This document compares the views of Thomas Aquinas and Martin Luther on the role of philosophical reflection in theology. Aquinas saw philosophy and theology as distinct but not incompatible. He argued philosophy could aid theology by establishing certain truths, like God's existence, and responding to objections. Luther saw philosophy and theology as fundamentally in conflict, with philosophical categories not applicable to theology. While both saw selective philosophical use could clarify theology, Luther emphasized the sharp distinction and conflict between the disciplines, unlike Aquinas who saw them coexisting peacefully.
This document discusses Christian philosophy from an Augustinian perspective. It outlines four key elements of an Augustinian Christian philosophy: 1) Philosophical theology, which employs philosophical thinking and resources to examine central Christian doctrines; 2) Apologetics, including defending Christianity against criticisms and providing arguments for God's existence; 3) Relating Christian beliefs to other areas of life and thought; and 4) Cultivating virtues like humility that enable openness to God's revelation.
St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas both put forth philosophical arguments for the existence of God, though they differed in their approaches. St. Augustine used an ideal ontological argument, asserting that God helps humans find truth from within. He also argued that creation reflects God's divine ideas. St. Thomas Aquinas put forth five cosmological arguments including observing movement, cause and effect, varying levels of perfection, and that natural beings require an intelligent creator. Both philosophers believed in God as the exemplar of creation and agreed that faith and reason are needed for understanding the world. They thus made important contributions to the merging of philosophy and Christian theology.
Philosophical Theology in Catholicism and Orthodoxy: An Analysis of Aquinas a...KeziahRezaey
This document provides an analysis of the theological views of Thomas Aquinas and Gregory Palamas, two influential medieval Christian thinkers who helped shape Catholic and Orthodox theology, respectively. It summarizes their differing metaphysical foundations - Aquinas emphasized using reason to understand God, while Palamas stressed contemplative practices like prayer and asceticism. The document examines key aspects of their views, such as Aquinas' conception of potentiality/actuality and Palamas' defense of hesychasm. It concludes by noting they disagreed on philosophical ideas but shared core Christian dogmas.
Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method ofempir.docxturveycharlyn
Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method of
empirical science began to develop. The key players were
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), Johannes Kepler (1571-
1630), and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Although it may
seem ironic now, each of these men believed in the Christian
God. They viewed science as studying the handiwork of an
almighty Creator and discerning His natural laws. Galileo
considered God to have written two “books”: the Bible and
nature (Hummel, p. 106).
Contrary to popular belief, the cause for the diversion
between Christianity and science originated not with the
Church but with the university professors who were threat-
ened by Galileo’s revolutionary ideas. These professors were
steeped in the Greek scientific method, which included
observation to a small extent, but mostly explained the
workings of nature through rational deduction from first
principles, or assumptions, an entire view of the universe had
been built up. Consequently, the professors embraced such
misconceptions as the sun having no imperfections, the moon
being a perfectly smooth sphere that shone with its own light,
and the earth alone having a moon since the earth was at the
center of the universe. Galileo’s recently invented telescope
quickly demonstrated the incorrectness of such assumptions
(Hummel, pp. 91-94).
Not willing to be thwarted by Galileo, the professors decided
to make the controversy religious rather than academic
(Hummel, p. 92). They argued that the heliocentric (sun-cen-
tered) view contradicted scripture (e.g., Psalm 104:22 says,
“The sun rises.” Therefore, the sun must revolve around sta-
tionary earth). In the face of what at that time appeared to be
a genuine contradiction between scripture and the heliocen-
tric theory, the theologians of the Roman Catholic Church
had no choice but to condemn Galileo’s views, because the
conflict had challenged the authority of the Church.
As a result of that controversy, the schism between reason
and faith had begun. There were now two apparently
irreconcilable sources of truth: the church and science.
Secularism
A Religion Profile from International Students, Inc.
1
Secularism: An Overview
Number of Adherents
Demographer Davit Barrett estimates that there are 150 million
atheists and 768 million nonreligious people in the world. The
combined total comes to more than 918 million people (Barrett).
Secularism Among the Nations
In more than 40 countries, atheists or nonreligious make up
more than 10 percent of the population (World Christian
Database). The following are just a few of those countries:
Austrailia, Britain, Canada, China, Cuba, Czech Republic,
France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, North Korea,
Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Sweden,
Uruguay and Vietnam.
Defining the Terms
An “atheist” is one who says there is sufficient evidence to
show that God does not exist. An “agnostic” is one who says
there is insufficient evidence to know wheth ...
Christian Apologetics Slides... Feb 2013 - Copy.pptNatan Dereje
The document discusses various topics related to Christian apologetics and philosophy including:
1) Different philosophical approaches to truth and knowledge including science, philosophy, and theology.
2) Apparent inconsistencies within biblical narratives and challenges to the reliability of scripture from higher criticism.
3) Walter C. Kaiser's defense of the reliability of scripture by outlining the multi-step process of inspiration, writing, and canonization of the Old Testament over 1000 years that involved divine guidance.
The document provides an experiential learning essay template for a student to complete an essay on the history of Christianity. It includes subtopics on the theoretical perspectives and development of Christian theology, mysticism, the organization and sacred literature of Christianity, significant events and history of Christianity, and rites and practices of Christianity. For each subtopic, the template instructs the student to describe a relevant experience, reflect on that experience, explain generalizations and principles learned, and apply those takeaways. The document provides examples for the student to follow for completing each section of the template.
ABORTION AND ARGUMENT BY ANALOGY Lisa Sowie Cahill Bosto.docxannetnash8266
ABORTION AND ARGUMENT BY ANALOGY
Lisa Sowie Cahill
Boston College
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this essay is to examine the consistency and
coherence of some arguments about abortion. Theological,
philosophical, and public policy discussions of abortion are linked by
the necessity of understanding the legitimate claims of the fetus on the
woman who bears it, as well as on the larger human community. The
tools of moral philosophy widely are employed, whether directly or
indirectly, to evaluate abortion as one solution to problematic preg-
nancies. In particular, theologians examining the problem of abor-
tion from the standpoint of normative ethics find it necessary to take
into account some of the seminal work in recent moral philosophy.
However, the logic of the moral arguments adduced is not always
given fully critical attention in either "pro-choice" or "pro-life" posi-
tions, whether they be essentially religious, philosophical, or politi-
cal in character.
One logical implement used broadly is the analogical argument.
Burdensome pregnancy can be compared to other situations in which
the duty of one individual to protect the rights of another either is
sustained or is modified. Differences in evaluations of the morality of
abortion can be clarified and perhaps reduced by probing the ways in
which the morally significant features of fetal dependency, and of
maternal and societal obligation, are partly revealed yet partly hid-
den by the analogical mode of moral argument.
In recent discussions of abortion, especially those by philosophers
advocating its justifiability, the method of analogy has been used to
highlight the morally relevant features of killing a fetus. The claim often is
made that to require a woman to complete a pregnancy against her will,
particularly one begun without her consent, is to require her to bear a
burden heavier than others would bè required to assume in analogous
circumstances. Moral argument by analogy is, of course, not a new
phenomenon, even in regard to abortion; one traditional Roman Catholic
analogy likens the fetus to an "unjust aggressor."1 Among the more
^ h i s comparison, however, has never been endorsed by the magisteri um. For an
exhaustive discussion of the history of this analogy and other elements of the abortion
debate among Catholic theologians, see John Connery, S.J., Abortion: The Development of
the Roman Catholic Perspective (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1977).
