This third ISE webinar is dedicated to the NASA Kepler mission. The NASA Kepler Mission has a number of excellent educational resources on its website. Here you can learn about: modeling the transit method of planet finding using a light sensor and orrery; making and using a starfinder that has naked eye stars known to have exoplanets; online interactives that show how light curves are used to discover exoplanets.
Find out more: http://www.inspiringscience.eu/event/ise-webinar-nasa-kepler-mission
This document discusses the progression of ideas in astronomy from ancient Greek thinkers to Isaac Newton. It describes the models proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Kepler discovered the elliptical orbits of planets and his three laws of planetary motion. Newton then proposed his law of universal gravitation to explain what causes planets to remain in orbit. By the late 1600s, it had been established that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and that planets move according to the principles of inertia and gravitation.
This document discusses the interrelated topics of evolution, astronomy, and paleontology. It provides an overview of how our understanding of these fields has changed over time as evidence and new discoveries have accumulated. Examples are given of astronomical phenomena like galaxy classification and the expanding universe. The document also notes how impacts from asteroids and comets have shaped the evolution of life on Earth and continue to pose risks. Links are provided for exercises to explore related topics in more depth.
Part 1 summarizes how our understanding of the universe has changed from Ptolemy's geocentric model to Copernicus' heliocentric model. It discusses Ptolemy devising the earth-centered model in the 2nd century, Copernicus publishing his sun-centered model in 1542, and Galileo's telescope observations supporting Copernicus.
Part 2 discusses Johannes Kepler publishing his three laws of planetary motion between 1609-1618. The first two laws were in Astronomia Nova in 1609, with the third published in Harmonices Mundi in 1618. It also provides historical context by mentioning events from 1609, and the impact and acceptance of Kepler's laws over time.
Aristotle believed motion was either natural or violent. Natural motion involved straight upward or downward movement, while violent motion resulted from a push or pull. Ptolemy altered Aristotle's model, placing Earth stationary at the center of the universe with planets orbiting in loops. Copernicus formulated a model with Earth and planets revolving around the Sun in circular orbits, contradicting the accepted model. Kepler discovered through Brahe's observations and his own that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
The document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the birth of modern science. It describes how Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center, contradicting the geocentric Ptolemaic system. Later, Galileo provided evidence supporting heliocentric theory through his astronomical observations with a telescope. Kepler analyzed Tycho Brahe's precise observations of planetary motion and discovered his three laws of planetary motion, replacing circular orbits with ellipses and establishing relationships between orbital periods and distances from the Sun. Newton later explained Kepler's laws through his law of universal gravitation.
The document traces the development of scientific understanding of the solar system from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early geocentric models proposed by Anaximander and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Later thinkers such as Aristarchus, Copernicus, and Galileo proposed heliocentric models with the Sun at the center. Kepler determined orbits were elliptical rather than circular, and Newton explained planetary motion through universal gravity. Edwin Hubble's discovery of an expanding universe led to the development of the Big Bang theory.
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
This document discusses the progression of ideas in astronomy from ancient Greek thinkers to Isaac Newton. It describes the models proposed by Claudius Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Kepler discovered the elliptical orbits of planets and his three laws of planetary motion. Newton then proposed his law of universal gravitation to explain what causes planets to remain in orbit. By the late 1600s, it had been established that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and that planets move according to the principles of inertia and gravitation.
This document discusses the interrelated topics of evolution, astronomy, and paleontology. It provides an overview of how our understanding of these fields has changed over time as evidence and new discoveries have accumulated. Examples are given of astronomical phenomena like galaxy classification and the expanding universe. The document also notes how impacts from asteroids and comets have shaped the evolution of life on Earth and continue to pose risks. Links are provided for exercises to explore related topics in more depth.
Part 1 summarizes how our understanding of the universe has changed from Ptolemy's geocentric model to Copernicus' heliocentric model. It discusses Ptolemy devising the earth-centered model in the 2nd century, Copernicus publishing his sun-centered model in 1542, and Galileo's telescope observations supporting Copernicus.
Part 2 discusses Johannes Kepler publishing his three laws of planetary motion between 1609-1618. The first two laws were in Astronomia Nova in 1609, with the third published in Harmonices Mundi in 1618. It also provides historical context by mentioning events from 1609, and the impact and acceptance of Kepler's laws over time.
Aristotle believed motion was either natural or violent. Natural motion involved straight upward or downward movement, while violent motion resulted from a push or pull. Ptolemy altered Aristotle's model, placing Earth stationary at the center of the universe with planets orbiting in loops. Copernicus formulated a model with Earth and planets revolving around the Sun in circular orbits, contradicting the accepted model. Kepler discovered through Brahe's observations and his own that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.
Astronomy and the invention of TelescopeJerome Bigael
Before telescopes, ancient civilizations observed astronomical phenomena like star clusters and used constellations for agriculture and navigation. The Greeks developed geocentric models to mathematically describe planetary motions, prioritizing mathematical accuracy over physical reality. In the early 1600s, Hans Lippershey invented the telescope and Galileo was the first to use it for astronomy, discovering lunar craters, Jupiter's moons, Venusian phases, and sunspots, challenging existing paradigms.
The document discusses the Copernican Revolution and the birth of modern science. It describes how Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center, contradicting the geocentric Ptolemaic system. Later, Galileo provided evidence supporting heliocentric theory through his astronomical observations with a telescope. Kepler analyzed Tycho Brahe's precise observations of planetary motion and discovered his three laws of planetary motion, replacing circular orbits with ellipses and establishing relationships between orbital periods and distances from the Sun. Newton later explained Kepler's laws through his law of universal gravitation.
The document traces the development of scientific understanding of the solar system from ancient times to the modern era. It describes early geocentric models proposed by Anaximander and Ptolemy that placed Earth at the center. Later thinkers such as Aristarchus, Copernicus, and Galileo proposed heliocentric models with the Sun at the center. Kepler determined orbits were elliptical rather than circular, and Newton explained planetary motion through universal gravity. Edwin Hubble's discovery of an expanding universe led to the development of the Big Bang theory.
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
The document discusses the universe and the solar system. It covers early models of the universe, contributions from Canada to space exploration, astronomical phenomena like auroras and eclipses, the creation of the universe and galaxies, reasons for studying space like navigation and agriculture, models of celestial motion like the geocentric and heliocentric models, the names and order of planets in the solar system, characteristics of inner and outer planets, asteroid belts, Pluto being classified as a dwarf planet instead of a true planet, and other dwarf planets in the solar system.
