like you to do something. Offer becomes
binding only if it is accepted and has not been
withdrawn. In this campaign speech, offer
speech act which is uttered by Trump is used to
giving solution on certain problem that is the
terrible of America’s military and defense.
Some differences are also found in the
way Trump and Clinton exploited commissive
speech act in order to achieve their goal of
communication. While Clinton only exploited
promise speech act to give solution, to show
care, and to convince the audience; Trump
exploited it more by using it to insult his rival in
the election. In addition, Commissive speech act
is also used by Trump as encouraging. It is used
by Trump in order to boost up the audience
spirit and give them hope that they will win the
election. Further, Trump also used commissive
speech act to threaten anybody who want to do
something disadvantageous. The example is
Trump will give a high tax of the products of
any company who wants to leave America. This
function as threatening is achieved by employing
threaten speech act.
CONCLUSION
Various types of commissive speech act
are employed by candidates in the presidential
campaign speech of the United States of
America. Both candidates, Trump and Clinton,
have their own characteristics in exploiting
commissive speech act. In their campaign
speech, Trump employed more commissives
rather than Clinton did. It is proved with the
data findings which show that Trump employed
commissives 199 times while Clinton 46 times.
Those 199 of Trump’s commissive speech act
can be categorized into six types; promise
(77.9%), threaten (4.5%), pledge (4%), offer
(1%), refuse (1%), and assure (14.6%). While 46
of Clinton’s commissive speech acts are
categorized into promise (97.8%) and assure
(2.2%). Promise speech act becomes the most
dominant type of commissives employed by
both candidates. It is because promise is a main
feature of the language of political campaign. It
is mainly used to telling the audience the future
actions and policies of the candidates if they
become the president as the solution of problems
the faced at that moment. Promise speech act is
also used by the candidates to show that they
care about the problems that the audience faced.
Meanwhile, assure speech act is also employed
by both candidates. It is used by the candidates
to convince the audience that they are not a liar
and really going to carry out the promise that
they uttered before. Beside the similarities, there
are also differences as the findings show that
Trump employed more types of commissives
rather than Clinton did. Trump employed not
just promise and assure but also threaten,
pledge, offer, and refuse speech act. The way
Trump and Clinton exploit the speech act is also
different. Trump exploited more functions of
commissives rather than Clinton did such as
promise speech act not only used by Trump to
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99
give solution and show care but also to
encourage the audience and insult people. In
insulting people, Trump also used refuse speech
act. To sum up, commissive speech act is one of
the most important type of speech act in political
speeches. Therefore the speakers need to
understand it since it is able to help them exploit
commissives more and use it efficiently. In
addition, the speakers also need to consider the
context of situation happens since it may affect
the functions of commissive speech act uttered.
In one way communication such as in political
campaign speeches, commissive speech act can
be a powerful tool for the speakers in a
communication. If the speakers are able to
exploit and use them effectively, it can help
them achieving their goals in communication.
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