This presentation is all about biotechnology. It is about the basic aspects of Biotechnology and covers a lot of topics under biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology. This is specifically for the HSC students of Mumbai. I hope that it helps.
this helps to understand the normal techniques related to biotechnology in a simple manner and provides you broad idea about the subject. A brief knowledge about the topic is presented in this presentation.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. The process involves isolating the gene of interest and inserting it into a host organism. New DNA is obtained by isolating and copying genetic material or synthesizing DNA artificially. The inserted gene can be modified for better expression before being combined with regulatory elements and a selectable marker. The gene-construct is then inserted into the host genome using methods like agrobacterium transformation for plants. Genetically modified crops have been developed with traits like increased production, stress tolerance and nutrient content.
This document discusses the principles and processes of biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as using living systems to develop useful products. The oldest form is using fermentation to produce wine and beer. Modern biotechnology relies on genetic engineering techniques like altering DNA/RNA to introduce genes into hosts, and maintaining sterile conditions for large-scale microbial growth. Key tools include restriction enzymes for cutting DNA, vectors like plasmids for transferring genes, PCR for amplifying genes, and making host cells competent for DNA uptake. The process involves isolating DNA, cutting it with enzymes, inserting the fragment into a vector, transferring to a host, and obtaining the target product.
Approaches of biotechnology in medicalVipin Shukla
This document provides an overview of medical biotechnology. It begins by defining medical biotechnology as the use of living cells and materials to research and produce pharmaceuticals and diagnostics for treating human disease. Some key applications discussed include using biotechnology in pharmacology for drug discovery and production, as well as in areas like gene therapy, stem cells, and tissue engineering. Specific examples outlined include how biotechnology has been used to produce insulin, growth hormones, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines.
The document discusses the history and techniques of genetic engineering and cloning. It notes that the first successful transfer of DNA between organisms was accomplished in 1973 by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen. The first genetically engineered plant, tobacco, was reported in 1983. Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded in 1976. The document also provides information on genetically modified crops and cloning, including that the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly, was created in 1997.
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
Biotechnology has three main applications - medical, agricultural, and environmental. In medicine, it is used for diagnostics, therapeutics like vaccines, gene therapy, and cancer treatments. Agriculture uses biotechnology for higher yielding crops, pest resistance, and nutritionally enhanced foods. Environmental applications include bioremediation, pollution prevention, and environmental monitoring.
this helps to understand the normal techniques related to biotechnology in a simple manner and provides you broad idea about the subject. A brief knowledge about the topic is presented in this presentation.
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. The process involves isolating the gene of interest and inserting it into a host organism. New DNA is obtained by isolating and copying genetic material or synthesizing DNA artificially. The inserted gene can be modified for better expression before being combined with regulatory elements and a selectable marker. The gene-construct is then inserted into the host genome using methods like agrobacterium transformation for plants. Genetically modified crops have been developed with traits like increased production, stress tolerance and nutrient content.
This document discusses the principles and processes of biotechnology. It defines biotechnology as using living systems to develop useful products. The oldest form is using fermentation to produce wine and beer. Modern biotechnology relies on genetic engineering techniques like altering DNA/RNA to introduce genes into hosts, and maintaining sterile conditions for large-scale microbial growth. Key tools include restriction enzymes for cutting DNA, vectors like plasmids for transferring genes, PCR for amplifying genes, and making host cells competent for DNA uptake. The process involves isolating DNA, cutting it with enzymes, inserting the fragment into a vector, transferring to a host, and obtaining the target product.
Approaches of biotechnology in medicalVipin Shukla
This document provides an overview of medical biotechnology. It begins by defining medical biotechnology as the use of living cells and materials to research and produce pharmaceuticals and diagnostics for treating human disease. Some key applications discussed include using biotechnology in pharmacology for drug discovery and production, as well as in areas like gene therapy, stem cells, and tissue engineering. Specific examples outlined include how biotechnology has been used to produce insulin, growth hormones, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines.
The document discusses the history and techniques of genetic engineering and cloning. It notes that the first successful transfer of DNA between organisms was accomplished in 1973 by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen. The first genetically engineered plant, tobacco, was reported in 1983. Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded in 1976. The document also provides information on genetically modified crops and cloning, including that the first cloned mammal, a sheep named Dolly, was created in 1997.
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
Biotechnology has three main applications - medical, agricultural, and environmental. In medicine, it is used for diagnostics, therapeutics like vaccines, gene therapy, and cancer treatments. Agriculture uses biotechnology for higher yielding crops, pest resistance, and nutritionally enhanced foods. Environmental applications include bioremediation, pollution prevention, and environmental monitoring.