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with early civilizations like those in ancient China and at Stonehenge making careful records of astronomical phenomena. The field advanced significantly with Greek philosophers and scientists developing early mathematical models. Claudius Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model of the Solar System in his work The Almagest. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler then established his three laws of planetary motion, and Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and invented calculus, greatly advancing our understanding of astronomy.
1) Astrology claims personality and life are determined by star and planet positions at birth, but lacks scientific evidence.
2) Ancient Greeks first tried explaining natural events without gods. Ptolemy reasoned Earth was the center of the universe, an idea accepted for 1500 years due to visual appearance.
3) Copernicus found evidence for a sun-centered solar system, upsetting many. Kepler used Tycho Brahe's data to discover elliptical orbits and laws of planetary motion.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a model of the solar system with the Sun at the center, replacing the Earth-centered model. Johannes Kepler discovered that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses rather than perfect circles, with the Sun located at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo Galilei made important astronomical observations using his telescope that supported Copernicus' sun-centered model of the universe and showed that planets were not points of light but had surfaces like the Moon. Sir Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation, explaining that gravity causes planets to follow elliptical orbits around the Sun.
1) Early civilizations made observations of celestial objects to predict seasons and aid in navigation. The geocentric model proposed by Aristotle placed Earth at the center of the universe.
2) Planets were observed to move irregularly compared to other celestial bodies. Ptolemy proposed epicycles to explain retrograde motion within his geocentric model.
3) Copernicus suggested a heliocentric model where Earth and planets orbit the sun. Galileo's observations with a telescope supported this model.
4) Kepler developed his laws of planetary motion describing elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. Newton later described universal gravitation explaining the forces at work.
Three super-Earth planets and one outer giant planet have been discovered in a planetary system called HD219134 located just 21 light years from Earth. The system contains three inner super-Earth planets, the closest of which transits in front of its star, and one outer giant planet. Observations from the HARPS-N spectrograph and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the innermost planet, HD219134b, has a density similar to Earth, suggesting a rocky composition. At only 21 light years away, this newly discovered planetary system presents an exciting opportunity for future observation and study of exoplanets closest to our own solar system.
Different models of the Solar System and how beliefs influenced them, How evidence from observations helps improve models, How scientists get evidence about the Universe now
The document defines the universe as the totality of existence including planets, stars, and galaxies. It then provides information about the solar system, including details about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, asteroids, and all the major planets ending with Pluto. It notes there are over 300 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy and 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. The document also briefly discusses scientific observations of the universe, the Big Bang theory, and notes some interesting facts like the number of grains of sand on Earth's beaches is approximately equal to the total number of stars in the universe.
1) The document discusses the origin of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It describes how the universe began as a very small, dense point and has been expanding ever since.
2) The Big Bang theory gained support in 1964 with the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson. This provided evidence that the universe had a hot, dense beginning.
3) The theory proposes that nearly 14 billion years ago, the entire visible universe was condensed into a very high density and high temperature condition, and then began rapidly expanding.
The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek astronomers to Isaac Newton. It describes how Ptolemy first proposed that Earth was the center of the universe (geocentric model), which was believed for over 1500 years. Copernicus later proposed that the sun, not Earth, was the center (heliocentric model). Kepler took Tycho Brahe's data and developed his laws of planetary motion, showing their orbits were elliptical. Galileo made key astronomical observations with an improved telescope that supported Copernicus and helped overturn Ptolemy's geocentric model. Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his law of universal gravitation.
- Cosmology is the study of the origin, structure, and future of the universe. The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state and has been expanding ever since.
- There are three main types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Spiral galaxies have a disc shape with densely packed stars surrounding a central bulge, while elliptical galaxies have all stars formed at once in an elliptical shape. Irregular galaxies lack a defined shape and have new stars continuously forming from gas and dust.
- Key figures in the development of astronomy include Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system; Galileo, who made early telescopic observations; Kepler
1) Kepler's laws describe planetary orbits as ellipses with the Sun at one focus, with planets sweeping out equal areas in equal time intervals, and having orbital periods related to semimajor axes.
2) Newton's laws of motion and universal law of gravitation established that gravity keeps planets in orbit, with gravitational force proportional to product of masses and inverse to square of distance between objects.
3) Orbits in the solar system include planets following nearly circular orbits around the Sun, asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter, and comets following highly eccentric orbits.
This document discusses theories of extraterrestrial life over history and current scientific research on the topic. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed the possibility of life on other planets. NASA researchers claim to have found evidence of ancient life in a meteorite from Mars. Scientists also believe Europa and planets discovered by the Kepler satellite could support life as they seem to meet the basic prerequisites of liquid water and sources of energy. While no conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found, ongoing studies have made the possibility more plausible.
A New Exploration Strategy
Dr. Edward F. Crawley
Ford Professor of Engineering at MIT
Co-chair of NASA Exploration Technology Development Program Review Committee
1. The document provides an overview of celestial objects that can be seen in the night sky including the Sun, Moon, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, asteroids, and comets.
2. It then focuses on the planets in our solar system, providing details about their physical characteristics and notable moons or satellites.
3. The document discusses historical models of the universe including the geocentric Ptolemaic model and heliocentric models proposed by Aristarchus and Copernicus. It describes Galileo's astronomical discoveries using a telescope that supported the Copernican model.
Dwarf planets are celestial bodies that orbit the sun, have sufficient mass to assume a spherical shape, have not cleared their orbit of other objects, and are not satellites. Examples of dwarf planets include Pluto and Ceres. While Pluto was previously considered a planet, in 2006 it was reclassified as a dwarf planet due to its small size and eccentric orbit beyond Neptune's orbit at over 17 million km2. Dwarf planets fall between minor bodies like asteroids and major planets like those in our solar system.
This document reports the detection of five planets orbiting the star Kepler-62, including two super-Earth-size planets (Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f) in the habitable zone of the star. Kepler-62e receives 1.2 times the solar flux at Earth's orbit, while Kepler-62f receives 0.41 times the solar flux. Theoretical models suggest that both planets could be solid, with either a rocky composition or composed mostly of solid water.
The Peregrine Falcon is a medium-sized raptor with blue-gray wings, brown backs, and buff undersides with brown spots. They have a hooked beak and strong talons to catch prey such as songbirds, ducks, and bats in mid-air. Peregrine falcons mate for life and nest on cliff ledges or man-made structures, where the female lays 3-4 eggs which both parents incubate for around a month.
