The early history of Al-Andalus
By the 8th century, Muslims had expanded beyond Arabia and controlled North Africa. In 711, they crossed into the Iberian Peninsula, defeating the Visigoth King Roderic. They occupied most of the peninsula but not the mountainous regions. The Muslims called their new territory Al-Andalus, with its capital at Córdoba, dependent on the Umayyad caliphate. Over time Al-Andalus fragmented into taifa states and the Christian kingdoms grew in strength, gradually reconquering Muslim lands.
Here are 3 activities related to the document:
1. Name 3 Christian kingdoms that participated in the Reconquest.
2. Which kingdom conquered territories in Portugal and Andalusia?
3. What were some privileges offered to attract settlers to newly conquered lands?
The early history of Al-Andalus saw the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and the establishment of an independent Emirate of Córdoba by Abd al-Rahman I in 756. Over the following centuries, the Caliphate of Córdoba rose to prominence as a center of culture and learning before declining and fracturing into taifa kingdoms in the 11th century. As the taifas fought each other, Christian kingdoms took the opportunity to advance southward in the Reconquista.
Al-Andalus & The Christian Kingdoms. 2 º ESO Best CompilationGeotrueba
The document summarizes the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century and the establishment of Al-Andalus. It then discusses the subsequent fragmentation of Al-Andalus into smaller Muslim states called taifas in the 11th century, and how this allowed Christian kingdoms in the north to expand. The document also outlines how the Almoravids and Almohads twice came from North Africa to assist Al-Andalus militarily against the Christians.
The early history of Al-Andalus involved the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. By 711, Muslims had expanded across North Africa and the Mediterranean region. They crossed into the Iberian Peninsula aided by a civil war among Visigoth factions. The Muslims defeated the Visigoth king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Within a few years, they occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus with its capital at Córdoba. The emirate was initially dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus but became independent under Abd al-Rahman I, who founded
The document provides an overview of Islam and its expansion into al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia). It discusses the origins and spread of Islam from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century. It then focuses on the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and the establishment of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, which later became the independent Caliphate of Cordoba - a golden age of prosperity. This caliphate eventually broke into rival taifa kingdoms, with the Taifa of Granada surviving until 1492. The economy was based on trade and highly developed agriculture, and society was multi-cultural with Muslim and non-Muslim populations. Islamic culture flour
The document discusses several aspects of medieval European society from the 8th to 13th centuries. It describes the political fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire, with kings having limited power over their territories. It then outlines the systems of feudalism and manorialism that developed, with kings granting lands to lords in exchange for military service. In turn, lords granted plots of lands to peasants, establishing social hierarchies and obligations. The church also wielded significant influence during this period, in political, economic, and cultural matters.
This document discusses the history of Islam and its arrival in the Iberian Peninsula, known as Al-Andalus. It began with the Umayyad conquest in 711 AD and the creation of an Islamic state. Muslims ruled Al-Andalus until 1492, leaving influences on Spanish culture, art, customs and language. The golden age was the Caliphate of Cordoba in the 10th century, though Al-Andalus eventually fractured and was reduced to the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the 13th century before the final Islamic rule ended in 1492.
Al-Andalus referred to the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule between 711-1492 CE. Following the Umayyad conquest in 711 CE, the region was governed as an emirate and later caliphate based in Córdoba, reaching its cultural and economic height during this period. As the caliphate declined in the 11th century, Al-Andalus fragmented into competing taifa kingdoms, before being reunited by the Almoravids and later Almohads. The Christian Reconquista gradually reconquered the peninsula, leaving the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada as the final Muslim state until its fall in 1492 CE.
Here are 3 activities related to the document:
1. Name 3 Christian kingdoms that participated in the Reconquest.
2. Which kingdom conquered territories in Portugal and Andalusia?
3. What were some privileges offered to attract settlers to newly conquered lands?
The early history of Al-Andalus saw the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and the establishment of an independent Emirate of Córdoba by Abd al-Rahman I in 756. Over the following centuries, the Caliphate of Córdoba rose to prominence as a center of culture and learning before declining and fracturing into taifa kingdoms in the 11th century. As the taifas fought each other, Christian kingdoms took the opportunity to advance southward in the Reconquista.
Al-Andalus & The Christian Kingdoms. 2 º ESO Best CompilationGeotrueba
The document summarizes the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century and the establishment of Al-Andalus. It then discusses the subsequent fragmentation of Al-Andalus into smaller Muslim states called taifas in the 11th century, and how this allowed Christian kingdoms in the north to expand. The document also outlines how the Almoravids and Almohads twice came from North Africa to assist Al-Andalus militarily against the Christians.
The early history of Al-Andalus involved the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. By 711, Muslims had expanded across North Africa and the Mediterranean region. They crossed into the Iberian Peninsula aided by a civil war among Visigoth factions. The Muslims defeated the Visigoth king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete. Within a few years, they occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus with its capital at Córdoba. The emirate was initially dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus but became independent under Abd al-Rahman I, who founded
The document provides an overview of Islam and its expansion into al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia). It discusses the origins and spread of Islam from the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century. It then focuses on the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and the establishment of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, which later became the independent Caliphate of Cordoba - a golden age of prosperity. This caliphate eventually broke into rival taifa kingdoms, with the Taifa of Granada surviving until 1492. The economy was based on trade and highly developed agriculture, and society was multi-cultural with Muslim and non-Muslim populations. Islamic culture flour
The document discusses several aspects of medieval European society from the 8th to 13th centuries. It describes the political fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire, with kings having limited power over their territories. It then outlines the systems of feudalism and manorialism that developed, with kings granting lands to lords in exchange for military service. In turn, lords granted plots of lands to peasants, establishing social hierarchies and obligations. The church also wielded significant influence during this period, in political, economic, and cultural matters.
This document discusses the history of Islam and its arrival in the Iberian Peninsula, known as Al-Andalus. It began with the Umayyad conquest in 711 AD and the creation of an Islamic state. Muslims ruled Al-Andalus until 1492, leaving influences on Spanish culture, art, customs and language. The golden age was the Caliphate of Cordoba in the 10th century, though Al-Andalus eventually fractured and was reduced to the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada by the 13th century before the final Islamic rule ended in 1492.
