This document discusses a new model for adult literacy education and GED preparation that utilizes technology-based concept mapping. It proposes that concept maps can help GED students learn in a more meaningful way aligned with the Theory of Meaningful Learning. The model involves students creating personal knowledge models by developing their own concept maps, with teacher guidance using expert knowledge models and scaffold maps. Frequent feedback is provided to help students improve their knowledge structures. The goal is to better prepare students for the more rigorous 2014 version of the GED tests and support their academic achievement through meaningful learning with concept maps.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING COMMUNITIES ON RESEARCH LITERACY AND ...ijejournal
The current study investigates two Problem-Based Learning (PBL) processes that were carried out in two different Online Learning Communities of 62 pre-service teachers who took a Research Literacy course as a part of their academic obligation. The first one was combined with the moderator based learning
scaffoldings (OLC+M), and the other one with the social based learning scaffoldings (OLC+S). The study seeks to map the differences between these two OLCs in terms of Achievement Goal Motivation and Research Literacy skills as a result of the PBL intervention, and the correlation between these aspects as is expressed in each group. The findings indicated that PBL had a significant positive effect on AGM in both groups, while only the OLC+S showed the significant outperforming in some of the Research Literacy skills, as well as the positive correlation between them and the Mastery Approach component of AGM. The discussion raises possible interpretations of theoretical and practical relationships between Research Literacy skills in the educational field and motivational factors among adult students, as they are expressed in online communication environments.
A Practical Case Study Exploring How Flipped Learning Affects The Development...Sarah Brown
The document summarizes a case study that explored how flipped learning affected the development of problem-solving skills in law and computing students. It found that the flipped classroom approach increased student participation and engagement, supported the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and promoted deeper learning. For both cohorts, lectures were prerecorded and class time was used for interactive activities and applying concepts to real-world scenarios. Student feedback indicated that the flipped approach made their understanding easier and helped develop independent work and problem-solving skills.
Effectiveness of Concept Mapping Strategy on Cognitive Process in Sciences at...Ramakanta Mohalik
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of concept mapping strategy on cognitive processes in science at the secondary level. The study used a pre-test post-test experimental design with 100 students divided into a control group taught with traditional methods and an experimental group taught with concept mapping strategies. Over 12 weeks, both groups were taught topics in life science and administered pre- and post-tests measuring cognitive processes. The results showed that students taught with concept mapping strategies scored significantly higher on applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating cognitive processes compared to the control group taught with traditional methods. The study concluded that concept mapping is effective at improving higher-order thinking in science.
Assessment Of Achievement In Problem-Solving Skills In A General Chemistry Co...Sophia Diaz
This document discusses the development and validation of tests to assess student achievement in problem-solving skills in a General Chemistry course using a hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) approach. It describes creating tests to evaluate three levels of knowledge structure based on Sugrue's model: concepts, principles, and linking concepts and principles to conditions and procedures. The tests were developed for topics in thermodynamics, kinetics, and chemical equilibrium. The document outlines validating the tests through content validation and a pilot study with Peruvian engineering students. Results from the pilot study were analyzed to evaluate the tests' appropriateness for assessing problem-solving skills to contribute to the learning process and future research.
A Framework To Foster Problem-Solving In STEM And Computing EducationDereck Downing
The document presents a framework for fostering problem-solving skills across STEM and computing education. The framework was developed based on a literature review of prominent problem-solving approaches in each discipline. It aims to provide a common set of idealized problem-solving processes and methods from across STEM and computing that teachers can draw from to help students solve interdisciplinary, authentic problems. The framework is not intended to prescribe specific procedures but rather to offer a "toolbox" of epistemological approaches that students can select, customize and apply based on the context. The authors argue this integrated framework can support both teaching practices and educational research on developing problem-solving competencies.
The document discusses various forms of alternative assessment including portfolios, authentic assessment, and backward design. It provides details on portfolio assessment, describing it as a continuous, multidimensional process that allows for student reflection. Portfolios can be either process-oriented to show development or product-oriented to demonstrate mastery. The advantages of alternative assessments are that they provide opportunities for student self-assessment and application of concepts to real-world expectations. However, implementing alternative assessments also presents challenges.
This document describes a formative design experiment that tested different models of professional development to improve teachers' ability to teach online reading comprehension. The study involved 17 middle school teachers who received training in Internet Reciprocal Teaching (IRT) through one of three coaching models: peer coaching, literacy coaching, or online coaching. Analysis of teacher surveys and interviews found that while students gained skills in searching strategies, they struggled with critical evaluation and synthesis. Teachers also wanted more training in assessing student progress. Feedback indicated the online coaching model provided the most structured support, while peer coaching lacked direction and workload distribution was uneven. Overall, the study aimed to identify effective practices for professional development focused on online reading comprehension instruction.