The document discusses the universe and the solar system. It covers early models of the universe, contributions from Canada to space exploration, astronomical phenomena like auroras and eclipses, the creation of the universe and galaxies, reasons for studying space like navigation and agriculture, models of celestial motion like the geocentric and heliocentric models, the names and order of planets in the solar system, characteristics of inner and outer planets, asteroid belts, Pluto being classified as a dwarf planet instead of a true planet, and other dwarf planets in the solar system.
1) The document provides a history of astronomy from ancient Babylonians to modern times, outlining major discoveries and theories.
2) Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton, who developed increasingly accurate models of the solar system and universe.
3) Milestones include Copernicus' heliocentric theory, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's astronomical observations with telescopes, and Einstein's theories of relativity.
Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences, with early civilizations like those in ancient China and at Stonehenge making careful records of astronomical phenomena. The field advanced significantly with Greek philosophers and scientists developing early mathematical models. Claudius Ptolemy created an influential geocentric model of the Solar System in his work The Almagest. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus developed the first heliocentric model placing the Sun at the center. Johannes Kepler then established his three laws of planetary motion, and Isaac Newton later formulated his law of universal gravitation and invented calculus, greatly advancing our understanding of astronomy.
1) Astrology claims personality and life are determined by star and planet positions at birth, but lacks scientific evidence.
2) Ancient Greeks first tried explaining natural events without gods. Ptolemy reasoned Earth was the center of the universe, an idea accepted for 1500 years due to visual appearance.
3) Copernicus found evidence for a sun-centered solar system, upsetting many. Kepler used Tycho Brahe's data to discover elliptical orbits and laws of planetary motion.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek ideas of a geocentric universe to Copernicus' heliocentric model.
2. Key figures discussed include Ptolemy, who developed the geocentric model that dominated for over 1000 years, and Copernicus, who proposed placing the Sun at the center.
3. Kepler later determined that planets orbit in ellipses rather than circles, establishing his three laws of planetary motion.
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a model of the solar system with the Sun at the center, replacing the Earth-centered model. Johannes Kepler discovered that planets orbit the Sun in ellipses rather than perfect circles, with the Sun located at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo Galilei made important astronomical observations using his telescope that supported Copernicus' sun-centered model of the universe and showed that planets were not points of light but had surfaces like the Moon. Sir Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation, explaining that gravity causes planets to follow elliptical orbits around the Sun.
1) Early civilizations made observations of celestial objects to predict seasons and aid in navigation. The geocentric model proposed by Aristotle placed Earth at the center of the universe.
2) Planets were observed to move irregularly compared to other celestial bodies. Ptolemy proposed epicycles to explain retrograde motion within his geocentric model.
3) Copernicus suggested a heliocentric model where Earth and planets orbit the sun. Galileo's observations with a telescope supported this model.
4) Kepler developed his laws of planetary motion describing elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus. Newton later described universal gravitation explaining the forces at work.
Three super-Earth planets and one outer giant planet have been discovered in a planetary system called HD219134 located just 21 light years from Earth. The system contains three inner super-Earth planets, the closest of which transits in front of its star, and one outer giant planet. Observations from the HARPS-N spectrograph and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope revealed the innermost planet, HD219134b, has a density similar to Earth, suggesting a rocky composition. At only 21 light years away, this newly discovered planetary system presents an exciting opportunity for future observation and study of exoplanets closest to our own solar system.
Different models of the Solar System and how beliefs influenced them, How evidence from observations helps improve models, How scientists get evidence about the Universe now
The document defines the universe as the totality of existence including planets, stars, and galaxies. It then provides information about the solar system, including details about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, asteroids, and all the major planets ending with Pluto. It notes there are over 300 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy and 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. The document also briefly discusses scientific observations of the universe, the Big Bang theory, and notes some interesting facts like the number of grains of sand on Earth's beaches is approximately equal to the total number of stars in the universe.
1) The document discusses the origin of the universe according to the Big Bang theory. It describes how the universe began as a very small, dense point and has been expanding ever since.
2) The Big Bang theory gained support in 1964 with the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson. This provided evidence that the universe had a hot, dense beginning.
3) The theory proposes that nearly 14 billion years ago, the entire visible universe was condensed into a very high density and high temperature condition, and then began rapidly expanding.
The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient Greek astronomers to Isaac Newton. It describes how Ptolemy first proposed that Earth was the center of the universe (geocentric model), which was believed for over 1500 years. Copernicus later proposed that the sun, not Earth, was the center (heliocentric model). Kepler took Tycho Brahe's data and developed his laws of planetary motion, showing their orbits were elliptical. Galileo made key astronomical observations with an improved telescope that supported Copernicus and helped overturn Ptolemy's geocentric model. Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his law of universal gravitation.
- Cosmology is the study of the origin, structure, and future of the universe. The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began in an extremely hot and dense state and has been expanding ever since.
- There are three main types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Spiral galaxies have a disc shape with densely packed stars surrounding a central bulge, while elliptical galaxies have all stars formed at once in an elliptical shape. Irregular galaxies lack a defined shape and have new stars continuously forming from gas and dust.
- Key figures in the development of astronomy include Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system; Galileo, who made early telescopic observations; Kepler
1) Kepler's laws describe planetary orbits as ellipses with the Sun at one focus, with planets sweeping out equal areas in equal time intervals, and having orbital periods related to semimajor axes.
2) Newton's laws of motion and universal law of gravitation established that gravity keeps planets in orbit, with gravitational force proportional to product of masses and inverse to square of distance between objects.
3) Orbits in the solar system include planets following nearly circular orbits around the Sun, asteroids in the belt between Mars and Jupiter, and comets following highly eccentric orbits.
This document discusses theories of extraterrestrial life over history and current scientific research on the topic. It describes how Greek philosophers first proposed the possibility of life on other planets. NASA researchers claim to have found evidence of ancient life in a meteorite from Mars. Scientists also believe Europa and planets discovered by the Kepler satellite could support life as they seem to meet the basic prerequisites of liquid water and sources of energy. While no conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found, ongoing studies have made the possibility more plausible.
A New Exploration Strategy
Dr. Edward F. Crawley
Ford Professor of Engineering at MIT
Co-chair of NASA Exploration Technology Development Program Review Committee
1. The document provides an overview of celestial objects that can be seen in the night sky including the Sun, Moon, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, asteroids, and comets.