Al-Andalus referred to the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule between 711-1492 CE. Following the Umayyad conquest in 711 CE, the region was governed as an emirate and later caliphate based in Córdoba, reaching its cultural and economic height during this period. As the caliphate declined in the 11th century, Al-Andalus fragmented into competing taifa kingdoms, before being reunited by the Almoravids and later Almohads. The Christian Reconquista gradually reconquered the peninsula, leaving the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada as the final Muslim state until its fall in 1492 CE.
The political situation in the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century was unstable, with a civil war occurring between King Rodrigo and the family of the previous king, Witiza. When the Witiza family hired Muslim mercenaries from North Africa to fight for them, the Muslim army led by Musa and Tariq defeated Rodrigo's forces and went on to conquer most of the peninsula over the next few years due to the weakness of the Visigothic nobles. Al-Andalus began as an emirate dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, but it became independent under Emir Abd al-Rahman in 756 and later a caliphate under
Al Andalus refers to the Muslim-ruled areas of the Iberian Peninsula between 711-1492 CE. It began with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 CE and lasted until the fall of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 CE. During this period, the region was ruled as an emirate, caliphate, and independent taifa kingdoms before becoming the Nasrid Kingdom. The Caliphate of Cordoba in the 10th century represented the political and cultural height of Al-Andalus.
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of Iberia between 711-1492 CE. After the Umayyad caliphate launched an invasion of Iberia in 711 CE, they rapidly conquered most of the peninsula and established Al-Andalus as an emirate dependent on Damascus, then Baghdad. The emirate grew into the independent Caliphate of Córdoba in the 10th century, but later fractured into competing taifa kingdoms before North African dynasties like the Almoravids and Almohads rose to prominence, eventually leaving the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada as the last remnant of Al-Andalus
The document summarizes the history of Spain from the arrival of Germanic tribes in the 5th century AD to the Christian kingdoms that emerged after the Moorish conquest in the 8th century. It discusses the establishment of the Visigoth Kingdom in Toledo and its later conquest by Umayyad Moors from Africa in 711 AD. The Moors established control over the Iberian Peninsula and called the territory Al-Andalus, with its capital in Córdoba. As Al-Andalus flourished, the Christian kingdoms in the north resisted and eventually reestablished control over the rest of the Iberian Peninsula through the Reconquista over eight centuries.
Unit 6 - The Christian kingdoms - 2º eso bilRocío G.
The Christian kingdoms began forming in the 8th-9th centuries as the Visigoths established rule in northern Iberia after the Muslim conquest. The first were the Kingdom of Asturias and León in Cantabria and the Kingdom of Navarre and counties of Aragon and Catalonia in the Pyrenees. Over eight centuries, Christians and Muslims coexisted on the peninsula. The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon later evolved and expanded through the Reconquest, with Castile becoming the most powerful under the Crown of Castile and Aragon gaining territory along the Mediterranean coast.
1. Muslims ruled Spain for about eight centuries beginning in 714 AD, converting it into the most civilized and charming land in the world.
2. The long Muslim rule can be divided into three phases - a first phase of confusion, a golden era of power and progress from 756-1036 AD, and a final phase of anarchy and annihilation as petty states emerged and clashed.
3. In 1086 AD, Yusuf ibn Tashfin of Morocco invaded Spain and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Zallaqa, restoring Muslim power temporarily before infighting resumed after his death.
The document summarizes the history of Al-Andalus (711-1492) in Iberia after the Muslim conquest. It describes how Muslim armies invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711 CE after the Visigoth kingdom fell into crisis. They quickly conquered most of the peninsula, establishing an emirate. The emirate grew into an independent Islamic state and later a caliphate centered in Córdoba, which became one of the most advanced cities in Europe. Internal conflicts in the 11th century caused the caliphate to break into smaller kingdoms (taifas) that were eventually conquered by North African dynasties like the Almoravids and Almohads
This document provides an overview of Spanish history from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in the late 15th century through the early 18th century. It discusses how the Catholic Monarchs unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquest. It then outlines the reigns of Charles I, Philip II, and several kings of the House of Habsburg in the 16th-17th centuries during which Spain built a vast global empire but also faced conflicts and economic troubles. The document notes the cultural golden age in Spain during this period before discussing the War of Spanish Succession and the establishment of the House of Bourbon in the early 18th century. Reforms were introduced under the new Bourbon kings aimed at improving the economy and culture.
Historia mediaval de España, en inglés, para alumnos de 5º de Educación Primaria. Colegio Sagrados Corazones (Santo Domingo de la Calzada). Realizado por el profesor Marcos Bustillo Ramírez.
The Arabs on the Iberian Peninsula from 711-1492 CE saw:
1. The initial conquest by Muslim armies which established independent emirates and caliphates that flourished for several centuries, reaching a golden age under the Caliphate of Córdoba.
2. The fragmentation of al-Andalus into competing Taifa kingdoms from the 11th-13th centuries as Christian kingdoms advanced, until temporary political unifications by the Almoravids and Almohads.
3. The eventual fall of Muslim rule to the Catholic Monarchs with the conquest of Granada in 1492, ending over 700 years of Arab presence on the Iberian Peninsula
The Christian kingdoms and the "Reconquest"papefons Fons
The document summarizes the emergence and expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim conquest. New Christian states formed in the mountainous northern regions not controlled by Muslims. The Kingdom of Asturias was founded after Pelagius defeated Muslims at Covadonga in 722. Over subsequent centuries, the Kingdom of Asturias gradually extended its control south and west, changing its name to the Kingdom of Leon. Meanwhile, Christian states also formed in the Pyrenees region, including the Kingdom of Pamplona. By the 11th century, the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal had taken shape and began pushing further south against Muslim rule in al-Andalus, taking
Al Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of Iberia from 711-1492 CE. It started as a dependent emirate before becoming an independent emirate and later a caliphate based in Cordoba. The caliphate disintegrated into rival taifa kingdoms in the 11th century before the Almoravids and later Almohads unified the region again. Eventually the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was established, lasting until 1492 when it fell to the Catholic Monarchs and became part of Christian Spain.