Guidelines in Assessing Knowledge, Process, Understanding, and Performance/Pr...Carlo Magno
This document provides a guide for assessing four domains established by the Philippine Department of Education: knowledge, process, understanding, and performance/product. It defines each domain and provides examples of assessment questions and tasks that could be used to evaluate students in that domain. The knowledge domain focuses on basic facts and information. The process domain assesses cognitive operations used to solve problems. Understanding refers to grasping big ideas and is assessed using six facets. Performance/product evaluates students' ability to apply their understanding through authentic tasks. Formative and summative assessment are both emphasized to help students master standards and improve learning.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING COMMUNITIES ON RESEARCH LITERACY AND ...ijejournal
The current study investigates two Problem-Based Learning (PBL) processes that were carried out in two different Online Learning Communities of 62 pre-service teachers who took a Research Literacy course as a part of their academic obligation. The first one was combined with the moderator based learning
scaffoldings (OLC+M), and the other one with the social based learning scaffoldings (OLC+S). The study seeks to map the differences between these two OLCs in terms of Achievement Goal Motivation and Research Literacy skills as a result of the PBL intervention, and the correlation between these aspects as is expressed in each group. The findings indicated that PBL had a significant positive effect on AGM in both groups, while only the OLC+S showed the significant outperforming in some of the Research Literacy skills, as well as the positive correlation between them and the Mastery Approach component of AGM. The discussion raises possible interpretations of theoretical and practical relationships between Research Literacy skills in the educational field and motivational factors among adult students, as they are expressed in online communication environments.
A Practical Case Study Exploring How Flipped Learning Affects The Development...Sarah Brown
The document summarizes a case study that explored how flipped learning affected the development of problem-solving skills in law and computing students. It found that the flipped classroom approach increased student participation and engagement, supported the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and promoted deeper learning. For both cohorts, lectures were prerecorded and class time was used for interactive activities and applying concepts to real-world scenarios. Student feedback indicated that the flipped approach made their understanding easier and helped develop independent work and problem-solving skills.
Effectiveness of Concept Mapping Strategy on Cognitive Process in Sciences at...Ramakanta Mohalik
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effectiveness of concept mapping strategy on cognitive processes in science at the secondary level. The study used a pre-test post-test experimental design with 100 students divided into a control group taught with traditional methods and an experimental group taught with concept mapping strategies. Over 12 weeks, both groups were taught topics in life science and administered pre- and post-tests measuring cognitive processes. The results showed that students taught with concept mapping strategies scored significantly higher on applying, analyzing, evaluating and creating cognitive processes compared to the control group taught with traditional methods. The study concluded that concept mapping is effective at improving higher-order thinking in science.
Assessment Of Achievement In Problem-Solving Skills In A General Chemistry Co...Sophia Diaz
This document discusses the development and validation of tests to assess student achievement in problem-solving skills in a General Chemistry course using a hybrid problem-based learning (PBL) approach. It describes creating tests to evaluate three levels of knowledge structure based on Sugrue's model: concepts, principles, and linking concepts and principles to conditions and procedures. The tests were developed for topics in thermodynamics, kinetics, and chemical equilibrium. The document outlines validating the tests through content validation and a pilot study with Peruvian engineering students. Results from the pilot study were analyzed to evaluate the tests' appropriateness for assessing problem-solving skills to contribute to the learning process and future research.
A Framework To Foster Problem-Solving In STEM And Computing EducationDereck Downing
The document presents a framework for fostering problem-solving skills across STEM and computing education. The framework was developed based on a literature review of prominent problem-solving approaches in each discipline. It aims to provide a common set of idealized problem-solving processes and methods from across STEM and computing that teachers can draw from to help students solve interdisciplinary, authentic problems. The framework is not intended to prescribe specific procedures but rather to offer a "toolbox" of epistemological approaches that students can select, customize and apply based on the context. The authors argue this integrated framework can support both teaching practices and educational research on developing problem-solving competencies.
The document discusses various forms of alternative assessment including portfolios, authentic assessment, and backward design. It provides details on portfolio assessment, describing it as a continuous, multidimensional process that allows for student reflection. Portfolios can be either process-oriented to show development or product-oriented to demonstrate mastery. The advantages of alternative assessments are that they provide opportunities for student self-assessment and application of concepts to real-world expectations. However, implementing alternative assessments also presents challenges.
This document describes a formative design experiment that tested different models of professional development to improve teachers' ability to teach online reading comprehension. The study involved 17 middle school teachers who received training in Internet Reciprocal Teaching (IRT) through one of three coaching models: peer coaching, literacy coaching, or online coaching. Analysis of teacher surveys and interviews found that while students gained skills in searching strategies, they struggled with critical evaluation and synthesis. Teachers also wanted more training in assessing student progress. Feedback indicated the online coaching model provided the most structured support, while peer coaching lacked direction and workload distribution was uneven. Overall, the study aimed to identify effective practices for professional development focused on online reading comprehension instruction.