2. It then focuses on the planets in our solar system, providing details about their physical characteristics and notable moons or satellites.
3. The document discusses historical models of the universe including the geocentric Ptolemaic model and heliocentric models proposed by Aristarchus and Copernicus. It describes Galileo's astronomical discoveries using a telescope that supported the Copernican model.
Dwarf planets are celestial bodies that orbit the sun, have sufficient mass to assume a spherical shape, have not cleared their orbit of other objects, and are not satellites. Examples of dwarf planets include Pluto and Ceres. While Pluto was previously considered a planet, in 2006 it was reclassified as a dwarf planet due to its small size and eccentric orbit beyond Neptune's orbit at over 17 million km2. Dwarf planets fall between minor bodies like asteroids and major planets like those in our solar system.
This document reports the detection of five planets orbiting the star Kepler-62, including two super-Earth-size planets (Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f) in the habitable zone of the star. Kepler-62e receives 1.2 times the solar flux at Earth's orbit, while Kepler-62f receives 0.41 times the solar flux. Theoretical models suggest that both planets could be solid, with either a rocky composition or composed mostly of solid water.
The Peregrine Falcon is a medium-sized raptor with blue-gray wings, brown backs, and buff undersides with brown spots. They have a hooked beak and strong talons to catch prey such as songbirds, ducks, and bats in mid-air. Peregrine falcons mate for life and nest on cliff ledges or man-made structures, where the female lays 3-4 eggs which both parents incubate for around a month.
Kepler-62 is a star with five planets detected via the Kepler spacecraft, including two super-Earth planets in the star's habitable zone (HZ). The outermost planets, Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f, are 1.61 and 1.41 Earth radii respectively and receive fluxes of 1.2 and 0.41 times that of Earth. Theoretical models suggest these planets could be solid, with rocky or water compositions. Kepler-62e and Kepler-62f are the smallest planets detected by Kepler to orbit in another star's HZ.
Scorpions are arachnids that can live up to 15 years and are found on every continent except Antarctica. They have an exoskeleton body divided into sections and use their pincers and venomous tail to kill prey like insects and other scorpions. About 25 of the over 1,500 known species can kill humans with their venom, but scientists also study scorpion venom to develop medications that may help treat diseases like cancer. Scorpions have inhabited the Earth for over 400 million years and there are likely many more undiscovered species.
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who discovered the three laws of planetary motion. The first law states that planets orbit the sun in ellipses, with the sun located at one focus. The second law describes how a line connecting a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Kepler's third law relates the orbital period of a planet to its average distance from the sun. These laws helped usher in the modern era of astronomy and supported the Copernican model of a sun-centered solar system.
Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is a popular video game series known for open world gameplay set in fictional cities. The first GTA game was released in 1997 and the series has grown tremendously in popularity over time, becoming one of the best selling game franchises of all time. This document provides an agenda to discuss what GTA is, the history of the series, and take any questions.
Mars has two moons named Phobos and Deimos. It earned the nickname "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance that early Italians thought resembled blood, leading them to name it after the Roman god of war, Mars. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun, has a rotation period of 25.5 hours, and is located between Earth and Jupiter. While rovers and probes have explored Mars, no humans have visited due to lack of oxygen and livable conditions.
Minecraft allows players to build structures, craft items, and explore both above and below ground. It can be played strategically, avoiding monsters while building shelter and finding food. Alternatively, the creative and peaceful modes allow unlimited building and turn off monsters, providing less stressful gameplay. Minecraft worlds are virtually endless and can be explored with friends in the multiplayer version.
The Earth is divided into three main layers - the crust, mantle, and core - based on their composition.
The crust is the outermost layer and exists as either oceanic or continental crust. Below the crust lies the mantle, which is thick and composed of heavier minerals. The core is at the center and consists of a solid inner core surrounded by a liquid outer core.
The document summarizes key information about the sun. It begins by stating that the sun is an average sized star, located at the center of the solar system, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. It then describes the various layers of the sun, including the core, radiation layer, convection layer, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. It explains that nuclear fusion in the core converts hydrogen into helium, releasing energy in the process. This energy eventually makes its way to the surface of the sun and radiates out into space.
1) The document reports the discovery of two new circumbinary planets, Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b, orbiting binary star systems.
2) Kepler-34b orbits two sun-like stars every 289 days, while Kepler-35b orbits a pair of smaller stars every 131 days.
3) Analysis of photometric and spectroscopic data confirms the planetary nature of the transiting bodies and determines system parameters like the planets' masses and radii.
This document provides an introduction to satellite communication. It defines what a satellite is, noting that the first Indian communication satellite was Aryabhatta, launched in 1975. Satellites are classified as either active or passive. Active satellites contain transponders that amplify and translate signals to avoid interference. Passive satellites can be natural, like the Moon, or artificial. The document also summarizes Kepler's laws of planetary motion, including his first law that planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus, his second law about equal areas being swept in equal times, and his third law relating orbital periods to semi-major axes.
This document summarizes the discovery of two new circumbinary planets, Kepler-34b and Kepler-35b, found using data from the Kepler spacecraft. Kepler-34b orbits two sun-like stars every 289 days, while Kepler-35b orbits a pair of smaller stars every 131 days. Both planets are gas giants that experience large variations in stellar radiation from the orbital motion of their parent stars. Analysis of Kepler photometry and spectroscopic data determined the orbital and physical parameters of the planets and their host star systems. The discovery of these planets implies that over 1% of close binary star systems have giant planets in aligned orbits, representing millions of planets in the Milky Way galaxy.
1. Scientists have discovered Kepler-452b, an exoplanet nearly identical to Earth in size and orbit. It orbits a star similar to our Sun and is located 1400 light years away.
2. This discovery suggests that life could exist on other planets and reinforces the probability of finding Earth-like planets in the Milky Way galaxy.
3. Kepler-186f, an Earth-sized exoplanet discovered in the habitable zone of its star, is particularly notable as it is the smallest exoplanet found so far to orbit in the habitable zone where liquid water could exist.
Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and natural philosopher born in 1571 who made several important contributions to astronomy and the scientific revolution. He discovered the laws of planetary motion, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, that a line joining a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and that the square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the average distance from the sun. Kepler also invented eyeglasses and log books, and was a key figure of the 17th century scientific revolution, though he faced difficulties due to his beliefs.