Lisa Sowie Cahill received the Ph.D. (1976) from the University of Chicago Divinity School,
with a dissertation on "Euthanasia: A Protestant and a Catholic Perspective.*' An Assis-
tant Professor of Theology at Boston College (Chestnut HiJl, MA 02167) since 1976, her
teaching and research interests are foundations and method in theological ethics, medical
ethics, and sexual ethics. Articles in these areas have appeared in Religious Studies
Review, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Chi.
Thomas Aquinas presented five arguments for the existence of God in his Summa Theologica, known as the Five Ways. This document argues that while Aquinas' logic is valid, his arguments lack empirical evidence. It presents Aquinas' five arguments and notes that upon scrutiny, inconsistencies emerge as he draws massive conclusions without evidence. The document concludes that Aquinas' arguments provide logical basis for the Big Bang Theory but not proof of God's existence on their own without faith or empirical evidence from science.
This document discusses Christian philosophy from an Augustinian perspective. It outlines four key elements of an Augustinian Christian philosophy: 1) Philosophical theology, which employs philosophical thinking and resources to examine central Christian doctrines; 2) Apologetics, including defending Christianity against criticisms and providing arguments for God's existence; 3) Relating Christian beliefs to other areas of life and thought; and 4) Cultivating virtues like humility that enable openness to God's revelation.
St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas both put forth philosophical arguments for the existence of God, though they differed in their approaches. St. Augustine used an ideal ontological argument, asserting that God helps humans find truth from within. He also argued that creation reflects God's divine ideas. St. Thomas Aquinas put forth five cosmological arguments including observing movement, cause and effect, varying levels of perfection, and that natural beings require an intelligent creator. Both philosophers believed in God as the exemplar of creation and agreed that faith and reason are needed for understanding the world. They thus made important contributions to the merging of philosophy and Christian theology.
Philosophical Theology in Catholicism and Orthodoxy: An Analysis of Aquinas a...KeziahRezaey
This document provides an analysis of the theological views of Thomas Aquinas and Gregory Palamas, two influential medieval Christian thinkers who helped shape Catholic and Orthodox theology, respectively. It summarizes their differing metaphysical foundations - Aquinas emphasized using reason to understand God, while Palamas stressed contemplative practices like prayer and asceticism. The document examines key aspects of their views, such as Aquinas' conception of potentiality/actuality and Palamas' defense of hesychasm. It concludes by noting they disagreed on philosophical ideas but shared core Christian dogmas.
Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method ofempir.docxturveycharlyn
Toward the end of the Renaissance, the modern method of
empirical science began to develop. The key players were
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543), Johannes Kepler (1571-
1630), and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Although it may
seem ironic now, each of these men believed in the Christian
God. They viewed science as studying the handiwork of an
almighty Creator and discerning His natural laws. Galileo
considered God to have written two “books”: the Bible and
nature (Hummel, p. 106).
Contrary to popular belief, the cause for the diversion
between Christianity and science originated not with the
Church but with the university professors who were threat-
ened by Galileo’s revolutionary ideas. These professors were
steeped in the Greek scientific method, which included
observation to a small extent, but mostly explained the
workings of nature through rational deduction from first
principles, or assumptions, an entire view of the universe had
been built up. Consequently, the professors embraced such
misconceptions as the sun having no imperfections, the moon
being a perfectly smooth sphere that shone with its own light,
and the earth alone having a moon since the earth was at the
center of the universe. Galileo’s recently invented telescope
quickly demonstrated the incorrectness of such assumptions
(Hummel, pp. 91-94).
Not willing to be thwarted by Galileo, the professors decided
to make the controversy religious rather than academic
(Hummel, p. 92). They argued that the heliocentric (sun-cen-
tered) view contradicted scripture (e.g., Psalm 104:22 says,
“The sun rises.” Therefore, the sun must revolve around sta-
tionary earth). In the face of what at that time appeared to be
a genuine contradiction between scripture and the heliocen-
tric theory, the theologians of the Roman Catholic Church
had no choice but to condemn Galileo’s views, because the
conflict had challenged the authority of the Church.
As a result of that controversy, the schism between reason
and faith had begun. There were now two apparently
irreconcilable sources of truth: the church and science.
Secularism
A Religion Profile from International Students, Inc.
1
Secularism: An Overview
Number of Adherents
Demographer Davit Barrett estimates that there are 150 million
atheists and 768 million nonreligious people in the world. The
combined total comes to more than 918 million people (Barrett).
Secularism Among the Nations
In more than 40 countries, atheists or nonreligious make up
more than 10 percent of the population (World Christian
Database). The following are just a few of those countries:
Austrailia, Britain, Canada, China, Cuba, Czech Republic,
France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, North Korea,
Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Sweden,
Uruguay and Vietnam.
Defining the Terms
An “atheist” is one who says there is sufficient evidence to
show that God does not exist. An “agnostic” is one who says
there is insufficient evidence to know wheth ...
Christian Apologetics Slides... Feb 2013 - Copy.pptNatan Dereje
The document discusses various topics related to Christian apologetics and philosophy including:
1) Different philosophical approaches to truth and knowledge including science, philosophy, and theology.
2) Apparent inconsistencies within biblical narratives and challenges to the reliability of scripture from higher criticism.
3) Walter C. Kaiser's defense of the reliability of scripture by outlining the multi-step process of inspiration, writing, and canonization of the Old Testament over 1000 years that involved divine guidance.
The document provides an experiential learning essay template for a student to complete an essay on the history of Christianity. It includes subtopics on the theoretical perspectives and development of Christian theology, mysticism, the organization and sacred literature of Christianity, significant events and history of Christianity, and rites and practices of Christianity. For each subtopic, the template instructs the student to describe a relevant experience, reflect on that experience, explain generalizations and principles learned, and apply those takeaways. The document provides examples for the student to follow for completing each section of the template.
ABORTION AND ARGUMENT BY ANALOGY Lisa Sowie Cahill Bosto.docxannetnash8266
ABORTION AND ARGUMENT BY ANALOGY
Lisa Sowie Cahill
Boston College
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this essay is to examine the consistency and
coherence of some arguments about abortion. Theological,
philosophical, and public policy discussions of abortion are linked by
the necessity of understanding the legitimate claims of the fetus on the
woman who bears it, as well as on the larger human community. The
tools of moral philosophy widely are employed, whether directly or
indirectly, to evaluate abortion as one solution to problematic preg-
nancies. In particular, theologians examining the problem of abor-
tion from the standpoint of normative ethics find it necessary to take
into account some of the seminal work in recent moral philosophy.
However, the logic of the moral arguments adduced is not always
given fully critical attention in either "pro-choice" or "pro-life" posi-
tions, whether they be essentially religious, philosophical, or politi-
cal in character.
One logical implement used broadly is the analogical argument.
Burdensome pregnancy can be compared to other situations in which
the duty of one individual to protect the rights of another either is
sustained or is modified. Differences in evaluations of the morality of
abortion can be clarified and perhaps reduced by probing the ways in
which the morally significant features of fetal dependency, and of
maternal and societal obligation, are partly revealed yet partly hid-
den by the analogical mode of moral argument.