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create new combinations. It has many applications in health, agriculture, environment, and industry. In health, it is used to produce vaccines and therapeutic proteins like insulin. In agriculture, it is used to develop stress tolerant, high yielding, and disease resistant crops. In the environment, it can be used to remediate pollutants and produce biofuels from cyanobacteria. In industry, it has applications in food production like cheeses, beverages, and agriculture like golden rice which increases vitamin A levels.
Application of Biotechnology in different fieldsVinod Kumar
This document provides an overview of the application of biotechnology in different fields including food, medical, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology. Some key points:
- Food biotechnology is used to genetically modify plants and animals for improved production, shelf life, nutrient composition, and drug delivery. Examples given are tomatoes with longer shelf life and golden rice engineered to produce vitamin A.
- Medical biotechnology aims to prolong life through technologies like monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, bioprocessing insulin from bacteria, stem cells for tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering of organs.
- Agriculture biotechnology is applied through plant tissue culture to develop transgenic crops with desired traits like pest and stress resistance.
- Environmental biotechnology addresses
This document discusses the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It outlines three main methods: microbial bioreactors like E. coli, mammalian cell culture bioreactors like CHO cells, and transgenic animal bioreactors. Transgenic animals are produced via DNA microinjection into embryos to incorporate expression vectors for target proteins. Their milk can then produce large quantities of complex proteins through scale-up. While advantageous for production scale, transgenic systems have limitations regarding animal health effects and post-translational modifications. Examples of therapeutic proteins produced include antithrombin in transgenic goats and alpha-1-antitrypsin in transgenic sheep.
Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common examples include crop plants modified for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. Genetic material from other species can be inserted into organisms using techniques like microinjection, retroviral vectors, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic organisms have applications in producing biological products, testing vaccine and chemical safety, and studying physiology, development, and disease. Regulatory agencies oversee transgenic crops and animals.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology, describing it as using scientific processes to develop new organisms or products from organisms to meet human needs like food, clothing, shelter, health and safety. It discusses areas of biotechnology like agriculture, medicine, environment, and food/beverage processing. Agricultural biotechnology focuses on improving plants and animals for food production through techniques like genetic engineering and cloning, while medical biotechnology develops therapies and pharmaceuticals. The document outlines the goals and applications of biotechnology in various industries.
This presentation gives an brief idea about the applications of genetic engineering which is of at most importance to humans. Provided along with this slide is an example which makes it easier to understand the concept.
This document discusses the history and process of genetic engineering. It begins by defining genetic engineering as any process that changes genetic material to produce new substances or functions. It then provides background on the discovery of DNA and genes in the 1950s. The document goes on to explain that genetic engineering involves combining DNA from different organisms to create recombinant DNA that can function in a host cell. It describes key techniques and tools used in genetic engineering like vectors, host cells, and enzymes. The document summarizes several important applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin, growth hormones, and treating diseases. It also discusses approaches for gene therapy and the first gene therapy treatment. Finally, the document outlines both potential benefits and ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
GMO, Genetically modified organisms, agricultural and horticultural crops cur...jagathesan krishnasamy
A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly used in foods and medicines but have also led to concerns about potential dangers to human health and the environment. Key points made in the document include that GMOs are modified by eliminating, adding, or modifying specific genes, often from other organisms, and they are used in foods like soybeans, canola, and corn as well as in medicines. The history and growth of GMO usage is also discussed. Pros and criticisms of genetically modified foods are outlined regarding environmental, health, economic, and other issues.
Biotechnology is the application of living organisms or their components to industrial processes. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, cell culture, and monoclonal antibody production. Biotechnology has applications in medicine like producing insulin, agriculture like genetically modified crops, and forensics like DNA fingerprinting. While it offers benefits, biotechnology also raises societal issues around ethics, safety, and public awareness that are actively debated.
Molecular pharming refers to the production of pharmaceuticals through genetic engineering of plants and animals. Key points include:
1) It uses plants and animals as bioreactors to produce substances for medical treatments in a cheaper way than traditional methods.
2) Strategies involve genetically transforming plants or culturing animal cells to produce the desired protein or product.
3) Applications include therapeutic proteins, enzymes, edible vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and plantibodies (plant-derived antibodies).
4) While offering potential benefits, molecular pharming also faces limitations such as technical challenges, ethical concerns, and risks of unintended effects.
This document discusses the scope of biotechnology and modern fields. It defines biotechnology as using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or modify organisms. The history of biotechnology includes ancient uses related to food and shelter, classical uses of fermentation in food production and medicine, and modern genetic engineering. Major fields discussed include genetic engineering, bioinformatics, immunology, plant and animal biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and synthetic biology. Applications range across agriculture, food science, medicine, and more. Emerging areas of interest are described like synthetic biology, stem cell biology, and oncology. The document provides information on techniques in these fields and encourages engaging with related scientific journals and conferences.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and its applications. Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes like bioremediation, biosensors, and bioindicators to solve environmental problems and reduce pollution. It deals with decontaminating the environment from various contaminants released by industry, and minimizing waste and pollution through techniques like bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants into less toxic forms. The document also describes different types of biosensors and bioindicators that can be used for biotechnological applications like monitoring the environment.