Uma equipe formada por astrônomos de Israel, da Europa, da Coreia e dos EUA, anunciou a descoberta de um exoplaneta gigante gasoso circumbinário, na zona habitável de seu par de estrelas, uma ocorrência surpreendentemente comum para os exoplanetas circumbinários descobertos pela missão Kepler/K2 da NASA.
Lembrando o planeta da ficção, Tatooine, exoplanetas circumbinários orbitam duas estrelas e assim têm dois sóis em seu céu.
O exoplaneta circumbinário, recém-descoberto, denominado de Kepler-453b, leva 240.5 dias para orbitar suas estrelas, enquanto as estrelas orbitam uma com relação a outra a cada 27.3 dias.
A estrela maior, a Kepler-453A, é similar ao nosso Sol, contendo 94% da massa do Sol, enquanto que a estrela menor, a Kepler-453B, tem cerca de 20% da massa e é mais fria e mais apagada.
O sistema binário, localiza-se na constelação de Lyra, e está a aproximadamente 1400 anos-luz de distância da Terra. Estima-se que esse sistema tenha entre 1 e 2 bilhões de anos de vida, sendo bem mais novo que o nosso Sistema Solar.
Também conhecido como KIC 9632895b, o Kepler-453b tem um raio 6.2 vezes maior que o da Terra. Sua massa não foi medida nos dados atuais, mas provavelmente ele deve ter cerca de 16 vezes a massa da Terra.
De acordo com os astrônomos, o Kepler-453b, é o terceiro planeta circumbinário da missão Kepler, descoberto na zona habitável de um par de estrelas.
Devido ao seu tamanho, e a sua natureza gasosa, o planeta pouco provavelmente deve abrigar a vida como nós a conhecemos. Contudo, ele pode, como os gigantes gasosos do Sistema Solar, ter grandes luas, e essas luas poderiam ser habitáveis. Sua órbita se manterá estável por 10 milhões de anos, aumentando a possibilidade da vida se formar nas suas luas.
Com o número de exoplanetas circumbinários conhecidos agora em dez, os cientistas podem começar a comparar diferentes sistemas e procurar uma tendência. Os sistemas tendem a ser bem compactos e podem aparecer num grande número de configurações.
Uma vez pensados como sendo raros e até mesmo impossíveis de existir, essa e outras descobertas do Kepler, confirmam que esses planetas são comuns na nossa Via Láctea.
“A diversidade e complexidade desses sistemas circumbinários é algo maravilhoso. Cada novo planeta circumbinário, é uma joia, revelando algo inesperado e desafiador”, disse o Prof. William Welsh da Universidade Estadual de San Diego, e o primeiro autor do artigo que descreve a descoberta, publicado no Astrophysical Journal.
Fonte:
http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/science-kepler453b-circumbinary-exoplanet-03117.html
Three new circumbinary planets have been discovered orbiting binary star systems, rather than single stars. This establishes a new class of planets and shows that circumbinary planets are not rare, with an estimated frequency of at least 1% for short-period binary systems, implying millions exist in the Milky Way. While the three discovered planets are too hot or cold to support life, circumbinary planets could potentially be habitable.
We are in the middle of one of the most exciting moments in history of Astronomy and maybe of mankind. Any minute we will discover our next home. Learn more about the Exoplanet Revolution in this presentation that includes spectacular pictures.
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An overview of the Kepler mission, it's exciting new discoveries and the ever-growing variety of strange and wonderful worlds that populate our galaxy.
This document provides an overview of astronomy and the scientific method. It discusses:
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Astronomy - State of the Art - ExoplanetsChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the dramatic discoveries of exoplanets or extra-solar planets are discussed.
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2) Key figures discussed include Tycho Brahe, whose precise observations aided Kepler, and Kepler, who developed his three laws of planetary motion based on Brahe's data. Kepler's laws described elliptic orbits and the relationship between orbital periods and distances from the sun.
3) Newton later explained planetary motion as resulting from the combined effects of inertia and gravity, cementing the understanding that gravity causes planets to follow elliptical paths around the
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Galileo Galilei's observations of Venus, Jupiter, and the Moon provided strong evidence supporting Copernicus' heliocentric model of the solar system. Galileo observed phases of Venus similar to Earth's Moon, proving that Venus orbits the Sun. He also discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter, showing that other celestial bodies can orbit something other than Earth.
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Kepler's 3 Laws of Planetary Motion describe the motion of planets around the Sun. Kepler's First Law states that planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus. Kepler's Second Law says that a line connecting a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. Kepler's Third Law establishes a relationship between the orbital period and semi-major axis of a planet's orbit, such that the square of the period is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis. Kepler used precise astronomical observations by Brahe to derive these empirical laws, which Newton later used to formulate his law of universal gravitation.
Similaire à Alan Gould - ISE Webinar: NASA Kepler Mission (20)
During this webinar Dr Rosa Doran will start with a brief presentation about the growing problem of light pollution and its consequences to so many different aspects of our lives. Following this discussion an ISE scenario about light pollution will be presented. The scenario aims to help students explore different solutions to illuminate the streets without causing waste of energy and preserving the night sky.
Find out more: http://www.inspiringscience.eu/event/ise-webinar-light-pollution-scenario
Dr Petros Lameras of the Serious Games Institute (SGI) at Coventry University (UK) was keynote speaker at the recent eMadrid network summit in Spain, on 20 May. With a presentation entitled "Stipulating innovation in stem learning and teaching with the use of serious games", he presented ISE and and tested SimAULA with some students and teachers that had a go and play with it.
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Find out more about this and the ISE project: http://www.inspiringscience.eu/news/stipulating-innovation-stem-learning-and-teaching-use-serious-games
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Inspirational science teachers are at the heart of successful science teaching – ask any scientific Nobel prize-winner who had the greatest influence on their decision to become a scientist and invariably the answer will be – my Science Teacher! So what is it that makes a science teacher truly inspirational? That’s one of the conundrums we aim to unravel in the Inspiring Science Education project. That’s why we will be setting up workshops and exchanges, communities of practice and learning opportunities for science teachers and teacher trainers aimed at helping them find ways to make their teaching of science more inspirational.
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Read more: http://www.inspiringscience.eu/
Our mission in the Inspiring Science Education team is to provide digital resources and opportunities for teachers to help them make science education more attractive and relevant to students’ lives. Through the Inspiring Science Education website and the activities organised by the partners, teachers can help students make their own scientific discoveries, witness and understand natural and scientific phenomena and access the latest, interactive tools and digital resources from within their classrooms.