In recent discussions of abortion, especially those by philosophers
advocating its justifiability, the method of analogy has been used to
highlight the morally relevant features of killing a fetus. The claim often is
made that to require a woman to complete a pregnancy against her will,
particularly one begun without her consent, is to require her to bear a
burden heavier than others would bè required to assume in analogous
circumstances. Moral argument by analogy is, of course, not a new
phenomenon, even in regard to abortion; one traditional Roman Catholic
analogy likens the fetus to an "unjust aggressor."1 Among the more
^ h i s comparison, however, has never been endorsed by the magisteri um. For an
exhaustive discussion of the history of this analogy and other elements of the abortion
debate among Catholic theologians, see John Connery, S.J., Abortion: The Development of
the Roman Catholic Perspective (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1977).
Lisa Sowie Cahill received the Ph.D. (1976) from the University of Chicago Divinity School,
with a dissertation on "Euthanasia: A Protestant and a Catholic Perspective.*' An Assis-
tant Professor of Theology at Boston College (Chestnut HiJl, MA 02167) since 1976, her
teaching and research interests are foundations and method in theological ethics, medical
ethics, and sexual ethics. Articles in these areas have appeared in Religious Studies
Review, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, Chi.
Thomas Aquinas presented five arguments for the existence of God in his Summa Theologica, known as the Five Ways. This document argues that while Aquinas' logic is valid, his arguments lack empirical evidence. It presents Aquinas' five arguments and notes that upon scrutiny, inconsistencies emerge as he draws massive conclusions without evidence. The document concludes that Aquinas' arguments provide logical basis for the Big Bang Theory but not proof of God's existence on their own without faith or empirical evidence from science.
This document discusses the author's theory of social change and approach to inquiry. It begins by examining the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis as a way to understand social events and cultural responses. The author then discusses how figures like Hegel and Comte proposed universalist explanations for linking consciousness and the natural world through reason, which some critique as a form of secular religion or scientism. The author proposes using objectivist epistemology and psychophysical reductionism in their approach, while acknowledging potential contradictions. The document concludes by discussing the importance of the scientific method, literature review, and constructing trustworthy and authentic research questions for a planned dissertation on art education.
Theory of Social Change and Approach to InquiryKyle Guzik
1. The document discusses the author's theory of social change, which draws on the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. The author analyzes Auguste Comte's positivism as an example of this dialectical process at work.
2. While the author takes an objectivist, naturalistic epistemological approach, they acknowledge criticisms of scientism leveled at empiricism. The author argues their view is consistent with psychophysical reductionism and does not require mind-body dualism like religious views.
3. The author concludes different fields like anthropology, psychology, and physics can be viewed as having different levels of resolution within a reductionist methodology for understanding social change
Apologetics is the rational defense and explanation of the Christian faith. It involves training believers to engage critics and questioners through understanding biblical theology, developing logical arguments, identifying flaws in opposing views, and defending the Christian worldview. There are different approaches like classical, evidential, presuppositional, and experiential apologetics. Core Christian beliefs that apologists defend include the existence of God, reliability of the Bible, uniqueness of Christ, biblical creation account, and miracles. Apologetics has always been needed as people question and criticize Christianity, and it is still greatly needed today as God commands believers to defend their faith through reason and because the world requires truth to be presented logically.
PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL THEISM: FIVE FALLACIOUS ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE...Dr Ian Ellis-Jones
The document summarizes and critiques five arguments for the existence of God put forth by Dr. William Lane Craig. It analyzes the first argument in particular, which is an argument about the origin of the universe. The document claims this argument commits several fallacies, including equivocating the meaning of "cause" and assuming the universe requires a causal explanation when in fact it may be part of a "closed system" with no need for an external cause. The document argues we have no experience of things truly beginning to exist from nothing, and that nothing in thermodynamics or our observations of causation supports the premise that whatever begins to exist needs a cause. Overall, the document thoroughly critiques this first argument and asserts all
World ReligionsWhat Does it Mean to Be Human What D.docxdunnramage
World Religions
What Does it Mean to Be Human?
What Does It Mean to Be Human?
Over the course of the past several weeks we have explored
a variety of competing ways of being human. Where do
you stand in this debate? Why? Your answer should:
Take a clear, well defined answer to the question,
Demonstrate an understanding of the history and
current state of the question.
Defend your position and answer counter-arguments.
What kind of arguments are
relevant?
Hermeneutic arguments based on the interpretation of texts and other cultural
artifacts which you find authoritative, provided you use historical critical method.
Narrative arguments which show that the story you prefer is large enough to
contain and contextualize competing stories.
Social scientific arguments which assess the historic impact of the traditions in
question.
Philosophical elements which make credible assumptions and use logical inference.
Theological arguments which use philosophical methods to explain and render
credible the results of historical critical interpretation of texts and other artifacts
which you find acceptable.
What is not acceptable?
Arguments from authority (e.g. “This is what the Bible/
Quran/Bhagavadgita/ Sutra x says; This is what I was
brought up to believe.
Purely affective arguments (e.g. “This is what fees right.)
Unsupported assertions.
Primal Ways
Thesis: The phenomenal world is an organized
meaningful cosmos of which humanity is an integral part
As human society develops horticulture this harmony is
understood as increasingly dynamic in character and
humanity is increasingly understood a participant in the
creative process.
Arguments: No formal arguments at this stage; mostly
images and stories such as the Keres origin myth.
Sacral Monarchic Ways
Thesis: The universe comes into being through sacrifice (think
Tezcatlipoca or Purusha) and is sustained by warfare and sacrifice.
Humans become divine by means of conquest and by conducting
sacrifices such as the rajasuya which deify them.
Arguments: No formal arguments at this point, mostly images and
stories, though there are modern and postmodern variants of this
worldview (e.g. Nietzsche, traditionalism) which argue that the
universe is essentially a war of all against all which we inevitable lose,
a claim which can be evaluated based on empirical evidence and logical
argument.
The Way of Wisdom
Thesis: The phenomenal world is largely an illusion. What is really real
is Being, the Good, Brahman, or the web of Interdependent
Origination. By cultivating wisdom through dialectics and or
contemplative practice we become detached from impermanent
phenomena and become (by way of just action) connatural with the
creative power behind the universe (Being/Brahman) or (by way of
compassion) with the web of interdependent origination.
Dialectical arguments such as those advanced by Plato, Aristotle,
Vedanta, many Buddhist sutras; conte.
Correspondence and Representation are important 'meta' concepts - yet their incommensurability aspects are revealing 'great and mighty' things which man 'knew not' of.
Incommensurability - correspondence and seeking of truthKeith Scharding
Ethics and the search for truth; bridging the conceptual gap between evolutionary thought and creation theories - presentation of the 'new metaphysics'; quantum computing and nanotechnology plus 'cosmic insights. The correspondence principle and the question of incommensurability with traditional viewpoints are referenced.
- The document summarizes a talk given by John Lennox on whether science has disproven the existence of God.
- Lennox argues that science studies nature but does not prove or disprove the existence of a creator. Many prominent scientists throughout history were Christian believers.
- The real debate is between naturalism, which sees the universe as all that exists, versus theism, which posits an ultimate creator beyond the natural world. Science alone cannot prove either view.
This document discusses three models of the relationship between science and religion:
1. Separate Domains - Science and religion remain isolated, with science rejecting supernatural explanations.
2. Parallel but Separate - Science and religion are accepted as sources of truth but remain separate, with religion not influencing science.
3. Interaction - Science and religion actively interact where they make overlapping claims, with both accepted as cognitive sources and providing feedback to each other. The author argues this third model best integrates science and a literal biblical interpretation.
A Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God.pdfNaomi Hansen
The document presents a cosmological argument for the existence of God based on the origin and nature of the universe:
1) It argues that everything that begins to exist must have a cause, and evidence suggests the universe began to exist a finite time ago (as supported by the Big Bang theory), therefore the universe must have had a cause.
2) This first cause of the universe (often called the "prime mover") would possess characteristics like eternality and power, similar to the God of Christianity.
3) Additional philosophical arguments are made to further establish that this prime mover is best explained as the God of Christianity, rather than other conceptions of a first cause.
Christian apologetics involves defending Christianity through reasoned arguments and evidence. There are various methodologies like classical, evidential, presuppositional, and reformed epistemology approaches. Classical apologetics uses arguments like the cosmological, teleological, ontological, and moral arguments to establish God and then Christianity. Evidential focuses on the resurrection evidence. Presuppositional says one must accept God to understand the world. Reformed epistemology says belief in God is properly basic. Defenders use minimal facts about Jesus' death, empty tomb, and appearances to argue for his resurrection.
This paper examines the relationship between faith and reason from a Christian perspective. The thesis argues that through theology, Christians can avoid relying solely on secular philosophy and reason to explain Christian concepts, while still affirming compatibility between faith and reason in pursuing truth. The paper outlines different views on the relationship, including faith and reason being in tension, faith seeking understanding, and a synthesis between the two. It concludes that while faith and reason may seem contradictory, Christianity recognizes the role of reason when guided by faith, and that both theology and philosophy can complement each other in understanding religious beliefs and pursuing truth.
This is the famous article of Card. Schönborn in the New York Times (July 7, 2005) on evolution.
EVER since 1996, when Pope John Paul II said that evolution (a term he did not define) was "more than just a hypothesis," defenders of neo-Darwinian dogma have often invoked the supposed acceptance - or at least acquiescence - of the Roman Catholic Church when they defend their theory as somehow compatible with Christian faith.
But this is not true. The Catholic Church, while leaving to science many details about the history of life on earth, proclaims that by the light of reason the human intellect can readily and clearly discern purpose and design in the natural world, including the world of living things.
Evolution in the sense of common ancestry might be true, but evolution in the neo-Darwinian sense - an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection - is not. Any system of thought that denies or seeks to explain away the overwhelming evidence for design in biology is ideology, not science.
PHIL 201 Quiz 6 Liberty University Homeworksimple.comHomework Simple
https://www.homeworksimple.com/downloads/phil-201-quiz-6-liberty/
PHIL 201 Quiz 6 Liberty University
PHIL 201 Quiz: Faith, Reason and Science
Module 6: Week 6
Dialogical views of faith and reason see the two as dialogue partners, primarily because both Scripture and creation are forms of revelation that originate from God.
Which Christian philosopher below, is NOT listed by the authors as one who pushes back on evidentialism?
The authors understand the concept of “faith” to be a kind of blind leap based on optimism and positive thinking.
Which figure is NOT listed as someone who holds to a “faith seeking understanding” view of faith and reason?
The “Warfare Thesis” is so named because:
Which church fathers are known for starting the debate over reason’s/philosophy’s role in faith and theology?
Which is one of the concerns about adopting pragmatism, given by the authors?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for viewing the relationship of faith and reason as a dialogue?
Evidentialism is an example of an internalist approach to justification.
Fideism comes from the Latin word des, which translates to “blind leap” in English.
The view of faith and reason the authors call “Reason as Magistrate” is characteristic of what time period in western history?
The authors push back on the “Warfare Thesis” with all of the points below EXCEPT?
A “theodicy” is:
Citing Gillespie, the authors note that William Paley’s design argument was effectively defeated by which figure?
Fine-Tuning arguments contend that evolution must be false because the bible says God created the world in 6 days.
The Intelligent Design movement challenges the explanatory sufficiency of:
Natural theology continues to be of great importance in the area of religious epistemology.
The authors note that since Hume is right – arguments from analogy never render complete certainty – they are unhelpful to apologists and should be avoided in favor of other arguments.
Natural Revelation and Natural Theology refer to the same concept; one is the philosophical term and the other is theological, but they refer to the same thing.
The authors note 3 distinct affirmations by Paul in Romans 1:18-21. Which is NOT one?
The “Weak-Analogy” objection says that design arguments rest on a bad analogy because nature is not analogous to:
The authors note that in John Calvin’s Institutes, Calvin says that all men innately have:
The authors quote Polkinghorne who argues that Natural theology’s collapse was due to what kind of discovery?
The “Problem of Evil” objection by Hume, according to the authors, gives responding apologists what kind of opportunity:
Which medieval philosopher-theologian argued that reason and philosophy should be used as a subservient partners or servants to theology?
David Hume and Friedrich Nietzsche both launched critiques of Christian values and ethics. While they disagreed on positive ethics, they shared a descriptive view of human agency. They rejected the idea of an autonomous rational will and argued that reason is subordinate to passions. Both were determinists who believed human behavior is causally determined rather than freely chosen. They differed in that Hume advocated an ethics based on compassion, while Nietzsche worried compassion could undermine human flourishing, especially for more talented individuals.
THE PLATONIC AND NEOPLATONIC TRADITIONS AND ROOTS OF CHRISTIANITYDr Ian Ellis-Jones
Excerpts from a major thesis written by Dr Ian Ellis-Jones - copyright Ian Ellis-Jones - all rights reserved - for information only - commercial use (except by copyright holder) prohibited
Pin On EDU. Online assignment writing service.Sarah Morrow
The document discusses the differences between how the role of the noble lie is portrayed in Plato's Republic and Homer's Iliad. In Plato's Republic, the noble lie is presented as a fundamental untruth that allows society to remain peaceful. However, in the Iliad, instances where gods directly influence mortals or mortals challenge immortal beings lead to conflict and war breaking out. The existence of Achilles, who is part mortal and immortal, disproves the idea of the noble lie in the Iliad since his very existence comes from an immortal-mortal union.
The document discusses steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Printable Writing Paper Printable Letter Paper PrintSarah Morrow
1. The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5 step process for creating an account, submitting a request, reviewing bids from writers, authorizing payment, and receiving revisions.
2. Users must create an account, complete a request form providing instructions and deadlines, and then writers will bid on the request. The user selects a writer and provides a deposit to start the work.
3. Once the paper is received, the user ensures it meets expectations. If pleased, the user authorizes final payment. HelpWriting.net offers free revisions and stands by their work, offering refunds for plagiarized content.
How To Write A Topic Outline For A Research Paper. How To Write ASarah Morrow
The document discusses the controversy surrounding Theodore Dreiser's novel Sister Carrie. It began by explaining that the novel is about a young woman pursuing her dreams in Chicago and eventually becoming a famous actress. When first published in 1900, the novel faced criticism for portraying a woman pursuing her ambitions outside of marriage and religion. However, the novel has since been recognized as one of the greatest American urban novels and was ranked 33rd on a list of best 20th century English novels. The document analyzes some of the initial controversy faced by Sister Carrie and how its reputation and perception have changed over time.
What To Write In A Paper Fortune Teller. Online assignment writing service.Sarah Morrow
The document summarizes key points from the book "How to Lie with Statistics" by Darrel Huff. It discusses how statistics can be manipulated to mislead readers. Huff's book serves as a "cheat sheet" for how to distort numbers through techniques like averages, percentages, and year-over-year growth. While statistics are often presented as proven facts, it is easy for readers to be misled without the ability to verify the underlying data. The summary notes this problem has not changed since the book was published in 1954.