The document summarizes the history of the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) from 714-1492 AD. It describes three main periods: 1) The period of confusion from 714-756 AD after the initial conquest; 2) The golden era from 756-1036 AD under rulers like Abd al-Rahman I who established control and made Cordoba a center of arts and learning; 3) The period of collapse from 1036-1492 AD as Muslim states fragmented and fell to the reconquering Christian kingdoms of Iberia.
Unit 2 discusses Islam and its origins in Arabia. Before Islam, Arabia was divided into tribes with different religions and no political unity. Muhammad received revelations from Gabriel in 610 CE and began preaching Islam. The five pillars of Islam are the shahadah, salah, zakat, sawm, and hajj. The Hegira in 622 CE marked the beginning of the Muslim calendar and occurred when Muhammad fled Mecca for Medina to escape persecution. The four main periods of Islamic history are the Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, and the decline of the caliphates.
After the Umayyad caliphate fell in Damascus, the last surviving member fled to Iberia and established himself as the Emir of Cordoba in 756. He made Cordoba the capital and established the Umayyad emirate. For over two centuries, Córdoba flourished under the emirs and caliphs, becoming one of the most advanced cities in Europe with vast libraries, philosophical and scientific achievements, and a prosperous economy. However, internal struggles after the caliphate's collapse in 1031 led to the fragmentation of Al-Andalus into competing taifa kingdoms, weakening Muslim rule and allowing the Christian reconquista to gain ground.
This document provides a summary of 781 years of Muslim history in Al-Andalus (711-1492 AD) including: the opening of Iberia by Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711 AD; the expansion of Muslim rule over Iberia after defeating King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete; periods of decline and rule by petty kingdoms (taifas); the establishment of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba by Abd ar-Rahman I which brought stability; the golden age under Caliphs Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Hakam II when Córdoba rivaled Baghdad as the largest, most advanced city
The document summarizes the history of Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia) from the 8th century to the late 15th century. It was divided into several periods: the Dependent Emirate (711-8th century), Independent Emirate (8th century), Caliphate of Cordoba (10th century), Taifas kingdoms (11th century), rule by the Almoravids and Almohads (11th-12th centuries), and finally the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1212-1492) until its conquest by Castile. Key events included the initial Muslim conquest in 711, the establishment of the Caliphate of Cordoba as the zen
The Visigoths invaded and settled in Hispania in the 5th century, establishing a kingdom with its capital in Toledo. The Visigothic Kingdom lasted until 711 AD when the Muslims invaded and conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus. Al-Andalus became an independent province ruled from Cordoba and brought Islamic culture and rule to Iberia for over 800 years. Meanwhile, the Christian kingdoms expanded northward until they began the Reconquista in the 11th century, eventually conquering the last Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492.
Romanesque art was characterized by solid, compact architecture with little natural light, meant for personal connection with God. Key architectural elements included barrel/groin vaults, thick walls, round arches, and buttresses. Gothic art began in France in the 12th century and spread widely. Gothic architecture had an urban character as cities expanded. Cathedrals, city halls, and markets exhibited a city's prestige and wealth. Gothic architecture featured natural light, greater height and width, more decoration, and was meant to impress believers by representing heaven. Key elements included ribbed vaults, stained windows and rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses.
The High Middle Ages refers to the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe. During this time:
1. Agricultural innovations like the heavy plow, crop rotation, irrigation, and watermills/windmills increased food production and reduced famines. This led to population growth and an economic boom.
2. New cities grew along trade routes, as peasants fled serfdom and merchants sought protection. The largest cities had over 50,000 inhabitants. Urban societies developed social hierarchies and ethnic neighborhoods like Jewish quarters.
3. International trade expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and increased the growth of banking practices such as bills of exchange, credit, and trade fairs. This economic growth supported the rising middle class
The political situation in the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century was unstable, with a civil war occurring between King Rodrigo and the family of the previous king, Witiza. When the Witiza family hired Muslim mercenaries from North Africa to fight for them, the Muslim army led by Musa and Tariq defeated Rodrigo's forces and went on to conquer most of the peninsula over the next few years due to the weakness of the Visigothic nobles. Al-Andalus began as an emirate dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, but it became independent under Emir Abd al-Rahman in 756 and later a caliphate under
Al Andalus refers to the Muslim-ruled areas of the Iberian Peninsula between 711-1492 CE. It began with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 CE and lasted until the fall of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492 CE. During this period, the region was ruled as an emirate, caliphate, and independent taifa kingdoms before becoming the Nasrid Kingdom. The Caliphate of Cordoba in the 10th century represented the political and cultural height of Al-Andalus.
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of Iberia between 711-1492 CE. After the Umayyad caliphate launched an invasion of Iberia in 711 CE, they rapidly conquered most of the peninsula and established Al-Andalus as an emirate dependent on Damascus, then Baghdad. The emirate grew into the independent Caliphate of Córdoba in the 10th century, but later fractured into competing taifa kingdoms before North African dynasties like the Almoravids and Almohads rose to prominence, eventually leaving the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada as the last remnant of Al-Andalus
The document summarizes the history of Spain from the arrival of Germanic tribes in the 5th century AD to the Christian kingdoms that emerged after the Moorish conquest in the 8th century. It discusses the establishment of the Visigoth Kingdom in Toledo and its later conquest by Umayyad Moors from Africa in 711 AD. The Moors established control over the Iberian Peninsula and called the territory Al-Andalus, with its capital in Córdoba. As Al-Andalus flourished, the Christian kingdoms in the north resisted and eventually reestablished control over the rest of the Iberian Peninsula through the Reconquista over eight centuries.
Unit 6 - The Christian kingdoms - 2º eso bilRocío G.
The Christian kingdoms began forming in the 8th-9th centuries as the Visigoths established rule in northern Iberia after the Muslim conquest. The first were the Kingdom of Asturias and León in Cantabria and the Kingdom of Navarre and counties of Aragon and Catalonia in the Pyrenees. Over eight centuries, Christians and Muslims coexisted on the peninsula. The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon later evolved and expanded through the Reconquest, with Castile becoming the most powerful under the Crown of Castile and Aragon gaining territory along the Mediterranean coast.