Read more: http://www.inspiringscience.eu/
The Inspiring Science Education project aims to improve science education in schools across Europe by providing digital resources and tools to teachers and students. It has 30 partners across 15 countries. The project will help teachers make science more engaging by giving students access to interactive online content. It will also connect teachers and students in a community to collaborate on scientific activities across Europe. The document advertises opportunities for teachers to participate in competitions, workshops and summer schools through the Inspiring Science Education project.
The Inspiring Science website is hosting a competition that participants can enter by emailing competition@inspiringscience.eu. The competition appears to focus on inspiring science but no further details about the competition are provided in the short document.
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BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Alan Gould - ISE Webinar: NASA Kepler Mission
1. A Search for Habitable Planets
ISE Webinar:
NASA Kepler Mission
Alan Gould
agould@berkeley.edu
Kepler Mission Co-Investigator
Lawrence Hall of Science
University of California Berkeley
2. A Search for Habitable PlanetsKepler Mission Goal
Kepler seeks evidence of Earth-size planets
in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars.
3. A Search for Habitable Planets
What is Earth-size & Sun-size?
4. A Search for Habitable Planets
What is the habitable zone?
6. A Search for Habitable Planets
ISE Webinar:
NASA Kepler Mission (part B)
Alan Gould
agould@berkeley.edu
Kepler Mission Co-Investigator
Lawrence Hall of Science
University of California Berkeley
7. A Search for Habitable Planets
Kepler’s Third Law
If R = average distance of a planet from the Sun (in AU)
and T = it’s period (in Earth years)
then
R3
= T2
For a star of mass Ms (solar masses)
R3
= MsT2
8. A Search for Habitable Planets
Linear Plot: Kepler’s 3rd
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9. A Search for Habitable Planets
TransitTracksp.13
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Keplers’s 3rd Law G raph of Whole Solar System with Logarithmic Scales
R = Orbital Radius (AU) [Semi-major axis]
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Kepler’s 3rd Law
R3
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R, in Years
T, in Astronomical Units, AU
Note: All objects -- planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets -- all obey Kepler’s 3rd Law.
10. A Search for Habitable Planets
TransitTracksp.13
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Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Keplers’s 3rd Law G raph of Whole Solar System with Logarithmic Scales
R = Orbital Radius (AU) [Semi-major axis]
T=OrbitalPeriod(years)
100
Kepler’s 3rd Law
R3
= T2
R, in Years
T, in Astronomical Units, AU
Note: All objects -- planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets -- all obey Kepler’s 3rd Law.
11. A Search for Habitable Planets
TransitTracksp.13
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Venus
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Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Keplers’s 3rd Law G raph of Whole Solar System with Logarithmic Scales
R = Orbital Radius (AU) [Semi-major axis]
T=OrbitalPeriod(years)
100
Kepler’s 3rd Law
R3
= T2
R, in Years
T, in Astronomical Units, AU
Note: All objects -- planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets -- all obey Kepler’s 3rd Law.
1.88 years
12. A Search for Habitable Planets
TransitTracksp.13
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Venus
Earth
Mars
Asteroid Belt
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Keplers’s 3rd Law G raph of Whole Solar System with Logarithmic Scales
R = Orbital Radius (AU) [Semi-major axis]
T=OrbitalPeriod(years)
100
Kepler’s 3rd Law
R3
= T2
R, in Years
T, in Astronomical Units, AU
Note: All objects -- planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets -- all obey Kepler’s 3rd Law.
1.88 years
13. A Search for Habitable Planets
TransitTracksp.13
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Venus
Earth
Mars
Asteroid Belt
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Keplers’s 3rd Law G raph of Whole Solar System with Logarithmic Scales
R = Orbital Radius (AU) [Semi-major axis]
T=OrbitalPeriod(years)
100
Kepler’s 3rd Law
R3
= T2
R, in Years
T, in Astronomical Units, AU
Note: All objects -- planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets -- all obey Kepler’s 3rd Law.
1.88 years
1.52 AU
27. A Search for Habitable Planets
ISE Webinar:
NASA Kepler Mission (part C)
Alan Gould
agould@berkeley.edu
Kepler Mission Co-Investigator
Lawrence Hall of Science
University of California Berkeley
28. A Search for Habitable Planets
Kepler Website:
kepler.nasa.gov
29. A Search for Habitable Planets
Uncle Al's Starwheels
Northern Hemisphere:
•English
•Higher latitude (60°+)
•Kepler
•Japanese
•Icelandic
•Blank starwheel
(no lines or labels)
Southern Hemisphere
•English
•Español
•Português
•Pulsar
(Parks Radio Telescope)
http://store.lawrencehallofscience.org/Item/sky-challenger
30. A Search for Habitable Planets
Reminder
Paste Kepler Resources URLs
into Chat
31. A Search for Habitable Planets
Which of these is the smallest planet?
45. A Search for Habitable Planets
A guy who’s thought a lot about planets
More information: kepler.nasa.gov
( By permission Sternwarte Kremsmünster)
Notes de l'éditeur
Title slide
Statement of the Kepler Mission Goal.
Kepler seeks evidence of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars.
The Sun (in ultraviolet light) and Earth to actual size scale. (Obviously, the distance between them is wrong.) The Earth is the tiny dot below the word Earth. The solar image was taken by the SOHO spacecraft, and the “Earth” was added to the photograph.
For comparison, it would take 109 of the “earth-dots” to make a single line across the diameter of the disk of the Sun.
The Sun is a star: self luminous. The Earth is a planet, and does not make its own light. If you combined all of the planets, moons, comets, asteroids, meteorids, and Kuiper belt objects in the solar system, they would equal less than 1% the mass of the Sun. Stars are big; planets are debris…..and so they are hard to find.
The habitable zone of stars depends upon the temperature of the star. The hotter the star, the farther out the habitable zone is from the star. In this graphic, the habitable zone is green. The red area is “too hot” and the blue area is “too cold” for liquid water on the surface of the planet, which is the definition of habitable that the Kepler Mission uses.