Graffiti Names New Graffiti Art. Online assignment writing service.Sarah Morrow
The document discusses the importance of historical accuracy and hope in historically-based films. It argues that while complete accuracy is impossible, a film needs a personal story that highlights key aspects of the time period without anything impossible occurring. It gives examples of films like The Last Supper and Amistad that use true stories to educate while also captivating audiences with emotional narratives and a sense of hope.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à A Comparison Of Thomas Aquinas And Martin Luther S Views On The Role Of Philosophical Reflection In Theology
This document discusses the author's theory of social change and approach to inquiry. It begins by examining the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis as a way to understand social events and cultural responses. The author then discusses how figures like Hegel and Comte proposed universalist explanations for linking consciousness and the natural world through reason, which some critique as a form of secular religion or scientism. The author proposes using objectivist epistemology and psychophysical reductionism in their approach, while acknowledging potential contradictions. The document concludes by discussing the importance of the scientific method, literature review, and constructing trustworthy and authentic research questions for a planned dissertation on art education.
Theory of Social Change and Approach to InquiryKyle Guzik
1. The document discusses the author's theory of social change, which draws on the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. The author analyzes Auguste Comte's positivism as an example of this dialectical process at work.
2. While the author takes an objectivist, naturalistic epistemological approach, they acknowledge criticisms of scientism leveled at empiricism. The author argues their view is consistent with psychophysical reductionism and does not require mind-body dualism like religious views.
3. The author concludes different fields like anthropology, psychology, and physics can be viewed as having different levels of resolution within a reductionist methodology for understanding social change
Apologetics is the rational defense and explanation of the Christian faith. It involves training believers to engage critics and questioners through understanding biblical theology, developing logical arguments, identifying flaws in opposing views, and defending the Christian worldview. There are different approaches like classical, evidential, presuppositional, and experiential apologetics. Core Christian beliefs that apologists defend include the existence of God, reliability of the Bible, uniqueness of Christ, biblical creation account, and miracles. Apologetics has always been needed as people question and criticize Christianity, and it is still greatly needed today as God commands believers to defend their faith through reason and because the world requires truth to be presented logically.
PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL THEISM: FIVE FALLACIOUS ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE...Dr Ian Ellis-Jones
The document summarizes and critiques five arguments for the existence of God put forth by Dr. William Lane Craig. It analyzes the first argument in particular, which is an argument about the origin of the universe. The document claims this argument commits several fallacies, including equivocating the meaning of "cause" and assuming the universe requires a causal explanation when in fact it may be part of a "closed system" with no need for an external cause. The document argues we have no experience of things truly beginning to exist from nothing, and that nothing in thermodynamics or our observations of causation supports the premise that whatever begins to exist needs a cause. Overall, the document thoroughly critiques this first argument and asserts all
World ReligionsWhat Does it Mean to Be Human What D.docxdunnramage
World Religions
What Does it Mean to Be Human?
What Does It Mean to Be Human?
Over the course of the past several weeks we have explored
a variety of competing ways of being human. Where do
you stand in this debate? Why? Your answer should:
Take a clear, well defined answer to the question,
Demonstrate an understanding of the history and
current state of the question.
Defend your position and answer counter-arguments.
What kind of arguments are
relevant?
Hermeneutic arguments based on the interpretation of texts and other cultural
artifacts which you find authoritative, provided you use historical critical method.
Narrative arguments which show that the story you prefer is large enough to
contain and contextualize competing stories.
Social scientific arguments which assess the historic impact of the traditions in
question.
Philosophical elements which make credible assumptions and use logical inference.
Theological arguments which use philosophical methods to explain and render
credible the results of historical critical interpretation of texts and other artifacts
which you find acceptable.
What is not acceptable?
Arguments from authority (e.g. “This is what the Bible/
Quran/Bhagavadgita/ Sutra x says; This is what I was
brought up to believe.
Purely affective arguments (e.g. “This is what fees right.)
Unsupported assertions.
Primal Ways
Thesis: The phenomenal world is an organized
meaningful cosmos of which humanity is an integral part
As human society develops horticulture this harmony is
understood as increasingly dynamic in character and
humanity is increasingly understood a participant in the
creative process.
Arguments: No formal arguments at this stage; mostly
images and stories such as the Keres origin myth.
Sacral Monarchic Ways
Thesis: The universe comes into being through sacrifice (think
Tezcatlipoca or Purusha) and is sustained by warfare and sacrifice.
Humans become divine by means of conquest and by conducting
sacrifices such as the rajasuya which deify them.
Arguments: No formal arguments at this point, mostly images and
stories, though there are modern and postmodern variants of this
worldview (e.g. Nietzsche, traditionalism) which argue that the
universe is essentially a war of all against all which we inevitable lose,
a claim which can be evaluated based on empirical evidence and logical
argument.
The Way of Wisdom
Thesis: The phenomenal world is largely an illusion. What is really real
is Being, the Good, Brahman, or the web of Interdependent
Origination. By cultivating wisdom through dialectics and or
contemplative practice we become detached from impermanent
phenomena and become (by way of just action) connatural with the
creative power behind the universe (Being/Brahman) or (by way of
compassion) with the web of interdependent origination.
Dialectical arguments such as those advanced by Plato, Aristotle,
Vedanta, many Buddhist sutras; conte.
Correspondence and Representation are important 'meta' concepts - yet their incommensurability aspects are revealing 'great and mighty' things which man 'knew not' of.
Incommensurability - correspondence and seeking of truthKeith Scharding
Ethics and the search for truth; bridging the conceptual gap between evolutionary thought and creation theories - presentation of the 'new metaphysics'; quantum computing and nanotechnology plus 'cosmic insights. The correspondence principle and the question of incommensurability with traditional viewpoints are referenced.
- The document summarizes a talk given by John Lennox on whether science has disproven the existence of God.
- Lennox argues that science studies nature but does not prove or disprove the existence of a creator. Many prominent scientists throughout history were Christian believers.
- The real debate is between naturalism, which sees the universe as all that exists, versus theism, which posits an ultimate creator beyond the natural world. Science alone cannot prove either view.
This document discusses three models of the relationship between science and religion:
1. Separate Domains - Science and religion remain isolated, with science rejecting supernatural explanations.
2. Parallel but Separate - Science and religion are accepted as sources of truth but remain separate, with religion not influencing science.
3. Interaction - Science and religion actively interact where they make overlapping claims, with both accepted as cognitive sources and providing feedback to each other. The author argues this third model best integrates science and a literal biblical interpretation.
A Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God.pdfNaomi Hansen
The document presents a cosmological argument for the existence of God based on the origin and nature of the universe:
1) It argues that everything that begins to exist must have a cause, and evidence suggests the universe began to exist a finite time ago (as supported by the Big Bang theory), therefore the universe must have had a cause.
2) This first cause of the universe (often called the "prime mover") would possess characteristics like eternality and power, similar to the God of Christianity.
3) Additional philosophical arguments are made to further establish that this prime mover is best explained as the God of Christianity, rather than other conceptions of a first cause.