1. Muslims ruled Spain for about eight centuries beginning in 714 AD, converting it into the most civilized and charming land in the world.
2. The long Muslim rule can be divided into three phases - a first phase of confusion, a golden era of power and progress from 756-1036 AD, and a final phase of anarchy and annihilation as petty states emerged and clashed.
3. In 1086 AD, Yusuf ibn Tashfin of Morocco invaded Spain and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Zallaqa, restoring Muslim power temporarily before infighting resumed after his death.
The document summarizes the history of Al-Andalus (711-1492) in Iberia after the Muslim conquest. It describes how Muslim armies invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711 CE after the Visigoth kingdom fell into crisis. They quickly conquered most of the peninsula, establishing an emirate. The emirate grew into an independent Islamic state and later a caliphate centered in Córdoba, which became one of the most advanced cities in Europe. Internal conflicts in the 11th century caused the caliphate to break into smaller kingdoms (taifas) that were eventually conquered by North African dynasties like the Almoravids and Almohads
This document provides an overview of Spanish history from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in the late 15th century through the early 18th century. It discusses how the Catholic Monarchs unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquest. It then outlines the reigns of Charles I, Philip II, and several kings of the House of Habsburg in the 16th-17th centuries during which Spain built a vast global empire but also faced conflicts and economic troubles. The document notes the cultural golden age in Spain during this period before discussing the War of Spanish Succession and the establishment of the House of Bourbon in the early 18th century. Reforms were introduced under the new Bourbon kings aimed at improving the economy and culture.
Historia mediaval de España, en inglés, para alumnos de 5º de Educación Primaria. Colegio Sagrados Corazones (Santo Domingo de la Calzada). Realizado por el profesor Marcos Bustillo Ramírez.
The Arabs on the Iberian Peninsula from 711-1492 CE saw:
1. The initial conquest by Muslim armies which established independent emirates and caliphates that flourished for several centuries, reaching a golden age under the Caliphate of Córdoba.
2. The fragmentation of al-Andalus into competing Taifa kingdoms from the 11th-13th centuries as Christian kingdoms advanced, until temporary political unifications by the Almoravids and Almohads.
3. The eventual fall of Muslim rule to the Catholic Monarchs with the conquest of Granada in 1492, ending over 700 years of Arab presence on the Iberian Peninsula
The Christian kingdoms and the "Reconquest"papefons Fons
The document summarizes the emergence and expansion of Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim conquest. New Christian states formed in the mountainous northern regions not controlled by Muslims. The Kingdom of Asturias was founded after Pelagius defeated Muslims at Covadonga in 722. Over subsequent centuries, the Kingdom of Asturias gradually extended its control south and west, changing its name to the Kingdom of Leon. Meanwhile, Christian states also formed in the Pyrenees region, including the Kingdom of Pamplona. By the 11th century, the Christian kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal had taken shape and began pushing further south against Muslim rule in al-Andalus, taking
Al Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of Iberia from 711-1492 CE. It started as a dependent emirate before becoming an independent emirate and later a caliphate based in Cordoba. The caliphate disintegrated into rival taifa kingdoms in the 11th century before the Almoravids and later Almohads unified the region again. Eventually the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was established, lasting until 1492 when it fell to the Catholic Monarchs and became part of Christian Spain.
The document summarizes the history of the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) from 714-1492 AD. It describes three main periods: 1) The period of confusion from 714-756 AD after the initial conquest; 2) The golden era from 756-1036 AD under rulers like Abd al-Rahman I who established control and made Cordoba a center of arts and learning; 3) The period of collapse from 1036-1492 AD as Muslim states fragmented and fell to the reconquering Christian kingdoms of Iberia.
Unit 2 discusses Islam and its origins in Arabia. Before Islam, Arabia was divided into tribes with different religions and no political unity. Muhammad received revelations from Gabriel in 610 CE and began preaching Islam. The five pillars of Islam are the shahadah, salah, zakat, sawm, and hajj. The Hegira in 622 CE marked the beginning of the Muslim calendar and occurred when Muhammad fled Mecca for Medina to escape persecution. The four main periods of Islamic history are the Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate, and the decline of the caliphates.
After the Umayyad caliphate fell in Damascus, the last surviving member fled to Iberia and established himself as the Emir of Cordoba in 756. He made Cordoba the capital and established the Umayyad emirate. For over two centuries, Córdoba flourished under the emirs and caliphs, becoming one of the most advanced cities in Europe with vast libraries, philosophical and scientific achievements, and a prosperous economy. However, internal struggles after the caliphate's collapse in 1031 led to the fragmentation of Al-Andalus into competing taifa kingdoms, weakening Muslim rule and allowing the Christian reconquista to gain ground.
This document provides a summary of 781 years of Muslim history in Al-Andalus (711-1492 AD) including: the opening of Iberia by Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711 AD; the expansion of Muslim rule over Iberia after defeating King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete; periods of decline and rule by petty kingdoms (taifas); the establishment of the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba by Abd ar-Rahman I which brought stability; the golden age under Caliphs Abd al-Rahman III and Al-Hakam II when Córdoba rivaled Baghdad as the largest, most advanced city
The document summarizes the history of Al-Andalus (Muslim Iberia) from the 8th century to the late 15th century. It was divided into several periods: the Dependent Emirate (711-8th century), Independent Emirate (8th century), Caliphate of Cordoba (10th century), Taifas kingdoms (11th century), rule by the Almoravids and Almohads (11th-12th centuries), and finally the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (1212-1492) until its conquest by Castile. Key events included the initial Muslim conquest in 711, the establishment of the Caliphate of Cordoba as the zen
The Visigoths invaded and settled in Hispania in the 5th century, establishing a kingdom with its capital in Toledo. The Visigothic Kingdom lasted until 711 AD when the Muslims invaded and conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula, establishing the emirate of Al-Andalus. Al-Andalus became an independent province ruled from Cordoba and brought Islamic culture and rule to Iberia for over 800 years. Meanwhile, the Christian kingdoms expanded northward until they began the Reconquista in the 11th century, eventually conquering the last Muslim kingdom of Granada in 1492.