Guidelines in Assessing Knowledge, Process, Understanding, and Performance/Pr...Carlo Magno
This document provides a guide for assessing four domains established by the Philippine Department of Education: knowledge, process, understanding, and performance/product. It defines each domain and provides examples of assessment questions and tasks that could be used to evaluate students in that domain. The knowledge domain focuses on basic facts and information. The process domain assesses cognitive operations used to solve problems. Understanding refers to grasping big ideas and is assessed using six facets. Performance/product evaluates students' ability to apply their understanding through authentic tasks. Formative and summative assessment are both emphasized to help students master standards and improve learning.
Curriculum Inception
Taya Hervey-McNutt
Strayer University
EDU 555: K-12 Curriculum Design & Development
Dr. Joe Canada
January 16, 2022
Curriculum Inception
The proposed curriculum will be a comprehensive program focusing on the teaching and
learning of technology in Orange County Public Schools (OCPS) elementary schools. The core
instructional goals of the proposed curriculum aimed at empowering learners with primary
computer and internet skills such as; basic use of computer applications including google apps,
keynote, garage band. In this grade, students will be introduced to know how to use the google
apps and the Chromebook. They will develop multimedia presentations like publishing media
content and developing digital media and art. Through this, the student will be able to acquire the
ability to constructible skills that will help him/her derive meaning by critically questioning
resources using digital tools. In this grade, students are expected to major in learning how to use
book creators to explain their understanding in their own words.
The main learning activities students will undertake include: Storing, sharing, accessing,
and manipulating files in google drive; organizing and reflecting on content in google sites as
well as campus press blogs, implementation of apps like book creator to explain their
understanding Learn the various purposes of different media. Impart innovation skills on learners
through the use of various technologies in a design process for problem-solving by creating new,
useful and /or innovative solutions. At the same time, Students will be expected to learn how to
apply technology and non-technology tools to aid in understanding a design process of which
there will be an integration with STEAM subjects. Still, this will make space activities where
students will apply the design process to identify or solve problems by combining digital tools
with non-tech tools to develop strategies for designing systems. Impart collaboration skills on
students through digital tools to widen their views, increase empathy, and the importance of
teamwork skills in applications.
Approach to curriculum development
The proposal's design is based on the system's approach to curriculum development. The
systems approach can be seen as a methodical scheme applied to plan, propose, advance,
evaluate curriculums that consist of the following components: Analysis of needs, analysis of the
task, declaration of projected learning objectives, assessment plan, a pilot study proposal,
development of learning resources and implementation of the final curriculum. The first five
components of the systems approach have already been included in the proposed curriculum
design. Furthermore, one of the main features of the Systems approach's core instructional goals
is its high interconnectedness among content areas and programs. Similarly, in the core
instructional goals of the proposed curriculum, ther ...
Development and Evaluation of Concept Maps as Viable Educational Technology t...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study had developed and evaluated concept maps as viable educational technology to facilitate learning and assessment. The development process concluded upon establishing validity and reliability. These maps were classified into two: concept maps to facilitate learning; and, fill-in-the-maps to facilitate assessment. A one group pre-test-posttest pre-experimental design was employed. Fill-in-the-maps were utilized for unit pre-tests and posttests. Complete concept maps were used to facilitate learning. For midterm examination, students were given composition as basis for constructing concept map. For final examination, students were provided concept maps to write their own composition. Rubrics were used to assess students’ outputs. z-test for correlated means showed significant increases of Mean Percentage Score (MPS) from pre-test to posttest. The overall posttest result was correlated with those of objective, fill-in-the-map, map construction and composition writing. Significant correlations were observed. Results accentuated that concept maps can be developed and evaluated to facilitate learning and assessment.
This document discusses the development and testing of an algo-heuristic model to improve statistics learning among elementary school teacher education students. It involved three phases: 1) expert evaluation of the model, 2) testing with lecturers, and 3) pre-experimental testing with students. Test results found a significant increase in student test scores after using the model, indicating it can effectively improve statistics learning. The document also reviews various literature on algo-heuristic learning theories and algorithms.
A Descriptive Analysis Of Secondary Mathematics Students Formal Report WritingMonica Waters
This study analyzed 49 formal mathematical reports written by secondary students to develop a coding scheme for categorizing the mathematical content. The coding scheme allowed the researchers to classify statements as indicating lower-level or higher-level knowledge structures. The key findings were that most statements indicated lower-level knowledge structures, the mathematics was mostly algorithmic and methodological, higher-level structures were often textbook-based, and justification was absent from most reports. The researchers aim to provide insight into students' mathematical writing to help improve learning through writing.
Affordances And Limitations Of Learning Analytics For Computer-Assisted Langu...Renee Lewis
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes data from the VITAL learning analytics project. The article discusses how learning analytics can provide insights into computer-assisted language learning. It describes how previous studies have used learner tracking data to understand language learning behaviors. The VITAL project applied statistical and process mining techniques to mapping 285 students' use of online learning resources in a flipped classroom business French course. Results showed that most students' online activity aligned with the flipped classroom design and successful students had higher online engagement. Meaningful learning patterns were also revealed through the data visualization.