Christian apologetics involves defending Christianity through reasoned arguments and evidence. There are various methodologies like classical, evidential, presuppositional, and reformed epistemology approaches. Classical apologetics uses arguments like the cosmological, teleological, ontological, and moral arguments to establish God and then Christianity. Evidential focuses on the resurrection evidence. Presuppositional says one must accept God to understand the world. Reformed epistemology says belief in God is properly basic. Defenders use minimal facts about Jesus' death, empty tomb, and appearances to argue for his resurrection.
This paper examines the relationship between faith and reason from a Christian perspective. The thesis argues that through theology, Christians can avoid relying solely on secular philosophy and reason to explain Christian concepts, while still affirming compatibility between faith and reason in pursuing truth. The paper outlines different views on the relationship, including faith and reason being in tension, faith seeking understanding, and a synthesis between the two. It concludes that while faith and reason may seem contradictory, Christianity recognizes the role of reason when guided by faith, and that both theology and philosophy can complement each other in understanding religious beliefs and pursuing truth.
This is the famous article of Card. Schönborn in the New York Times (July 7, 2005) on evolution.
EVER since 1996, when Pope John Paul II said that evolution (a term he did not define) was "more than just a hypothesis," defenders of neo-Darwinian dogma have often invoked the supposed acceptance - or at least acquiescence - of the Roman Catholic Church when they defend their theory as somehow compatible with Christian faith.
But this is not true. The Catholic Church, while leaving to science many details about the history of life on earth, proclaims that by the light of reason the human intellect can readily and clearly discern purpose and design in the natural world, including the world of living things.
Evolution in the sense of common ancestry might be true, but evolution in the neo-Darwinian sense - an unguided, unplanned process of random variation and natural selection - is not. Any system of thought that denies or seeks to explain away the overwhelming evidence for design in biology is ideology, not science.
PHIL 201 Quiz 6 Liberty University Homeworksimple.comHomework Simple
https://www.homeworksimple.com/downloads/phil-201-quiz-6-liberty/
PHIL 201 Quiz 6 Liberty University
PHIL 201 Quiz: Faith, Reason and Science
Module 6: Week 6
Dialogical views of faith and reason see the two as dialogue partners, primarily because both Scripture and creation are forms of revelation that originate from God.
Which Christian philosopher below, is NOT listed by the authors as one who pushes back on evidentialism?
The authors understand the concept of “faith” to be a kind of blind leap based on optimism and positive thinking.
Which figure is NOT listed as someone who holds to a “faith seeking understanding” view of faith and reason?
The “Warfare Thesis” is so named because:
Which church fathers are known for starting the debate over reason’s/philosophy’s role in faith and theology?
Which is one of the concerns about adopting pragmatism, given by the authors?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for viewing the relationship of faith and reason as a dialogue?
Evidentialism is an example of an internalist approach to justification.
Fideism comes from the Latin word des, which translates to “blind leap” in English.
The view of faith and reason the authors call “Reason as Magistrate” is characteristic of what time period in western history?
The authors push back on the “Warfare Thesis” with all of the points below EXCEPT?
A “theodicy” is:
Citing Gillespie, the authors note that William Paley’s design argument was effectively defeated by which figure?
Fine-Tuning arguments contend that evolution must be false because the bible says God created the world in 6 days.
The Intelligent Design movement challenges the explanatory sufficiency of:
Natural theology continues to be of great importance in the area of religious epistemology.
The authors note that since Hume is right – arguments from analogy never render complete certainty – they are unhelpful to apologists and should be avoided in favor of other arguments.
Natural Revelation and Natural Theology refer to the same concept; one is the philosophical term and the other is theological, but they refer to the same thing.
The authors note 3 distinct affirmations by Paul in Romans 1:18-21. Which is NOT one?
The “Weak-Analogy” objection says that design arguments rest on a bad analogy because nature is not analogous to:
The authors note that in John Calvin’s Institutes, Calvin says that all men innately have:
The authors quote Polkinghorne who argues that Natural theology’s collapse was due to what kind of discovery?
The “Problem of Evil” objection by Hume, according to the authors, gives responding apologists what kind of opportunity:
Which medieval philosopher-theologian argued that reason and philosophy should be used as a subservient partners or servants to theology?
David Hume and Friedrich Nietzsche both launched critiques of Christian values and ethics. While they disagreed on positive ethics, they shared a descriptive view of human agency. They rejected the idea of an autonomous rational will and argued that reason is subordinate to passions. Both were determinists who believed human behavior is causally determined rather than freely chosen. They differed in that Hume advocated an ethics based on compassion, while Nietzsche worried compassion could undermine human flourishing, especially for more talented individuals.
THE PLATONIC AND NEOPLATONIC TRADITIONS AND ROOTS OF CHRISTIANITYDr Ian Ellis-Jones
Excerpts from a major thesis written by Dr Ian Ellis-Jones - copyright Ian Ellis-Jones - all rights reserved - for information only - commercial use (except by copyright holder) prohibited
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The document discusses the differences between how the role of the noble lie is portrayed in Plato's Republic and Homer's Iliad. In Plato's Republic, the noble lie is presented as a fundamental untruth that allows society to remain peaceful. However, in the Iliad, instances where gods directly influence mortals or mortals challenge immortal beings lead to conflict and war breaking out. The existence of Achilles, who is part mortal and immortal, disproves the idea of the noble lie in the Iliad since his very existence comes from an immortal-mortal union.
The document discusses steps to request writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Printable Writing Paper Printable Letter Paper PrintSarah Morrow
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2. Users must create an account, complete a request form providing instructions and deadlines, and then writers will bid on the request. The user selects a writer and provides a deposit to start the work.
3. Once the paper is received, the user ensures it meets expectations. If pleased, the user authorizes final payment. HelpWriting.net offers free revisions and stands by their work, offering refunds for plagiarized content.
How To Write A Topic Outline For A Research Paper. How To Write ASarah Morrow
The document discusses the controversy surrounding Theodore Dreiser's novel Sister Carrie. It began by explaining that the novel is about a young woman pursuing her dreams in Chicago and eventually becoming a famous actress. When first published in 1900, the novel faced criticism for portraying a woman pursuing her ambitions outside of marriage and religion. However, the novel has since been recognized as one of the greatest American urban novels and was ranked 33rd on a list of best 20th century English novels. The document analyzes some of the initial controversy faced by Sister Carrie and how its reputation and perception have changed over time.
What To Write In A Paper Fortune Teller. Online assignment writing service.Sarah Morrow
The document summarizes key points from the book "How to Lie with Statistics" by Darrel Huff. It discusses how statistics can be manipulated to mislead readers. Huff's book serves as a "cheat sheet" for how to distort numbers through techniques like averages, percentages, and year-over-year growth. While statistics are often presented as proven facts, it is easy for readers to be misled without the ability to verify the underlying data. The summary notes this problem has not changed since the book was published in 1954.
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The document discusses the importance of historical accuracy and hope in historically-based films. It argues that while complete accuracy is impossible, a film needs a personal story that highlights key aspects of the time period without anything impossible occurring. It gives examples of films like The Last Supper and Amistad that use true stories to educate while also captivating audiences with emotional narratives and a sense of hope.
The author reflects on how their writing style and habits have changed since taking an online writing course. Previously, they would procrastinate and not allow enough time for proofreading, resulting in simple errors. Through the course, the author has learned to identify their strengths, such as developing a clear thesis, and weaknesses, such as wordiness. They have worked to improve areas like time management and editing to become a stronger writer.