Romanesque art was characterized by solid, compact architecture with little natural light, meant for personal connection with God. Key architectural elements included barrel/groin vaults, thick walls, round arches, and buttresses. Gothic art began in France in the 12th century and spread widely. Gothic architecture had an urban character as cities expanded. Cathedrals, city halls, and markets exhibited a city's prestige and wealth. Gothic architecture featured natural light, greater height and width, more decoration, and was meant to impress believers by representing heaven. Key elements included ribbed vaults, stained windows and rose windows, pointed arches, and flying buttresses.
The High Middle Ages refers to the 12th and 13th centuries in Europe. During this time:
1. Agricultural innovations like the heavy plow, crop rotation, irrigation, and watermills/windmills increased food production and reduced famines. This led to population growth and an economic boom.
2. New cities grew along trade routes, as peasants fled serfdom and merchants sought protection. The largest cities had over 50,000 inhabitants. Urban societies developed social hierarchies and ethnic neighborhoods like Jewish quarters.
3. International trade expanded through routes like the Mediterranean and increased the growth of banking practices such as bills of exchange, credit, and trade fairs. This economic growth supported the rising middle class
The document discusses the evolution of Rome from its origins as a small city-state to a vast empire, covering topics like the expansion of Rome through military conquests across Europe and the Mediterranean. It also examines Roman religion and how the rise of Christianity eventually replaced traditional Roman beliefs.
Plants can be categorized as those without flowers, such as bracken moss, or those with flowers, which are divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are types of plants that have flowers.
Spain has been home to many different peoples and civilizations over hundreds of thousands of years. The earliest human remains in Spain date back 800,000 years ago. Romans conquered the Iberian Peninsula between 218-19 BC and spread their culture and social structures. Muslims ruled Spain for over 700 years beginning in 711 AD, bringing economic and cultural development. In the 15th century, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united Spain and expelled the Muslims, establishing the Spanish Empire under the Hapsburg dynasty.
Al-Andalus se estableció en la Península Ibérica en el 711 como consecuencia de la expansión del Islam. Se formó inicialmente como un emirato dependiente del Califato de Damasco, para luego convertirse en un emirato independiente de Bagdad y finalmente en el Califato de Córdoba entre 929 y 1031, periodo de máximo esplendor. Tras la caída del Califato surgieron los reinos de Taifas, entre los que destacó el Reino Nazarí de Granada que sobrevivió hasta su conquista en 1492.
The document provides a historical overview of Spain from prehistoric times to the present. It discusses the various groups that inhabited the Iberian peninsula over time, including Celts, Iberians, Basques, Romans, Visigoths, Muslims, and Christians. Key periods of Spanish history highlighted include the Roman era, Islamic rule under the Umayyad and Almohad Caliphates, the Reconquista under Christian kingdoms, the Spanish Golden Age, and the 20th century dictatorship of Francisco Franco. The document also features many images illustrating important architectural and artistic works from different periods of Spanish civilization.
La historia de Al-Andalus comenzó en el 711 d.C. cuando los musulmanes conquistaron la península ibérica, estableciendo primero un emirato dependiente de Damasco y luego uno independiente en Córdoba. En el siglo X, Córdoba se convirtió en califato bajo Abd al-Rahman III. Tras la muerte de Almanzor en 1002, Al-Andalus se dividió en reinos taifas independientes que fueron conquistados posteriormente por los almorávides y almohades. El
El documento describe la historia de Al-Ándalus, la España musulmana, desde su conquista en el 711 d.C. hasta su caída en 1492. Inicialmente fue un emirato dependiente de Damasco, luego independiente bajo Abd al-Rahman I en el 756. Más tarde se convirtió en el califato de Córdoba bajo Abd al-Rahman III en el 929. El califato entró en decadencia y se fragmentó en reinos de taifas en el siglo XI. Estos fueron conquistados por los almoráv
1) Los musulmanes invadieron la Península Ibérica en el siglo VII, conquistando rápidamente la mayor parte del territorio. 2) Se establecieron diferentes emiratos y califatos musulmanes hasta que entraron en crisis en el siglo X, fragmentándose en pequeños reinos taifas. 3) Mientras tanto, en el norte cristiano se formaron reinos como el de Asturias que iniciaron la Reconquista, recuperando territorios.
The document provides an overview of the history and culture of Al-Andalus. It summarizes that:
The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began in 711 CE and within a few years they had occupied nearly the entire region, establishing the independent Emirate of Cordoba by 756 CE. This evolved into the powerful Caliphate of Cordoba from 929-1031 CE, which saw a golden age of culture and learning. However, internal conflicts later caused the fragmentation of Al-Andalus into competing taifa states by 1031 CE, weakening the region as Christian kingdoms grew in strength. The last remnants of Muslim rule in Iberia ended with the fall of Granada
This document provides an overview of the Christian kingdoms that emerged in the Iberian Peninsula following the Muslim invasion in 711 AD. It discusses the formation of several kingdoms like Asturias, León, Castile, Navarre, Aragon and Portugal in the north. It also describes the expansion of these kingdoms southward as the Caliphate of Córdoba declined, culminating in the decisive Christian victory over the Almohads at the Battle of Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Additionally, it covers the economy, society and three-culture coexistence in the important city of Toledo during this period.
The document summarizes the Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian kingdoms from the 8th to 15th centuries. It describes how Muslim forces invaded Iberia in the 8th century and established al-Andalus, while Christian refugees founded kingdoms like Asturias-Leon. Over subsequent centuries, the Christian kingdoms expanded southward through battles and taking advantage of conflicts between Muslim taifas. Major developments included reaching the Duero river by the 10th century, the Tajo river by the 12th century, and the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. The Reconquest was completed in 1492 when the Catholic Monarchs conquered the last Muslim kingdom of Granada
Al Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of Iberia from 711-1492 CE. It started as a dependent emirate before becoming an independent emirate and later a caliphate based in Cordoba. The caliphate disintegrated into rival taifa kingdoms in the 11th century before the Almoravids and later Almohads assumed control. The last remnant was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, which fell to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492, ending Muslim rule in Iberia.
U4&6. middle ages in the iberian peninsulaRocío Bautista
711: The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began under Tarik ibn Ziyad, establishing Al-Andalus.