Compensation still matters: language learning strategies in the third millenn...James Cook University
Digital media play enormous roles in much of the learning, communication, socializing and ways of working of “Net-Generation” learners who are growing up in a wired world. Living in this digital era may require different ways of communicating, thinking, approaching learning, prioritizing strategies, interpersonally communicating, and possibly developing compensatory techniques for information gaps among other categories of Language Learning Strategies. The Net-Geners therefore, need new skills and new strategies to perform successfully as learners and workers. This study uses a mixed-methods approach that includes concurrent quantitative and qualitative data (i) to identify the Net-Generation learner’s strategy preferences based on the “Strategies Inventory for Language Learning” (SILL) categories currently considered the most comprehensive strategy inventory and (ii) to identify possible emergent compensation strategies among Net-Geners as a comprehensive study of the strategies used by the Net-Geners is clearly beyond the scope of this article. The results indicate that compensation strategies have undergone a number of modifications and are used differently by the Net-Geners in order to compensate their knowledge gap and help enhance their ESL learning.
Developing Strong Academic Study SkillsAlyssa Dennis
The document discusses developing strong academic study skills in higher education. It emphasizes that developing study skills is important for academic success and long-term career prospects. The key areas discussed include note taking, essay writing, critical thinking, analyzing questions, and reflective thinking skills. Effective note taking, essay planning and writing, and using feedback to improve are highlighted as important skills.
An Empirical Research On Schema Theory Based Teaching Of The Continuation Tas...Kristen Carter
This document describes an empirical research study that investigated the effects of using schema theory-based instruction in teaching continuation tasks to Chinese senior high school students. The study involved two groups of students - an experimental group that received schema theory-based instruction and a control group that received traditional instruction. Both groups completed pre- and post-tests to assess the effects on their overall writing ability, lexical richness, syntactic complexity, and semantic coherence. Statistical analysis found significant differences between the two groups, suggesting that the schema theory-based approach was effective in improving students' writing skills. The study provides insights into how to better teach continuation tasks and applying schema theory to writing instruction.
A Hybrid Approach To Promoting Students Web-Based Problem-Solving Competence...Amy Roman
The document proposes a hybrid approach combining cognitive apprenticeship and collaborative learning to improve students' web-based problem-solving skills and learning attitudes. An experiment was conducted comparing students in an experimental group, who learned collaboratively using cognitive apprenticeship, to a control group who learned with traditional cognitive apprenticeship. The experimental results showed that middle- and low-achieving students in the experimental group benefited more than those in the control group. The hybrid approach effectively accommodated students with different learning abilities.
Assessing Multiplicative Thinking Using Rich TasksMaria Perkins
The document describes the development of a learning and assessment framework to evaluate students' multiplicative thinking skills in Years 4 to 8. Researchers designed rich assessment tasks and administered them to nearly 3,500 students. The tasks were based on an initial hypothetical learning trajectory identified from the literature. Student response data were used to refine the tasks, scoring rubrics, and a final learning and assessment framework consisting of nine levels of increasing complexity in multiplicative thinking. Sample assessment tasks, such as a multi-part "Butterfly House" problem, and corresponding scoring rubrics are provided as illustrations.
Assessment For Learning In Immersive And Virtual Environments Evidence-Cent...Sabrina Green
1) The document discusses a research program called Assessment for Learning in Immersive Virtual Environments (ALIVE) that examines how 3D immersive virtual environments can be used to provide formative feedback to students.
2) Specifically, the project explores using 3D virtual environments to assess middle school students' science inquiry skills through formative feedback.
3) The goal of the research is to understand how formative feedback in virtual environments affects students' academic achievement, agency, and ability to self-regulate their learning. It aims to contribute evidence for how virtual environments can improve STEM education outcomes.
A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE EFFECTS OF THE USE OF GRAPHIC CALCULATORS IN COLLE...Karen Benoit
This literature review explores the impact of graphic calculators on college algebra students' final grades. The theoretical framework includes constructivist theory and technology-assisted instruction theory. The researcher reviewed literature on how constructivist approaches can improve student performance, motivation, and satisfaction when learning math concepts. Evidence shows the constructivist approach positively influences performance when combined with other teaching methods. Literature also indicates the constructivist approach improves motivation by allowing students to construct their own understanding. Regarding technology-assisted instruction, the literature shows it can enhance learning when abstract concepts are involved, and that it motivates students by making learning engaging and relevant to their goals. The researcher concluded by discussing evidence that using graphic calculators in the math classroom can improve student performance, motivation
A Structural Equation Model To Analyse The Antecedents To Students Web-Based...Jill Brown
- The document describes a study that aimed to analyze factors affecting students' performance in web-based problem solving.
- The researchers developed a model with six factors (internet self-efficacy, task-technology fit, computer anxiety, technology readiness, web information seeking, intention) believed to influence students' web-based problem solving abilities.
- An experiment was conducted with 201 students who engaged in web-based problem solving activities. Structural equation modeling found that task-technology fit was a major determinant of students' intention to learn online and their web-based problem solving performance.