An animation of this images can be downloaded at: http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/animations/
A transit is seen when planet is seen to cross in front of a star. This requires that the observer (on Earth in this case), the planet (Venus or Mercury), and the Sun all line up. The Sun’s apparent size is ½ degree, and so this is a rare event. The orbits of the Earth, Venus, and Mercury are all tilted with respect to each other. With respect to Earth’s orbit (aka, the ecliptic), Venus’ orbit is tilted by 3.4 degrees and Mercury’s is tilted 7 degrees. As a consequence, the Venus and Mercury do not often transit the Sun as see from Earth. Transits across the face of the Sun can only occur when the planet is crossing the plane of the ecliptic at same the time it lies between the Earth and the Sun. Mercury’s orbit is complex, and the transits occur every few years. For Venus, transits come in pairs, about 8 years apart, and then more than a century goes by before the next pair. The next transit of Mercury is on May 9, 2016 , and the last transit of Venus was June 5/6, 2012 and the next is December 1011, 2117.
For further information on transits, go to: http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/venus0412.html
Or see:
“Transit of Mercury”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury
“Transit of Venus”: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit_of_Venus
Title slide
This is a plot of the planet’s semi-major axis (roughly, the average distance) in astronomical units (1 AU = the “average” distance of the Earth from the Sun) vs orbital length (planetary year). Note that all of the inner terrestrial planets are jammed together. Next chart is a log-log plot of the same information. In Kepler’s time, the geometry of the solar system was understood, but the absolute size (aka, distances in miles/kilometers) was not. He could draw up the orbits of the planets in a diagram, but did not know the actual scale. Hence, all distances were measured relative the Earth’s orbit, with a semi-major axis equaling the “Astronomical Unit.”
Determining the value of the AU began with observing the transits of Venus and Mercury without definitive results. Other methods were developed, each with problems. Finally, in the 1960s a radar beam was bounced off of Venus using the Arecibo telescope to measure the Earth-Venus distance accurately. From that measurement, the AU was accurately determined. Subsequently, an absolute length has been defined, and it is about the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun. A well-written history of the determination of the AU is published on Wikipedia at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit
About Kepler’s 3rd Law: All objects in orbit about a central gravitational mass (aka the Sun, for the Solar System, or a planet for moons) obey Kepler’s 3rd Law of Planetary Motion: the 8 planets, the moons orbiting them, the asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and the dwarf planets like Pluto, They all belong on the graph.
The log-log plot of Kepler’s 3rd Law. Note, the inner planets, asteroids and Pluto are all included—they obey Kepler’s 3rd Law too.
How to use this graph: The Orbital Period (in years) = T. From this, and distance can be obtained. The orbital period for Mars 1.88 years
How to use this graph: The Orbital Period (in years) = T. From this, and distance can be obtained. The orbital period for Mars 1.88 years
The distance to Mars, in astronomical units (AU), is just over 1.5 AU. It’s 1.5 time farther from the Sun than Earth. Students can use this graph to interpret the Kepler Mission light curves (page 13 of the PDF file, “Transit Tracks,”) but may find it challenging to interpolate on a log-log scale. A series of linear plots for distances out to Mars are provided as they are easier for students to use.
The distance to Mars, in astronomical units (AU), is just over 1.5 AU. It’s 1.5 time farther from the Sun than Earth. Students can use this graph to interpret the Kepler Mission light curves (page 13 of the PDF file, “Transit Tracks,”) but may find it challenging to interpolate on a log-log scale. A series of linear plots for distances out to Mars are provided as they are easier for students to use.
Discuss these linear plots of Kepler’s 3rd Law with your students before launching the activity. Note that the two upper graphs show orbits in “DAYS” rather than “YEARS” because most of the light curves the students will interpret show very short period orbits.
Use Kepler 4-b as an example. The period is 3.2 days. Suggest that students count up several intervals and take an average by dividing days elapsed by the number of orbits.
This is the actual light curves for Kepler 4b. The upper light curve shows the “dips” on a period of 3.2135 days. The lower chart shows the transit in detail. Kepler 4b transits it star in about 5 hours, from beginning to end of the transit.
Note that the upper curve is scaled against “DAYS” (HJD = Heliocentric Julian Days, a precise way in which astronomers measure time, counting days), hence the transits are sharp, pointed dips because they last less than one day. The lower curve is “stretched out” into “HOURS” so that the shape of the transit looks different. The sloping sides show that the light diminishes slowly as the planet begins to block some of the star’s light. It’s flat on the bottom when the planet is entirely in front of the disk of the star, and then sloped again when the transit ends as the planet is exiting from in front of the star.
For each Kepler system, these plots are available in the scientific literature. They are also posted on the Kepler website via the “Discoveries” table. Go to: http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/ Click on the individual planet name (e.g., Kepler-4b) to go to a page with an animation of the system (based on real data), and excerpts from the scientific publication like the plots on this slide.
The period of Kepler-4b is 3.2 days. Select the graph that shows 10 days or less.
Find 3.2 days on the vertical axis—the observed period—and draw a line to the graph which shows Kepler’s 3rd Law plotted. Then draw a line down (perpendicular) to the horizontal axis (distance in millions of km), and find the semi-major axis of the orbit—the average distance of the planet. To find the result in AU, divide by 150,000,000 km/AU.
Planets on these very close in orbits are almost entirely on circular orbits. So the semi-major axis is equivalent to the radius of the orbit.
The three linear graphs of Kepler’s 3rd Law for orbital periods of less than 100 days.
Display of Kepler-1b to Kepler-4b.
Note on nomenclature: each star observed by Kepler receives a numeric designation. For stars that have confirmed planets, they are then named in the published catalog: Kepler-1, Kepler-2 etc. The star in each case is Kepler-1a, Kepler-2a, etc. The “a” is not shown. Then the first planet discovered and confirmed is Kepler-1b, Kepler-2b, etc. For systems with multiple planets, the planets are named in the order discovered, not necessarily in the order according to distance (although this does also happen).
Kepler-1b: this transiting planet was knows from ground-based discoveries prior to launch. TrES is the Transiting Exoplanet Search project.
Kepler-2b and Kepler-3b: Like Kepler 1-b, these were known from ground-based discoveries prior to launch. HAT-P is the Hungarian Transiting Planet project.
Kepler observed these three known planets to prove that the Kepler spacecraft technology was functioning correctly. The space-based observations were much more precise than the ground-based observations, and they appear as the first three discoveries, with appropriate credit, in the Kepler catalog.
Kepler-5 to Kepler-8, original discoveries, announced January 2010.
Kepler 9: original discovery, announced in August, 2010.