Between 711-1492, parts of the Iberian Peninsula were ruled by Muslim states in the south (Al-Andalus) while Christian kingdoms occupied the north, with the border fluctuating as the Reconquista progressed. By 1492, the Catholic Monarchs had completed the Reconquista with the fall of Granada, the last Muslim state.
1) The Visigoths ruled the Iberian Peninsula until the Muslim invasion led by Tariq ibn Ziyad in 711 AD. They established control over most of the region, which they called Al-Andalus.
2) Al-Andalus progressed from a dependent emirate under Umayyad rule to an independent emirate and later a caliphate based in Córdoba, which became one of the largest cities in the world.
3) After a period of fragmentation, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was the last Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula before its fall to the Reconquista in 1492. The document outlines the
The document summarizes life in the Christian kingdoms in Spain at the end of the Middle Ages. It describes the consolidation of the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal through conquest and marriage alliances. It then details the last Moorish kingdom of Granada being conquered by the Catholic Monarchs in 1492. Society was divided between privileged nobles and clergy, and non-privileged peasants, craftsmen and merchants. Cities grew in importance with fortified walls, guilds, and some founding universities. Art progressed from the thick-walled Romanesque to the tall Gothic cathedrals with pointed arches and stained glass windows.
The document summarizes life in the Christian kingdoms in Spain at the end of the Middle Ages. It describes how the caliphate broke into small kingdoms and the Christian kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre and Portugal conquered more territory from the Moors. The kingdoms of Aragon and Castile united through marriage of their monarchs in 1479. Only the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada remained under Moorish rule until the Catholic Monarchs conquered it in 1492, completing the Reconquista. Society was divided between the privileged classes of nobles and clergy who didn't pay taxes, and non-privileged peasants, craftsmen and merchants. Cities grew in importance with fortifications, guild
The document provides information about Spain during the Middle Ages. It discusses the various groups that inhabited the Iberian Peninsula during this time period, including the Visigoths, Muslims, and Christians. The Visigoths established a kingdom in Toledo after conquering Roman Hispania in the 5th century AD. In 711 AD, Muslim forces conquered the Visigothic Kingdom and established al-Andalus, a Muslim state covering much of modern-day Spain and Portugal. For several centuries, Christian kingdoms in the north fought to regain territory from al-Andalus in a process known as the Reconquista, which ended in 1492 with the fall of Granada.
The document discusses the history of Al-Andalus from the Umayyad conquest in the 8th century through the fall of Granada in 1492. It covers the establishment and organization of the Islamic caliphates that ruled Al-Andalus, the rise and fall of Islamic dynasties like the Umayyads and Nasrids, and the Golden Age of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the 10th century. Key aspects of society, culture, architecture, and the economy during the Islamic period in Al-Andalus are also described.
Unit 5 - The Iberian peninsula between the 13th and 15th centuriesRocío G.
The document summarizes the evolution of the Iberian Peninsula between the 13th-15th centuries, focusing on the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. It describes how Castile expanded southward and became the most powerful Christian kingdom through conquests under kings like Alfonso VI and Fernando III. It established the Crown of Castile and continued the Reconquista. Meanwhile, Aragon grew through dynastic unions and conquests under kings like Jaime I, gaining territory in the Mediterranean. In 1479, the Catholic Monarchs Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragon married, uniting the kingdoms and completing the Reconquista by 1492.
The document summarizes the Reconquista in Spain over four stages from the 8th to 15th centuries. In the first stage, King Pelayo of Asturias defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Covadonga in 722, beginning the Reconquista. In the second stage, King Alfonso VI defeated the Muslims in Toledo in 1085. The third stage saw continued victories as the Christian kingdoms united. Finally, the Catholic Monarchs Isabel and Fernando defeated the last Muslim kingdom in Granada in 1492, completing the Reconquista.
1) The Umayyad Caliphate conquered the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century, establishing the state of Al-Andalus.
2) Al-Andalus flourished under the Caliphate of Córdoba in the 10th century but later fractured into multiple taifa kingdoms in the 11th century.
3) The Almoravids and Almohads temporarily unified the taifa kingdoms in the 11th-12th centuries before the last Muslim kingdom, Granada, fell to the Catholic Monarchs in 1492.
Spanish History and Culture up to 14th CenturySwagata Basu
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This document provides an overview of the history and architecture of Granada, Spain. It discusses:
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The document summarizes the history of the Christian kingdoms in Iberia between the 8th-14th centuries. It describes the expansion and consolidation of the kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal at the expense of the declining Muslim rule. A key turning point was the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, which marked the beginning of Christian supremacy. This led to the conquest of most of the Guadalquivir and Guadiana river valleys by Castile and Aragon. By the late 13th century, only the Kingdom of Granada remained Muslim. The new territories were divided between nobility in Castile and remained under Muslim rule as Mudejars
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Al-Andalus & Christian Kingdoms 2ºA
1. The early history
of Al-Andalus
By the early 8 century, the Muslims had expanded far beyond their original
territory the Arabian Peninsula, and controlled most of North Africa. In
711 they crossed over to the Iberian Peninsula.
Was also made possible by a civil war between rival groups of the
nobility.
Muslims defeated the Visigoths King Roderic in the Battle of
Guadalete. However Tariq did not hand power over to their Visigoth allies
they occupird mearly all of the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslims never fully
conquered the mountainous regions.
The Muslims called their new territory Al- Andalus. Córdoba its capital
the emirate was dependent on the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.
2. II were sleeping when they killed all my family.
It was the next day when I noticed these.
Because of that, I scaped to the Iberian
Peninsula.
This travel was very difficult because I can not
told that I were the prince to anyone. When I
arrive,I stay in a small city because I wanted
that the time pass. After a few years, I founded
the independant Empire of Cordoba.
Abd al-Rahman
6. The caliphate of Córdoba was a period of
excepcional achievement in Al-Andalus
followed the fundation of the caliphate of
Córdoba in 929. Created by Abd al Rahman
III who became it´s caliph- the supreme
political and rerligious authority.
7. Abd al Rahman II ruled through a chief
minister (hajib), ministers (vizers) and
provinicial governors (walis).
The caliphate of Córdoba was one of the
worlds great states in the 10th century:
• Abd al-Rahman III strengthened his
authority by repressing internal revolts
and resisting the Cristian Kingdoms.