A mobile based instruction application-the effect of mobile-based concept ins...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of mobile-based concept instruction designed according to Component Display Theory on students' academic achievement, retention, and attitudes. The study involved 72 students who received either mobile-based instruction applying CDT principles or traditional mobile-based instruction. Results showed that while groups had similar pretest scores, the CDT group scored significantly higher on the posttest, indicating improved academic achievement. Retention of the material and student attitudes were also more positive in the CDT group. The findings support that mobile-based instruction designed according to CDT principles can enhance students' learning outcomes.
This document discusses how technology may support reading comprehension and the inductive teaching method. It first defines reading comprehension and the inductive method. It then reviews several studies that have investigated these topics. One study found that internet-based learning activities can make reading more enjoyable and promote higher-order thinking skills. However, another study found no significant gains in reading achievement from technology-based instruction when teachers did not set clear objectives. The document argues that when used appropriately, technology like the internet can support the inductive method by allowing students to gather more information to develop deeper understandings through categorization and determining relationships between concepts.
1. The document discusses curriculum design research, which intentionally combines curriculum design and design research.
2. It explains that curriculum can be represented at different levels from the international level down to the individual level, and can take different forms from the substantive to the socio-political to the technical-professional.
3. Curriculum design research involves preliminary investigation, theoretical embedding, empirical testing, documentation and reflection to create curriculum prototypes and iteratively improve them through formative evaluation.
A look at the benefits of portfolios and other forms of assessment. This presentation was given in the Pedagogy Circle on Nov 11 and Nov 12, by Joanne Chesley, Ed.D.
The document provides an introduction to the Common Core Georgia Performance Standards for mathematics. It discusses how the standards focus on applying mathematical concepts in authentic problems, problem solving, reasoning and representation. It emphasizes concentrating early learning on numbers, measurement and geometry with less emphasis on data analysis and algebra. The standards aim to present mathematics concepts clearly and specifically to improve focus and coherence.
The document provides an introduction to the Common Core Georgia Performance Standards for Mathematics. It discusses the focus of the Georgia mathematics curriculum on developing conceptual understanding through problem solving, representation, reasoning and communication. It emphasizes applying math concepts in authentic contexts. The standards are designed to increase coherence and focus from grade to grade to improve math achievement. They define what students should understand and be able to do at each grade level.
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Similaire à A New Model For Adult Literacy Education Technology-Based Concept Mapping In GED Preparation
Curriculum Inception
Taya Hervey-McNutt
Strayer University
EDU 555: K-12 Curriculum Design & Development
Dr. Joe Canada
January 16, 2022
Curriculum Inception
The proposed curriculum will be a comprehensive program focusing on the teaching and
learning of technology in Orange County Public Schools (OCPS) elementary schools. The core
instructional goals of the proposed curriculum aimed at empowering learners with primary
computer and internet skills such as; basic use of computer applications including google apps,
keynote, garage band. In this grade, students will be introduced to know how to use the google
apps and the Chromebook. They will develop multimedia presentations like publishing media
content and developing digital media and art. Through this, the student will be able to acquire the
ability to constructible skills that will help him/her derive meaning by critically questioning
resources using digital tools. In this grade, students are expected to major in learning how to use
book creators to explain their understanding in their own words.
The main learning activities students will undertake include: Storing, sharing, accessing,
and manipulating files in google drive; organizing and reflecting on content in google sites as
well as campus press blogs, implementation of apps like book creator to explain their
understanding Learn the various purposes of different media. Impart innovation skills on learners
through the use of various technologies in a design process for problem-solving by creating new,
useful and /or innovative solutions. At the same time, Students will be expected to learn how to
apply technology and non-technology tools to aid in understanding a design process of which
there will be an integration with STEAM subjects. Still, this will make space activities where
students will apply the design process to identify or solve problems by combining digital tools
with non-tech tools to develop strategies for designing systems. Impart collaboration skills on
students through digital tools to widen their views, increase empathy, and the importance of
teamwork skills in applications.
Approach to curriculum development
The proposal's design is based on the system's approach to curriculum development. The
systems approach can be seen as a methodical scheme applied to plan, propose, advance,
evaluate curriculums that consist of the following components: Analysis of needs, analysis of the
task, declaration of projected learning objectives, assessment plan, a pilot study proposal,
development of learning resources and implementation of the final curriculum. The first five
components of the systems approach have already been included in the proposed curriculum
design. Furthermore, one of the main features of the Systems approach's core instructional goals
is its high interconnectedness among content areas and programs. Similarly, in the core
instructional goals of the proposed curriculum, ther ...
Development and Evaluation of Concept Maps as Viable Educational Technology t...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study had developed and evaluated concept maps as viable educational technology to facilitate learning and assessment. The development process concluded upon establishing validity and reliability. These maps were classified into two: concept maps to facilitate learning; and, fill-in-the-maps to facilitate assessment. A one group pre-test-posttest pre-experimental design was employed. Fill-in-the-maps were utilized for unit pre-tests and posttests. Complete concept maps were used to facilitate learning. For midterm examination, students were given composition as basis for constructing concept map. For final examination, students were provided concept maps to write their own composition. Rubrics were used to assess students’ outputs. z-test for correlated means showed significant increases of Mean Percentage Score (MPS) from pre-test to posttest. The overall posttest result was correlated with those of objective, fill-in-the-map, map construction and composition writing. Significant correlations were observed. Results accentuated that concept maps can be developed and evaluated to facilitate learning and assessment.