Brief introduction to biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical Biotechnology
General introduction to biotechnology, principle of biotechnology, history and application in different field.
Type of biotechnology
Traditional and modern biotechnology
Overview on genetic engineering
Role of Biotechnology in pharma and medicine sectors, products in pharmaceutical biotechnology
This document provides an introduction to industrial biotechnology. It discusses how industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industries like chemicals, plastics, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes some key advantages of industrial biotechnology over chemical processes, including higher reaction rates and lower energy consumption. The document also discusses the industrial importance of microbes and enzymes, describing how various microorganisms and enzymes are used in industries like food processing, brewing, and textiles. It provides examples of important industrial microbial strains and their characteristics.
This document discusses biotechnology, including its definition, history, applications in different fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. It covers topics such as drug production using biotechnology techniques, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, and genetic testing. Drug production through isolation and genetic engineering of enzymes is described. The use of biotechnology to develop medicines and pharmaceuticals for treating diseases is also summarized.
Hi all! I used different references for this. The link for pros and cons is here.
Reference for pros and cons : https://vittana.org/11-biotechnology-pros-and-cons
Primary and established cell line cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps of Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explants Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
Reference
This document discusses the application of biotechnology in the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in food processing, such as developing new emulsifiers and tests for food allergens. In pharmaceuticals, biotechnology has been used to develop vaccines, insulin, blood products, and gene therapies. In agriculture, biotechnology can be applied to increase pest resistance, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and environmental stress tolerance in crops. Genetically modified crops are also discussed.
This document describes the transformation of competent E. coli cells using the CaCl2 method. It defines competent cells as cells that can uptake exogenous DNA and discusses plasmids, which are self-replicating DNA that can carry useful genes. The document explains that transformation can be natural or artificial, and the artificial process involves making cells competent through ice-cold CaCl2 treatment, then applying heat shock to induce the cells to uptake exogenous DNA like plasmids.
This document discusses various gene transfer techniques called transfection. Transfection is the introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells, producing transfectants that have incorporated the DNA. Stable transfectants integrate the DNA while transient transfectants express genes briefly without integration. Methods include mechanical techniques like microinjection and bombardment, physical techniques like electroporation and liposomes, and viral vectors. Viruses commonly used include retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Non-viral methods discussed are virus-like particles, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and polyamidoamine dendrimers. Overall, the document compares techniques and notes what is needed
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create new combinations. It has many applications in health, agriculture, environment, and industry. In health, it is used to produce vaccines and therapeutic proteins like insulin. In agriculture, it is used to develop stress tolerant, high yielding, and disease resistant crops. In the environment, it can be used to remediate pollutants and produce biofuels from cyanobacteria. In industry, it has applications in food production like cheeses, beverages, and agriculture like golden rice which increases vitamin A levels.
Application of Biotechnology in different fieldsVinod Kumar
This document provides an overview of the application of biotechnology in different fields including food, medical, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology. Some key points:
- Food biotechnology is used to genetically modify plants and animals for improved production, shelf life, nutrient composition, and drug delivery. Examples given are tomatoes with longer shelf life and golden rice engineered to produce vitamin A.
- Medical biotechnology aims to prolong life through technologies like monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer, bioprocessing insulin from bacteria, stem cells for tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering of organs.
- Agriculture biotechnology is applied through plant tissue culture to develop transgenic crops with desired traits like pest and stress resistance.
- Environmental biotechnology addresses
This document discusses the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins. It outlines three main methods: microbial bioreactors like E. coli, mammalian cell culture bioreactors like CHO cells, and transgenic animal bioreactors. Transgenic animals are produced via DNA microinjection into embryos to incorporate expression vectors for target proteins. Their milk can then produce large quantities of complex proteins through scale-up. While advantageous for production scale, transgenic systems have limitations regarding animal health effects and post-translational modifications. Examples of therapeutic proteins produced include antithrombin in transgenic goats and alpha-1-antitrypsin in transgenic sheep.
Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common examples include crop plants modified for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. Genetic material from other species can be inserted into organisms using techniques like microinjection, retroviral vectors, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic organisms have applications in producing biological products, testing vaccine and chemical safety, and studying physiology, development, and disease. Regulatory agencies oversee transgenic crops and animals.