•The city of Córdoba was one of the most
populous in the world.
•Was a great cultural centre.
CHARACTER
8. QUESTIONS PAGE
81. EXERCISES 6, 7
AND 8.
ANSWERS:
6. The room that was depicted was the
principal one.
7. Yes but womens weren´t really present.
8. was a Lorraine born monk, diplomat
administrator, and monastic reformer, at the
caliph´s court too.
9. The fragmentation of Al- Andalus
INDEX:
•The Taifa States
•The Almoravids and The Almohads
•Almoravids
•Almohads
•The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
10. The taifa states
• The taifas states where political and ethnic
divisions that separated Al-Andalus into pieces.
This happened because of the collapse of the
Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031.
• There were many conflicts between the taifas.
The larger taifas, as Seville and Toledo fought
with each other, and also for the control of
smaller taifas.
Christians took advantage of the disassembly
of Al-andalus and they attacked them and
forced the rulers to pay parias (tributes).
• As the Christians were advancing very fast
Muslims asked for help to the Almoravids
• Activity 5
page 83
• Activity 5
page 88
11. The almoravids and the almohads
• In the 11th Century Al-Andalus was continually under attack as a result of the fragmentation of the
Muslim states. Rulers of the taifas asked for help to the Berbers in north Africa.
Muslim rulers first asked for help to the Almoravids in 1086.Even they stopped a little the advance
of the Christians, it was not enough. In 1140 there was another fragmentation in many small taifas.
• The almohads were the successors of the Almoravids in north Africa.
Al-Andalus requested their help over 1147. They could resist Christian attacks but again
unsuccessfully. They continued to expand in 12th and 13th centuries.
• In 13th century , the Christians created a large army between many kingdoms and they achieved a
glorious victory over Almohads in the battle of Navas de Tolosa. As the Almohad authority
collapsed, the Christian armies conquered all Spain except Granada
•Activity 6 page 83
12. The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
The Nasrid Kingdom of Granada was the last Muslim territory on the Iberian Peninsula.
The Kingdom was not militarily strong but it was very prosperous thanks to trade and
agriculture. Christians allowed them to survive because it payed them large amounts of
tributes, and military assistance.
The Nasrid rulers created Alhambra which was built during 14th and 15th centuries.
The Kingdom was weakened by internal conflicts.
It was finally conquered by the Catholic Kings in 1492.
•Activity 7 page 83
15. Life in Al-andalus
Conquerors: The conquerosrs and their descendants became the
most powerful groups in theirv society.
Arabs: Were the land owning of aristrocazi, who also held political
power.
Berbers: From the North Africa, helped to conquer the Iberian
Peninsula.
As Muslims conquered they let jews and christians
practice their religion, but only if they paid taxes:
Mozarabs: Cristians who did not convert into Islams.
Jews: Were merchants artisans and schelars.
16. Evolution of andalusi
architecture
Andalusi architecture had different stages:
Caliphate architecture: The most exceptional building was
the Great Mosque of Cordoba. And also the palace at
Medina Azahara, near Cordoba.
Taidfa architecture: The ryulers of the taifa states built
fortresses, like the castler in Málaga. They also built
palaces such us the Aljaefería palace in Zaragoza.
Almohad palace: Buildings were fairly plain in the Northc
African style. They had decorative patterns. The Giralda
and the tower of Gold were god examples.
Nasrid architecture: Abundant decoration was shown,
walls were covered in plasterwork and ceramics. The
alhambra and the Generalife in Granada are exceptional
examples.
17. Activities
What is the most important
building in Spain
14 abril 1126 10 diciembre 1198
The most important buildings on
the evolution of the Andalusi
architecture
Explain the following terms:
Arabs:
Berbers:
Mozarabs:
Jews:
When did Averroes bron and
died?
La Giralda
18. Averroes
•Averroës (14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198) I was born in Córdoba in Andalusia. I
was a Muslim polymath from Andalusia. I was a scholar of Greek and Islamic
philosophy. I also studied Islamic theology, law, politics, classical music, and the
sciences of medicine, psychology, physics, astronomy, geography and mathematics.
• I was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle. My philosophy was often criticised by
fellow Muslims. I´m most famous for my commentaries of Aristotle's works.
•I began studying medicine in Seville, then I began my career with the help of Ibn
Tufail, later I was granted many honors and became a Qadi in Seville in 1169, and two
years later I became the Qadi of Córdoba. In 1195, I wrote a paper about how I
thought philosophy was less than useful for the discovery of religious truth. The Caliph
imprisoned me and exiled me from the country and I died in 1198.
19. Christian survival in the north:
The Muslims conquered most of the Iberian
Peninsula. In the 8th and 9th centuries, a group of
small Christian states were precursors of the later
Hispanic kingdoms:
-Cantabrian, the Kingdom of Asturias was created.
-The Pyrenees, the Kingdom of Navarre was
estabished, while the Aragonese and Catalan
counties emerged further east.
THE ORIGINS OF CHRISTIAN IN
SPAIN
20. For nearly 800 years, Al-Alandalus an a series
of Christian states existed together on the
Iberian Peninsula. They traded and
exchanged knowledge, also frequendly
fougth each other. Al-Andalus was stronger
up to the 100th century. The Christian king
grew in power and began to take Muslims
teritorries.
Activities:
Page 96; 1 and 2
21. The kingdom of Asturias:
In the early 8th century, an Asturian or
Visigoth noble called Pelayo established
the Kingdom of Astirias.Cobadonga in
722 .Although Cobadonga was only a
minor comfrontation it was later
considered the start of the Christian
Reconquest of Al-Andalus.
22. Over 2 centuries, the kingdom of Asturias
expanded southwards into Al-Andalus.
Pelayo´s successors ,Oviedo become its
capital city .Alfonso 3th took advantage of
conflicts in the Emirate of Córdoba.
In the 10th century the capital was moved
to the city of León, the kingdom become
known as the kingdom of León .