This document discusses the development and testing of an algo-heuristic model to improve statistics learning among elementary school teacher education students. It involved three phases: 1) expert evaluation of the model, 2) testing with lecturers, and 3) pre-experimental testing with students. Test results found a significant increase in student test scores after using the model, indicating it can effectively improve statistics learning. The document also reviews various literature on algo-heuristic learning theories and algorithms.
A Descriptive Analysis Of Secondary Mathematics Students Formal Report WritingMonica Waters
This study analyzed 49 formal mathematical reports written by secondary students to develop a coding scheme for categorizing the mathematical content. The coding scheme allowed the researchers to classify statements as indicating lower-level or higher-level knowledge structures. The key findings were that most statements indicated lower-level knowledge structures, the mathematics was mostly algorithmic and methodological, higher-level structures were often textbook-based, and justification was absent from most reports. The researchers aim to provide insight into students' mathematical writing to help improve learning through writing.
Affordances And Limitations Of Learning Analytics For Computer-Assisted Langu...Renee Lewis
This document summarizes a research article that analyzes data from the VITAL learning analytics project. The article discusses how learning analytics can provide insights into computer-assisted language learning. It describes how previous studies have used learner tracking data to understand language learning behaviors. The VITAL project applied statistical and process mining techniques to mapping 285 students' use of online learning resources in a flipped classroom business French course. Results showed that most students' online activity aligned with the flipped classroom design and successful students had higher online engagement. Meaningful learning patterns were also revealed through the data visualization.
Compensation still matters: language learning strategies in the third millenn...James Cook University
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The document provides an introduction to the Common Core Georgia Performance Standards for Mathematics. It discusses the focus of the Georgia mathematics curriculum on developing conceptual understanding through problem solving, representation, reasoning and communication. It emphasizes applying math concepts in authentic contexts. The standards are designed to increase coherence and focus from grade to grade to improve math achievement. They define what students should understand and be able to do at each grade level.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A New Model For Adult Literacy Education Technology-Based Concept Mapping In GED Preparation
1. Kansas State University Libraries
Kansas State University Libraries
New Prairie Press
New Prairie Press
Adult Education Research Conference 2014 Conference Proceedings (Harrisburg, PA)
A New Model for Adult Literacy Education: Technology-Based
A New Model for Adult Literacy Education: Technology-Based
Concept Mapping in GED Preparation
Concept Mapping in GED Preparation
Larry G. Martin
Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/aerc
Part of the Adult and Continuing Education Administration Commons
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License
Recommended Citation
Recommended Citation
Martin, Larry G. (2014). "A New Model for Adult Literacy Education: Technology-Based Concept Mapping
in GED Preparation," Adult Education Research Conference. https://newprairiepress.org/aerc/2014/
papers/50
This is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Adult Education Research Conference by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more
information, please contact cads@k-state.edu.
2. 295
A New Model for Adult Literacy Education:
Technology-Based Concept Mapping in GED Preparation
Larry G. Martin
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Keywords: GED preparation, adult literacy education, concept maps.
Abstract: This paper explores the potential for the effective integration of concept
mapping into the teaching of GED preparation programs in ways that benefit the
academic achievement of learners through the implementation of a New Model of
literacy education.
The Need for a Different Approach to GED Preparation
Of 39 million school non-completers, about 2.3 million (< 6% of those eligible) enroll in
adult literacy programs yearly; 72% of participants are students of color (Keenan, 2009). About
1.5% of school non-completers take and pass the GED® tests each year (GED® Statistical
Report, 2008). Longitudinal studies suggest only 2% of those who receive a GED complete a
four-year college degree (Tyler, 2004). It is widely anticipated that the academic difficulties
faced by these students will become even more challenging when a new version of the GED®
tests is implemented in 2014 (GED® Testing Service, 2013). The 2014 computerized version
will be based on Webb’s (1997) Depth of Knowledge Model (DKM) (Webb, 2002). Aligned
with the more rigorous career and college readiness standards being adopted nationwide, it is
focused on four sub-tests: literacy, mathematics, science, and social studies. It is designed to
examine learner’s readiness at two performance levels: high school equivalency and career and
college readiness (Hoffman, et al., 2013).
