2. BIOREMEDIATION
BRIEF/INTRODUCTION
• Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs
the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria to
decontaminate affected areas.
• It is used in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and
toxins from soil, water, and other environments.
• Bioremediation is used to clean up oil spills or
contaminated groundwater.
• Bioremediation may be done "in situ"–at the site of the
contamination–or "ex situ"–away from the site.
6. BASED ON TYPES OF DEGRADATION:
• So, based on the principle of degradation, bioremediation is of two types;
• Biotransformation
• In the biotransformation process, various organic components are partially degraded,
and the remaining portion is transformed into various other organic matters.
• Biomineralization
• Biomineralization is another type of bioremediation where microorganisms digest and
convert organic waste nutrients into inorganic materials like water, carbon dioxide,
etc.
7. EXAMPLES OF BIOREMEDIATION
• Examples of Bioremediation
We already discussed several examples above in the in-situ and ex-situ techniques; besides them
some other cases are
Bio-stimulation
In the bio-stimulation process, the stimulation of existing microorganisms occurs by modifying
the environmental conditions.
For substrates like methane, phenol, or toluene, the process utilizes microbes such as soil
microorganisms, groundwater microorganisms, aquifer microorganisms, groundwater
methanotrophic bacterium. It is one of the major examples of bioremediation.
Bioaugmentation
Bio-augmentation is another excellent instance of bioremediation. It involves using
autochthonous or allochthonous (wild or genetically modified) microorganisms to treat
harmful contaminants in the site. However, the oil-contaminated environment is most
suitable for it.
8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
BIOREMEDIATION
ADVANTAGES
• It is beneficial to degrade the pollutants
from a wide variety of contaminants
• This technology can treat the contaminants
in their originallocation
• Affordable and thus economy friendly.
• Environmentfriendly as well, because the
output we get is not harmful to the
environment.
DISADVANTAGES
• Limited to biodegradable compounds.
• Proper microbial population and proliferation
required. This is because biological
mechanisms are highly precise.
• It takes lots of time to accomplish the process.
9. CONCLUSION
• Bioremediation is a thriving technique for eradicating biological contaminants like
crude oil, herbicides, pesticides, petroleum products, solvents with halogenation,
and much more.
• We should accomplish the process at a very low expense and not negatively affect
our environment.
• Moreover, Various other research and developments are going on to develop
exclusive economic and environment-friendly techniques. This can be helpful in
the degeneration of hazardous pollutants that are unable to degrade before.
• Here all points we covered to make you understand what biodegradation is and its
types and the limitations of this process.
10. PRODUCTION OF BIO-FUEL
Creating energy and fuel from biomass
• Biomass energy includes biogas, liquid biofuels (biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, butanol), and
solid biofuels (typically wood, but could be any solid burned to create energy from heat). Solid
biofuels can be burned directly to create energy, but both biogas and liquid biofuels must go
through a conversion process to become usable fuel.
The three main processes by which energy can be obtained from biomass are:
1. Direct consumption by burning solid fuel to power generators.
2. Bacterial decomposition, which is also called anaerobic digestion. In this process, bacteria digest wet
waste without being exposed to oxygen to create methane gas.
3. Conversion to liquid or gaseous fuels.
13. • The two most common types of biofuel are bioethanol and biodiesel
• Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced
in sugar or starch crops such as maize, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum
• Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification. It can be used as a fuel
for vehicles in its pure form (B100), but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce
levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered
vehicles..
14.
15. • FIRST GENERATION BIOFUELS
• Biofuels, which derive energy from the conventional
source or food sources are called first-generation
biofuels.
• Examples: Bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas
• Advantages:
• The infrastructure i.e. land for cultivation, techniques
for their production is easily available.
• The process of conversion of corn-starch and
sugarcane into ethanol is very simple.
• Disadvantages:
• The use of food sources in the production of biofuels
has created an imbalance in food economy
• The repeated cultivation of biofuel-producing-crops
leads to soil erosion.
• The use of fertilizers to enhance production leads to
the emission of Nitrous Oxide into the atmosphere.
16. • SECOND GENERATION BIOFUELS
• The fuels derived from non-food sources and the
waste left from the food resources are called second
generation biofuels.
• Examples: cellulose ethanol, biodiesel.
Advantages:
• The non-food sources don’t affect the food economy
and are easily available.
Disadvantages:
• Use of fossil fuels in the industrial production of
biofuels may emit greenhouse gases
• THIRD GENERATION BIOFUELS
• Fuels derived from the algae are called third generation biofuels.
• Examples:
1. Biodiesel,2 Butanol ,3 Gasoline, 4 Jet fuel, 5 Methane
• Advantages:
• Environmental friendly– The algae can be grown in wastewater and
helps in the decomposition of waste
• Easy to cultivate– The algae can be cultivated in multiple areas
Disadvantages:
• The algae require a large amount of water, nitrogen and
phosphorous for growth..
• Biodiesel produced from the algae is not stable because oil
produced from algae
17. BIO-ETHANOL VS BIOGAS VS BIO-DIESEL
• Bio-ethanol
• Bioethanol is derived from corn
and sugarcane using
fermentation process.
• Ethanol may be used as a
blended form with gasoline
which is called gasohol.
• Bioethanol is used as an
alternative source of petrol.
• It produces very less or no
amount of harmful gases as
compared to petrol.
• Bio-diesel
• It is derived from vegetable oils
like soybean oil or palm oil,
vegetable waste oils, and animal
fats by a biochemical process
called “Transesterification.”
• It is an alternative for the
conventional diesel fuel.
• It produces very less or no
amount of harmful gases as
compared to diesel.
•BIOGAS
•It is the gaseous form of
biofuel.
•Biogas is produced by
anaerobic decomposition of
organic matter like sewage
from animals and humans.
•The decomposition of sewage
produces methane gas, which is
used as a fuel and the leftover
material called slurry is used as
manure in the agriculture
fields.
18. CONCLUSION
• Based on everything that has been said so far we can conclude how biofuels are not exactly a perfect
solution that we should be using straight away to satisfy our energy demand. Negative sides also have to be
looked at. Of course when we compare them with fossil fuels biofuels do look almost perfect, especially
since fossil fuels are not renewable sources of energy nor are they ecologically acceptable.
• This new type of fuel that is still in early development phase and that still needs determination of all
consequences of its use.