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The criminal process in England and Wales is overseen by courts, independent administrative bodies, and the public to promote values like accountability, rights protection, and public confidence. There are five contexts where courts provide oversight of police policy and conduct, including judicial review hearings, trials, criminal prosecution of police, inquests, and civil actions. Key participants include the Crown Prosecution Service, defense lawyers, police investigators, and juries.
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The document discusses how Judith Adler Hellman's book Mexican Feminist Movements shed light on the lack of unity within the feminist movement in Mexico, as women disagreed on the goals of feminism and involvement could cost women respectability. While some women advocated for women's rights, others felt women's place was in the home, showing the complex intersectional nature of the feminist movement in Mexico. Miller's work contributed to the growing field of revisionist history examining women's roles and social movements in Latin America during this time period.
UTSA is proposing an academic restructuring that will benefit students. The restructuring will implement a new college structure with six colleges instead of the current four. It will also transition from division directors to rotating department chairs. This is aimed to help alleviate problems like miscommunication between departments and deans. The restructuring is also happening alongside faculty hiring and relocations of some departments to new buildings. Overall, the restructuring is designed to strengthen programs, increase development, improve advising, and help with faculty retention at UTSA.
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3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications to start the assignment.
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This document summarizes the key points from Dan Ariely's book "Predictably Irrational". The book argues that human behavior is patterned but not always rationally. Through studies and compelling storytelling, Ariely shows how small influences can irrationally impact human decision-making. He aims to surprise readers and make them question their own rationality. By relating to the experiences of college-aged readers, Ariely engages his audience and enhances the message.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
A Comparison Of Thomas Aquinas And Martin Luther S Views On The Role Of Philosophical Reflection In Theology
1. A Comparison of Thomas Aquinas’ and Martin Luther’s Views on
the Role of Philosophical Reflection in Theology
by
Dinku Lamessa Bato
St. Paul, Minnesota
2011
2. 1
Introduction
The history of the interrelationship between Christian theology and philosophy
dates back to the times of Tertullian and Justin Martyr who had differing opinions
particularly on the role of philosophical reflections in Christian theology. Justin Martyr,
for instance, argued for the affirmative role of philosophy (Platonism in particular) in
theological discussion. Tertullian, on the other hand, doubted about any common ground
between the two as articulated in his famous dictum: “what has Athens to do with
Jerusalem? Or the Academy with the church?” For yet others—Augustine, for instance—
lies a middle ground between these exclusive claims where the theologian selectively
employs philosophical ideas and methods, an idea he likened to an event in exodus from
Egypt wherein Israelites spoiled the Egyptians of their gold and silver. By doing so, he
advocated for the extraction of all that is good in philosophy toward explaining the
Christian message.1
In the same fashion as the forgoing argument, I will briefly discuss in
this paper the position of two theologians—Thomas Aquinas and Martin Luther—on the
role of philosophical reflection in theological discourse.
The Views of Thomas Aquinas
For Aquinas, philosophy and theology are two distinct enterprises. The main
distinction between the two lies in the fact that philosophy starts from the premise that
our natural mental faculties are reliable ways of perceiving and making sense of the
1
Alister E. McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction, 3rd ed. (MA: Blackwell Publishers,
2001), 222-23.
3. 2
natural world whereas theology, on the other hand, considers the divine revelations
contained in the Bible as the starting point and authoritative.2
Aquinas distinguishes
between believing something on the basis of God’s revelation and knowing on the
grounds of natural philosophical evidence. He further distinguishes between two kinds of
divine truth which humanity can reach to. The first relates to truths which natural reason
can discover (the existence of God, for instance) and on the other hand knowledge about
God which surpasses human understanding and reason (Trinity and Christology, for
instance).3
Aquinas also argues that there is no actual incongruity between these truths (truth
discovered by human faculties and truth which is revealed to humanity by God). Here he
expounds that the gifts of grace perfect nature but do not supplant or suppress it. Put
differently, the light of faith which is given to us as a grace does not destroy the light of
natural reason. He intuits that although human faculty is insufficient to comprehend
divine revelation/mystery, the two types of knowledge are not incompatible because of
unity of their sources. For Aquinas, therefore, there cannot be real conflict between
philosophy and theology which means that philosophy can be appropriately employed in
theological reflections while still recognizing the distinctiveness, legitimacy, and
limitation of philosophical argumentation since the things known to us by philosophical
means will fall short of those which we accept in faith.4
2
Gavin D'Costa, Theology in the Public Square: Church, Academy and Nation, Challenges in
Contemporary Theology (Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2005), 12.
3
John F. Wippel, The Metaphysical Thought of Thomas Aquinas: From Finite Being to Uncreated
Being, Monographs of the Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy No. 1 (Washington, D.C.:
Catholic University of America Press, 2000), 25.
4
Francis Schüssler Fiorenza and John P. Galvin, Systematic Theology: Roman Catholic
Perspectives, 2 vols. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991), 18-19.
4. 3
Any probable conflict between theology and philosophy is ascribed to an abuse or
misuse of philosophy resulting from the weakness of human reason where the
philosopher must have made some mistake in arriving at this conclusion. Here one can
observe that Aquinas gives preeminence to ones belief to correct one’s philosophy in the
case of any contradiction between the two. Aquinas further identifies three ways in which
a theologian may use philosophy: (1) in order to show certain things which he describes
as preamble to faith, such as God’s existence, or the unity of God, and other things, of
this kind which, he says, are proved in philosophy and presupposed by faith; (2) in order
to make evident certain things which are right to faith by using analogies drawn from the
philosophical order for the purpose of clarification; (3) in order to counter attack
opposition against the faith either by showing that such attacks are false in their claims,
or at least by showing that their claims have not themselves been established.5
The theologian is warned in his/her use of philosophical methods in theological
reflections for it may lead the theologian into error in one of two ways that Aquinas
identifies: (1) by introducing things which are opposed to the faith and which are not, in
Thomas’s judgment, true philosophy but rather a corruption or and abuse of philosophy;
(2) by attempting to include within philosophy things which are reserved for faith.6
Some points from Aquinas’ discussion of the theology and philosophy (faith and
reason) relationship should be recalled here. He, first and foremost, does clearly
differentiate between faith and reason while if the motive for accepting something as true
in the case of religious belief is divine authority, in the case of philosophy it can only be
5
Wippel, The Metaphysical Thought of Thomas Aquinas, 25.
6
Ibid., XXV.
5. 4
naturally accessible evidence. Secondly, in the course of defending the theologian’s right
to use philosophy in his theologizing, Aquinas has also defended the legitimacy of
philosophy. Not only is it different from faith and from theology; it can arrive at truth,
and even at some truths concerning divine things. Finally, Aquinas has allowed faith to
play a negative role in the believer’s assessment of any philosophical conclusion which
conflicts with revealed data. In such cases, because of his conviction that two
contradictory propositions cannot both be true at the same time and because of God’s
authorship of revealed truth, Thomas holds that there must be something wrong with
one’s philosophizing.7
In a way of demonstrating how philosophical reasoning may aid theological
reflection I resort to a brief discussion of Aquinas’ famous argument about the existence
of God in his Five Ways. These lines of argument draw on some aspect of the world
which “points” to the existence of its creator.8
The first way—argument from motion—
draws from the laws of motion or the way in which things in the world are in motion
(rotation, revolution, gravity, etc). Based on this Aquinas establishes the fact that “for
every motion there is a cause” and “[f]rom the fact that things are in motion, Aquinas
argues thus for the existence of a single original cause of all this motion and this, he
concludes, is none other than God.”9
The second is related to the existence of cause and
effect in the material world where an effect is explained by the cause that influenced the
7
Ibid., xxii-xxv.