The new tests will target four knowledge levels: recall and reproduction (list, identify,
and define); working with skills and concepts (go beyond recall and transform/process target
knowledge before responding); short-term strategic thinking (the ability to analyze, explain, and
support with evidence, generalize, and create); and extended strategic thinking (the ability to
synthesize, reflect, conduct, and manage) (Hoffman, et al., 2013). It thereby requires test takers
to demonstrate higher order thinking skills as opposed to basic skills. However, these learning
requirements contrast sharply with current instructional practices which are characterized by
behaviorist instructional approaches via teacher-directed classes, and the use of programmed
workbooks, activities, and materials. Consequently, students’ subject matter content knowledge
tends to be unclear, unstable, and/or disorganized. Students thereby often fail to attain the critical
thinking and transfer of learning skills necessary for both the workplace and transition into
postsecondary education (Grubb, 1999). A new model is needed in the provision of adult literacy
education that is intended to assist learners to take and pass the GED® tests, and to obtain a
postsecondary degree. A model based the attributes of technology-based concept maps (Cmaps)
3. 296
could provide an opportunity to meaningfully enhance the educational and learning outcomes of
GED preparation students.
Technology-Based Cmaps and Theory of Meaningful Learning
Accessible through free Internet-based technology (e.g., IHMC CMap Tools), concept
maps are two-dimensional, node-linked schematic devices for representing verbal, conceptual, or
declarative knowledge in a meaningful framework of propositions (Novak & Gowin, 1984).
They are comprised of several elements: focus questions—specify the problem/issue; ten to
twenty-five key concepts–mental images we have for words, e.g., objects/events; linking
words—used with concepts to construct propositions that are stored in an individual’s cognitive
structure; subsuming—a hierarchy of concepts in which lower-order concepts are subsumed
under higher-order concepts; and progressive differentiation–concepts are organized into more
complex understandings. Cmaps represent one recent manifestation and operationalization of the
Theory of Meaningful Learning.
The Theory of Meaningful Learning
The Theory of Meaningful Learning (ToML) argues that both concepts and propositions
composed of concepts are the central elements in the structure of knowledge and the construction
of meaning (Novak and Gowin, 1984; Ausubel, 1963). Concepts and propositional learning are
the foundation upon which individuals construct their own idiosyncratic meanings. Through
meaningful learning, learners must choose to integrate new knowledge relevantly with pre-
existing concepts. Active learning supports acquisition of new concepts within preexisting,
superordinate cognitive structures through a process of subsumption (Ausubel, 1963; 2000;
Ausubel, Novak, & Hanesian, 1986). Consequently, memories of new material are enhanced, and
the forgetting of that material is reduced. Knowledge is organized in hierarchical structures, such
that general concepts (e.g., Plant) are parent concepts to more specific concepts (e.g., Flowers).
Many of the ideas originally presented by Ausubel have formed the impetus for experimental
studies on the use of Cmaps as pedagogical tools (e.g., Hagemans, van der Meij, & de Jong,
2013; Novak & Gowin, 1984). The ToML argues that knowledge is comprised of a set of
hierarchies for which cognitive change involves the process of subsumption, whereby individuals
assimilate new input into their internal hierarchical structure.
Hierarchies support deduction, such that concepts necessarily share the properties
associated with their parent concepts (Sloman, 1998). These hierarchies form taxonomies which
support the differentiation of different “kinds of things” within the same category (Murphy,
1982). They thereby support learning through both inductive and deductive learning. The
subsumption process uniquely describes a system of learning that results from the taxonomic
structure of knowledge. New input from the environment helps reorganize knowledge and
strengthen connections between concepts, and the hierarchical structure of knowledge supports
this process. Ausubel postulated two routes by which subsumption can increase cognitive change
to learners’ taxonomic structures. Correlative Subsumption—the acquisition of knowledge,
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which can be obtained by comparing new material with prior knowledge, and Derivative
Subsumption—identifying previously unnoticed extensions of presented materials. In contrast,
he argued that Obliterative Subsumption is the process of forgetting critical features of a concept
after repeated presentation (or activation in memory) of this concept without its parent concepts.
Cmaps, present content in a way that delineates the hierarchical relations between
concepts. They are effective tools for identifying and monitoring cognitive change because they
offer a visual representation of the to-be-learned material in a form that models the internal
representation of the concepts. They present information in an additional modality (i.e., the
visual stream) compared to receiving the input only in one form, such as via text or through
direct instruction (i.e., the phonological stream). Rather than taxing resources, the addition of the
visual input supports encoding of material that would otherwise only be available in text form
(e.g., Paivio, 1986). Accordingly, empirical research has found that Cmapping students (in K-12
schools and colleges) have better academic performance than those using text-based
representations such as outlines or flowcharts (e.g., Nesbit & Adesope, 2006), and students’
academic performance is statistically significantly superior with the use of Cmaps compared to
other interventions (Arslan, 2006; Karpick & Blunt, 2011; Okoye & Okechukwu, 2010).
Also, the notion that Cmaps can facilitate memory retention has important educational
implications for GED preparation teachers. Students’ errors or misrepresentations in internal
representations (i.e., student misconceptions about the material) can be corrected by presenting
more accurate representations of the targeted material. Lastly, teachers can use Cmaps as
assessment tools to identify both student misconceptions, and the areas for which students
require appropriate learning scaffolds.