Kepler 10: original discovery announced in January 2010: first rocky, Earth-size planet. Not a good place to live—very close to it’s star, and very hot.
Mystery Planet: there are two planets in this system, one shows the signature of a Earth-size planet on a one-year orbit—a habitable place to live. So far, Kepler has not observed just such a planet, although it has identified about 50 planet candidates (to be confirmed) in the habitable zone of their stars. (As of April, 2011).
Kepler-11 system has 6 known planets (February 2011). All transit, and all are closer to their star than the planet Mercury is to the Sun. Thus, they have very short-period orbits. The transit light curves are divided into two sets to make is simpler to analyze. The next slide (#33) shows the light curves, color coded, for all six planets together.
Kepler 11: original discovery of a system with 6 planets, Announced February 2011.
Provided to allow teachers to discuss the work students need to do. Use page 9 for classes that will interpolate distances from periods using the plots of Kepler’s 3rd Law.
Note: All light curves are adapted from genuine Kepler data EXCEPT the Mystery planets which are “simulated” data so that there is an Earth-size planet in the set. As Kepler publishes discoveries on planets that are farther from their stars, this lesson will be altered to include planets with longer orbital periods.
Provided to allow teachers to discuss the work students need to do. Use page 10 for students that will calculate the planetary distances and sizes using mathematics. Calculators recommended.
Note: All light curves are adapted from genuine Kepler data EXCEPT the Mystery planets which are “simulated” data so that there is an Earth-size planet in the set. As Kepler publishes discoveries on planets that are farther from their stars, this lesson will be altered to include planets with longer orbital periods.
Title slide
Note: The radius may be different than those that your students derive from the data in the exercise which was simplified for classroom use. This shows the actual light curves, orbital periods, and size of the first 5 planets discovered by Kepler Mission, announced January 2010. The size is expressed in terms of “Earth radii.” Kepler 4b is 4.31 time the radius of Earth, and is the smallest planet of this group. For comparison, Jupiter is more than 11 times the radius of Earth. Thus, all the other planets shown are larger than Jupiter.
Note: The radius may be different than those that your students derive from the data in the exercise which was simplified for classroom use. This shows the actual light curves, orbital periods, and size of the first 5 planets discovered by Kepler Mission, announced January 2010. The size is expressed in terms of “Earth radii.” Kepler 4b is 4.31 time the radius of Earth, and is the smallest planet of this group. For comparison, Jupiter is more than 11 times the radius of Earth. Thus, all the other planets shown are larger than Jupiter.
Note the majority are large-Jupiters. These were discovered by the European space observatory, COROT, and ground-based observatories.
Look at trend with Kepler discoveries—toward smaller planets. From the first 4 months of Kepler data, announced in June 2010.
January, 2013: small planet candidates dominate the new discoveries
Kepler scientists are seeking small planets in the lower right-hand corner of the graph: Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars.
Summary of planet sizes as of February 2012. These are confirmed planets, and their sizes are determined from the depth of the transit (% of light blocked) and the size of the star, which is determined from Earth-based observations or from Kepler data about the star. See slide 61 for derivation.
These are the planet candidates sorted by sizes into a histogram. Of these, about 50 are thought to be in the habitable zone of their stars.
The axis now changes to size vs. equilibrium temperature in Kelvin. The green band indicates the “habitable zone.” For the Kepler Mission, the habitable zone is defined as the temperature that would allow liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet (or moon orbiting a large planet like Jupiter). The question of habitability is broadly discussed in the scientific community, including discussions of habitable regions beneath the surfaces of planets and moons. But, for the Kepler mission, the simpler definition of water on the surface of the object is used.
The planetary equilibrium temperature is a theoretical temperature that the planet would be at when considered simply as if it were an object (black body) being heated only by its parent star. In this model, the presence or absence of an atmosphere is not factored in.
April 2013: The diagram compares the planets of the inner solar system to Kepler-62, a five-planet system about 1,200 light-years from Earth in the constellation Lyra. The five planets of Kepler-62 orbit a star classified as a K2 dwarf, measuring just two thirds the size of the sun and only one fifth as bright. At seven billion years old, the star is somewhat older than the sun. Much like our solar system, Kepler-62 is home to two habitable zone worlds, Kepler-62f and Kepler-62e. Kepler-62f orbits every 267 days and is only 40 percent larger than Earth, making it the smallest exoplanet known in the habitable zone of another star. The other habitable zone planet, Kepler-62e, orbits every 122 days and is roughly 60 percent larger than Earth. More information at: http://kepler.nasa.gov/multimedia/artwork/diagrams/?ImageID=258
The diagram compares the planets of the inner solar system to Kepler-69, a two-planet system about 2,700 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. The two planets of Kepler-69 orbit a star that belongs to the same class as our sun, called G-type. Kepler-69c, is 70 percent larger than the size of Earth, and is the smallest yet found to orbit in the habitable zone of a sun-like star. Astronomers are uncertain about the composition of Kepler-69c, but its orbit of 242 days around a sun-like star resembles that of our neighboring planet Venus. The companion planet, Kepler-69b, is just over twice the size of Earth and whizzes around its star once every 13 days. The artistic concepts of the Kepler-69 planets are the result of scientists and artists collaborating to help imagine the appearance of these distant worlds.
April 2013: Relative sizes of Kepler habitable zone planets discovered.
Left to right: Kepler-22b, Kepler-69c, Kepler-62e, Kepler-62f, and Earth (except for Earth, these are artists' renditions).
Enlarged section with the habitable zone between about 185 K and 310 K. (-83 C to ~37 C). This is an “expanded” habitable zone to account for the impact of an atmosphere on a planet. An atmosphere can warm a planet through the greenhouse effect, and so the cold range of the habitable zone is extended. In the case of the Earth, the warming impact of our atmosphere is about 33 C (59°F); without an atmosphere, the surface of the Earth would be below the freezing point of water. The freezing point of water is- 32°F, 0 C, and 273.15 K. and the boiling point is 212°F, 100 C and 374.15 K.
Note: there are several planets just a bit larger than the Earth in the Habitable Zone.
Transit Tracks powerpoint slides prepared by Edna DeVore, adapted from a presentation originally prepared by Alan Gould. DeVore and Gould co-lead the education and outreach program for NASA’s Kepler Mission. Contact: Edna DeVore: edevore@seti.org Alan Gould: agould@berkeley.edu