8
McGrath, Christian Theology, 245.
9
Ibid., 246.
6. 5
event. Based on the cause and effect relationship Aquinas avers that all effects have a
single original or primal cause which is none other than God.10
The existence of contingent beings informs Aquinas’s third way where the
necessary being (God) is the cause for the existence of the former (human beings). This
argument explains the what (cause) and why (purpose) questions as related to the
existence of human being in the world. The fourth way draws from the human value
system that includes truth, goodness, and nobility, for instance. Similar to his argument of
causation, Aquinas here argues that the there must be an ultimate source of these values
to be found among human beings. The fifth way is a teleological argument that purports
the presence of purpose in creation revealing an intelligent design. Here it is further
argued that“natural processes and objects seems to be adapted with certain definite
objective in mind” whose source is granted to be God for Aquinas.11
Though there are
arguments that the five ways are basically similar in essence with a general framework of
cause and effect, still one can clearly observe how Thomas Aquinas had attempted to
demonstrate the viability and importance of philosophical reflection in theology. Put
differently, he highlighted that the contents of the Christian faith can be proved to be in
agreement with human reason.
Martin Luther’s View
Luther’s view of the interrelationship between philosophy and theology stands in
clear contrast to that of Aquinas whose claim stresses that truth was identical in
philosophy and theology. Arguing for the impossibility of such kind of relationship,
10
Ibid.
11
Ibid. See also Wippel, The Metaphysical Thought of Thomas Aquinas, 497.
7. 6
Luther at the disputation on 11 January 1539 that dealt with John 1:14: “The word
became flesh,” effectively contended that reason had to obey Christ.12
Along this line he
further indicated that:
Theology and philosophy repeatedly came into conflict because of their respective rules
of thought. This was apparent in the doctrine of the Trinity and in the incarnation, God’s
coming into the world. Truth was not always uniform in the different disciplines of
philosophy. Thus theology drew the conclusion that philosophy should be limited to its
own sphere and that in the realm of faith one had to speak with a new language. God was
not subject to reason and logical conclusions.13
In another occasion (at the graduation disputation of Erasmus Alber in 1543) Luther
again indicated that “it was impossible for philosophy to reconcile the unity of God with
the Trinitarian distinctions of the divine persons, and he rejected all attempts at doing so.
. . . One had to hold fast in faith to the Son of God revealed in flesh.”14
Luther, however, indefatigably rejects the theory of double truth that “the same
proposition can be true in philosophy and false in Christian theology, and vice versa.”15
In the same vein, Gerrish states that although for Luther “it is to be held that two truths
never contradict each other, yet the same proposition is not true in different disciplines.”
Dragseth also comments that “Luther saw no contradiction between the deliverance of
12
James L. Schaaf By Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church, 3 vols., vol.
3 (Minniapolis, MN: Augusburg Fortress, 1993), 133.
13
Ibid.
14
Ibid.
15
Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Eberhard Bethge, Ethics, 1st Touchstone ed. (New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1995), 197., cited in Oswald Bayer, Jeffrey G. Silcock, and Mark C. Mattes, Theology the
Lutheran Way, English ed., Lutheran Quarterly Books (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.,
2007), 79.
8. 7
philosophy and theology, but ‘philosophical categories and techniques are not applicable
in theological matters”16
(emphasis in the original).
Indicating the fundamental importance of the problem of the relation between
philosophy and theology which cannot be overestimated, Oswald Bayer, states that for
Luther “the problem is human reason, not so much theoretical reason but practical reason
guided by the imagination. It always reaches out for God, but it always falls short of the
mark.”17
On the other hand, Luther admits the fact that “the heathen do not fear and love
God”, does not “extinguish the light of reason entirely, because God established it at
creation which his promise and blessing. In fact, they fulfill the second table of the
Decalogue so brilliantly that “at times [they certainly] appear holier than Christians.”18
It
is further stated that Luther acknowledges that Aristotle, Demosthenes, and Cicero
having some knowledge of “the material and formal cause (causa materialis and
formalis) of social life and the arts they forfeit the knowledge about “their final and
efficient cause.”19
Human beings failure to notice their instrumentality and resort to self
aggrandizement to be the efficient and final cause destroys the way that God intended
reason to be used. In his strong argument that God is the only and prime cause of human
values, Luther seems to concur with Aquinas’ idea of causation. This also has a
concurrent implication that human reason serves as instrument in explaining certain facts
16
Jennifer Hockenbery Dragseth, The Devil's Whore: Reason and Philosophy in the Lutheran
Tradition (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 189.
17
Bayer, Silcock, and Mattes, Theology the Lutheran Way, 74-75.
18
Ibid., 76.
19
Ibid.
9. 8
about God—His existence, for instance. On the other hand, as briefly indicated above, it
is evident that Luther considers the relationship between philosophy and theology, to be
one of radical conflict.
Based on this idea of conflict, Oswald identifies Luther’s difference with Aquinas
on the interrelationship between theology and philosophy: “In fact, to do theology means
to become involved in this conflict. The sharpness of the conflict is not toned down, as in
Thomas Aquinas, who concedes that philosophy has a relative independence. This allows
him to say that grace surpasses and perfects philosophy and nature.” Oswald further
warns: “On the other hand, we must guard against interpreting Luther’s theology from the
angle of transcendental philosophy, according to which grace does not surpass nature but
deepens it, so that God and his freedom are made the condition of human freedom.20
Conclusion
In line with Augustine’s idea of “spoiling the Egyptians of their gold” where one
is supposed to selectively employ the best and constructive conceptual tools in other
disciplines for theological reflections, both Aquinas and Luther concede to the fact that
selective philosophical reflection has a positive role to contribute in the process of
theologizing.
Thomas Aquinas maintained an esteemed view of philosophy—though demoted it
from lover to handmaid—a helpful companion in clarifying understanding in certain
fields that includes theology. Luther, in contrast, strongly objects the promotion of
philosophy warning Christians against her.21
20
Ibid., 76-77.
21
Dragseth, The Devil's Whore, 196.
10. 9
They generally agree on the idea of distinction between the disciplines under
discussions, Luther, however, “emphasizes the importance of historically irrevocable
distinction between philosophy and theology,” where this distinction is characterized
neither by the peaceful coexistence of difference or by their complete separation but a
relationship marked by conflict and dispute which constitutes the essential nature of both
theology and philosophy.
11. 10
References
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Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, and Eberhard Bethge. Ethics. 1st Touchstone ed. New York: Simon
& Schuster, 1995.
By Martin Brecht, James L. Schaaf. Martin Luther: The Preservation of the Church. 3
vols. Vol. 3. Minniapolis, MN: Augusburg Fortress, 1993.
D'Costa, Gavin. Theology in the Public Square: Church, Academy and Nation.
Challenges in Contemporary Theology. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2005.
Dragseth, Jennifer Hockenbery. The Devil's Whore: Reason and Philosophy in the
Lutheran Tradition. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.
Fiorenza, Francis Schüssler, and John P. Galvin. Systematic Theology: Roman Catholic
Perspectives. 2 vols. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991.
McGrath, Alister E. Christian Theology: An Introduction. 3rd ed. MA: Blackwell
Publishers, 2001.
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