Teaching via Concept Maps
In general, teachers can facilitate the use of Cmaps among GED students, and assist them
to incorporate (subsume) new information by presenting new material in relation to students’
existing background knowledge of relevant concepts, so that an individual has a basis from
which to subsume new input. Teachers can use “organizers” (i.e., overarching concepts) to
introduce material at a higher level of abstraction, generality, and inclusiveness than the learning
task itself (Ausubel, 1963). The function of the organizer is to provide an overview concept (a
superordinate concept) from which other, more specific concepts (subordinate concepts), will be
subsumed. Concepts should be presented which are clearly discriminable from each other.
Progressive differentiation can be employed by creating organizers, and discriminable concepts
nested within them, such that material is presented to scaffold learning from the most general
concepts (organizers) to the more specific embedded concepts. The conceptual hierarchies
modeled by teachers should be structured such that broad concepts include the general properties
shared among all of the concepts. The teaching of GED content can be more effectively and
efficiently delivered through the employment of expert knowledge models, and scaffold maps.
Expert Knowledge Models (EKMs) and Scaffold Maps
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Expert Knowledge Models (EKMs) should be developed by GED content-knowledge
experts to include all of the appropriate content in a specific concept domain (e.g., the four new
GED® tests). Students with limited literacy skills may benefit from the use of EKMs because
processing the information in the EKM does not have the same demands required for generating
the same cognitive representation from text (Kintsch, 1988). GED preparation teachers can use
EKMs to serve three goals: 1) a model to guide instruction, and thereby assist the presentation of
lessons in a pedagogically sound manner; 2) the creation of scaffold maps to guide students’
creation of individual Cmaps and personal knowledge models (PKMs); and 3) assessment of and
feedback on the Cmaps created by students. The EKMs are often used as an alternative means of
measuring student learning outcomes and as formative assessments of learning.
In addition, Scaffold Maps should be developed by teachers. Based on component
elements of EKMs, these maps should be composed of a small number (10-15) of concepts
arranged hierarchically by an expert (teachers) in the knowledge domain for learners to use as a
starting point to “scaffold” their learning. Possible additional concepts may be suggested in a
“Parking Lot” to be integrated into the scaffold Cmaps (Novak and Cañas, 2006). GED
preparation teachers should create maps of the content that is relevant to the tests. They should
not attempt to develop maps of the test questions, or provide answers to the tests. Scaffold maps
with fading (a scheduled reduction in use) is a more effective approach to introduce Cmapping to
students and assist them to sustain the use of Cmaps as learning tools (Chang, et al., 2001).
Students’ Cmaps and Personal Knowledge Models (PKMs)
Technology-based Cmaps should be created by students. Students can use all of the
features of IHMC CMap Tools Software (e.g., color coding, embedding text, collaboration tools,
etc.) to build over a span of days or weeks a “personal knowledge model” (PKM) for the domain
studied (Novak and Cañas, 2006). The process of composing Cmaps forces students to: a)
engage in metacognitive processes; b) decide under which proposition to catalogue new
knowledge and thus establishes a basis for them to reconcile conflicts between new content and
their existing knowledge; and c) monitor their learning methods hence the opportunity to make
sense of the material on their own (McKeachie, 1988; Triffone, 2006). The PKMs of the content
learned in classes and from other sources can be loaded onto computers and used as study aides
in preparation for the GED tests. GED students should make Cmapping a routine practice in their
learning efforts, and they should be encouraged to add to their maps before, during, and after
instruction. Classes that create maps during these instructional periods tend to score significantly
higher on academic achievement measures than classes that receive either traditional instruction
or add to their maps during other periods (Pankratius, 1990).
EKMs and Feedback
It is difficult for students to improve their learning efforts when they are not aware of
their academic limitations. Timely feedback to students on the progress of their Cmaps is of
critical importance as they develop their knowledge base (Hwang et al., 2011). Through
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feedback on students’ PKMs teachers can provide immediate learning guidance to assist students
to reflect on and revise their knowledge structures (Hwang et al., 2011). Frequent feedback
should allow teachers to assist GED students to become highly proficient mappers. Proficiency is
a demonstrated understanding of: how to hierarchically organize concepts from most to least
inclusive; how to propositionally link together several different concepts provided to the student
by the teacher; and how to cross-link two related “branches” of a Cmap (Trifone, 2006).
Crosslinks are reflective of what Ausubel (2000) referred to as integrative reconciliations. Highly
proficient mappers produce Cmaps with a high degree of structural complexity. Highly complex
maps are a consequence of students making deeper and more meaningful leaps in understanding,
and can therefore represent large gains in conceptual learning.
Conclusion
The current approaches to providing test preparation instruction to GED students are well
intended, but ineffective for this highly educationally, socially, and economically disadvantaged
population. The current teaching and learning practices extend the ineffective practices that were
unsuccessful for many of these learners when they last attended middle and high school.
Through dead-end jobs, high levels of unemployment, technological disfranchisement, and
truncated educational careers, they have suffered from their lack of academic excellence. A new
model for adult literacy education offers the promise of a new and different way to realize the
provision of education to this segment of the adult low literate population.
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