Activities:
Page 97; 5 and 6
23. Counties and kingdoms of the Pyrenees :
• The Pyrenees formed part of the Carolingian empire after defensive
fronter.Carolingian empire broke apart in the 9th century,3
separated religion developed:
• Navarre:in the erly nine century ,count Inigo Arista expelled frontiers
troops from Pamplona and declare him self the Kingdom of
Pamplona.
• Aragon: the counties of Aragón Soarable and Ribagorza broke away
from Carolingian control. In 820 count Aznar Galíndez rose to power
in Aragón
• Catalan Counties: At the end of the 9 century, the count of urgell,
Wilfredo the HAIRY, expand3d his territory and won independence
from Frankish rule.
24. Catalan counties mantained good relation with the Caliphs of Córdoba.
This help to established a period of estyability in the countuies. They
consolated thei independence in the 10th century.
25. The christians kingdoms of Leon
and Castile
Origins
During the 11 , 12, 13 centuries, this
kingdoms were linked. They
weren´t like the modern states:
• They expanded is they conquered
new territories, but they were also
divided as a result of royal
inheritance .
• Were sometimes ruled by the
same monarchs, and sometimes
formed separate kingdoms.
26. LEON AND CASTILE
(Relationship)
•Leon was Christian Kingdom
in the 10 century and early 11
centuries. Castile was a
sparsely populated group of
countries in the east of the
kigndom .
•Castile was near the frontier
with Al-andalus so it was a
zone of comflict where
numerous castles were built.
27. Kings
•The power and
influence increased
when Fernando I
became king in 1035
•After Fernando´s I death
Leon and castile were
divided and then became
again one state.
•Fernando III inherited the kingdom
os castile in 1217, and the kingdom
of leon from his father in 1230. from
1230 onwards, the two kingo¡doms
were definitevely united under de
name of the crown od castile.
28. Importance
•Despite its complicated dinastic
history, the kingdom of castile and
leon emerged as the largezst and
strongest kingdom on the iberian
peninsula in the 12th and 13th
century.
• It played a key role in the
reconquest which brought it prestige
and new territories. Portugal
separates from the rest of the rest of
the kingdom, becoming independent
in the mid-12th century
29. Fernando III was king of Castile between 1217 and 1252 and of Leona between 1230
and 1252. He wa the son of Berenguela Queen of Castile, and Alfonso IX, King of
Leon, definitively unified during the reign of the Castilian and Leonese crowns, which
had remained divided since the time of Alfonso VII "the Emperor", who at his death
divided them among his sons , The infants Sancho and Fernando.
During his reign,they captured the Kingdom of Jaén, the Kingdom of Cordoba, the
Kingdom of Seville and Extremadura ,forcing them to retreat to the Muslim
kingdoms. At the end of the reign of Fernando III, they only possessed Andalucia,
Tejada and the Kingdom of Granada.
30. Christian Kingdoms
Index:
1. Kingdom of Navarre
• Introduction
• Sancho III
2. Kingdom of Aragón to the
crown of Aragón
• Introduction
• Kings
3. Activities
31. INTRODUCTION
Navarre was ruled by the Jimena dinasty. Under Sancho
III, the kingdom of Navarre became the largest
Christian Power on the Peninsula.
Sancho III acquired the counties of
Aragón, Castile and part of León.
32. SANCHO III
Sancho ‘ s death in 1035
the kingdom was divided
among his sons:
Garcia Sanchez
(1035-1054),
inherited
Navarre
Fernando I
(1035-1065)
inherited
Castile.
Ramiro I
(1035-1063)
inherited
Aragón.
Gonzalo (1035-
1045) inherited
the counties of
Sobrarbe and
Ribagorza
33. He was king of Pamplona from the year 1004 until his death.
Dominó by marriage in Castile, Álava and Monzón (1028-1035),
that increased with the county of Cea (1030-1035). He added to
his dominions the territories of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza from
1015 and 1018, respectively. His intervention in the heart of the
kingdom of Leon in 1034-35 has been the subject of opposing
interpretations: from a lightning war to a more or less voluntary
collaboration with Bermudo III (since the documentation does
not mention struggles between Leonese and Navarre).
His parents were Garcia
Sanchez II the Temblón and
the queen Jimena
Fernandez, daughter of
Fernando Bermúdez, count
of Cea, and the countess
Elvira Diaz of the house of
Saldaña.
County of Castilla
And
County of Ribagorza
Sancho III life
34. THE KINGDOM OF ARAGÓN TO THE CROWN
OF ARAGÓN
Count of Barcelona, became engaged
to marry Petronilla of Aragón. This
united Aragón and the Catalan
counties, and led to the creation of
the Crown of Aragón.
Reunited the Kingdoms of Aragón
and Navarre, which remained
together untill 1134. In the 12th
century the Kingdom of Aragón
increased its territory
considerably.
In the 10th century, the county of Aragón became part of the
kingdom of Navarre.
Ramiro I Ramón Berenguer IV
Introduction
35. activities
Page. 99
Act. 9:
What do the striped areas on
the timeline indicate?
Page. 99
Act. 10:
What happened to the
kingdoms of Navarre and
Aragón when Sancho III died?
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44. Settlement in the
conquered territories
As the kingdoms advanced shouthwards,Christian
populations settled in the new territories
Repopulation
Land distribution
Military orders
45. Repopulation
•Characteristics:
To attract
settlers, kings
granted them
privileges, such
as personal
freedom,
exemption from
taxes and
charters.
•People: lands
were farmend
by free
peasants
•Places: In
unhabited areas
arround the
River Duero and
the Ebro Valley
46.
47. Land distribution
•Places: In Andalusia,
Valencia, and the Balearic
Islands, Muslim land was
mainly given to nobles in
return for their role in the
Reconquest. In this lands
that created large states.
•Characteristics: In some
regions, the Muslims were
allowed to keep their land in
return for the payment of
special taxes.
48. Military orders
•In some dangerous frontier areas, the Christian kings gave the
military orders of warrior-monks the responsibility for
conquering and defending territories. The most powerful were:
Alcántara, Calatrava and Santiago of Castille and Montesa in
Aragon.
ACTIVITIES:
Page 101 (ex 4 (b))
Page 111 (ex 7)
49. Military orders of Castille:
Alcántara Calatrava Santiago
Founded in
1154
Founded
in 1158
Founded
in 1158