This document provides an introduction to biotechnology, describing it as using scientific processes to develop new organisms or products from organisms to meet human needs like food, clothing, shelter, health and safety. It discusses areas of biotechnology like agriculture, medicine, environment, and food/beverage processing. Agricultural biotechnology focuses on improving plants and animals for food production through techniques like genetic engineering and cloning, while medical biotechnology develops therapies and pharmaceuticals. The document outlines the goals and applications of biotechnology in various industries.
This presentation gives an brief idea about the applications of genetic engineering which is of at most importance to humans. Provided along with this slide is an example which makes it easier to understand the concept.
This document discusses the history and process of genetic engineering. It begins by defining genetic engineering as any process that changes genetic material to produce new substances or functions. It then provides background on the discovery of DNA and genes in the 1950s. The document goes on to explain that genetic engineering involves combining DNA from different organisms to create recombinant DNA that can function in a host cell. It describes key techniques and tools used in genetic engineering like vectors, host cells, and enzymes. The document summarizes several important applications of genetic engineering like producing insulin, growth hormones, and treating diseases. It also discusses approaches for gene therapy and the first gene therapy treatment. Finally, the document outlines both potential benefits and ethical concerns of genetic engineering.
GMO, Genetically modified organisms, agricultural and horticultural crops cur...jagathesan krishnasamy
A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly used in foods and medicines but have also led to concerns about potential dangers to human health and the environment. Key points made in the document include that GMOs are modified by eliminating, adding, or modifying specific genes, often from other organisms, and they are used in foods like soybeans, canola, and corn as well as in medicines. The history and growth of GMO usage is also discussed. Pros and criticisms of genetically modified foods are outlined regarding environmental, health, economic, and other issues.
Biotechnology is the application of living organisms or their components to industrial processes. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, cell culture, and monoclonal antibody production. Biotechnology has applications in medicine like producing insulin, agriculture like genetically modified crops, and forensics like DNA fingerprinting. While it offers benefits, biotechnology also raises societal issues around ethics, safety, and public awareness that are actively debated.
Molecular pharming refers to the production of pharmaceuticals through genetic engineering of plants and animals. Key points include:
1) It uses plants and animals as bioreactors to produce substances for medical treatments in a cheaper way than traditional methods.
2) Strategies involve genetically transforming plants or culturing animal cells to produce the desired protein or product.
3) Applications include therapeutic proteins, enzymes, edible vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and plantibodies (plant-derived antibodies).
4) While offering potential benefits, molecular pharming also faces limitations such as technical challenges, ethical concerns, and risks of unintended effects.
This document discusses the scope of biotechnology and modern fields. It defines biotechnology as using scientific methods with organisms to produce new products or modify organisms. The history of biotechnology includes ancient uses related to food and shelter, classical uses of fermentation in food production and medicine, and modern genetic engineering. Major fields discussed include genetic engineering, bioinformatics, immunology, plant and animal biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, and synthetic biology. Applications range across agriculture, food science, medicine, and more. Emerging areas of interest are described like synthetic biology, stem cell biology, and oncology. The document provides information on techniques in these fields and encourages engaging with related scientific journals and conferences.
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene into an organism to produce a new trait. It allows for more specific, faster, and flexible introduction of traits compared to selective breeding. Golden rice was developed using transgenesis to introduce beta-carotene genes into rice, providing vitamin A. While this could help address vitamin A deficiency, there are also risks like gene transfer and unintended effects that require careful evaluation.
This document discusses environmental biotechnology and its applications. Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes like bioremediation, biosensors, and bioindicators to solve environmental problems and reduce pollution. It deals with decontaminating the environment from various contaminants released by industry, and minimizing waste and pollution through techniques like bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants into less toxic forms. The document also describes different types of biosensors and bioindicators that can be used for biotechnological applications like monitoring the environment.
Brief introduction to biotechnology with reference to pharmaceutical Biotechnology
General introduction to biotechnology, principle of biotechnology, history and application in different field.
Type of biotechnology
Traditional and modern biotechnology
Overview on genetic engineering
Role of Biotechnology in pharma and medicine sectors, products in pharmaceutical biotechnology
This document provides an introduction to industrial biotechnology. It discusses how industrial biotechnology uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce goods for industries like chemicals, plastics, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes some key advantages of industrial biotechnology over chemical processes, including higher reaction rates and lower energy consumption. The document also discusses the industrial importance of microbes and enzymes, describing how various microorganisms and enzymes are used in industries like food processing, brewing, and textiles. It provides examples of important industrial microbial strains and their characteristics.
This document discusses biotechnology, including its definition, history, applications in different fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. It covers topics such as drug production using biotechnology techniques, pharmacogenomics, gene therapy, and genetic testing. Drug production through isolation and genetic engineering of enzymes is described. The use of biotechnology to develop medicines and pharmaceuticals for treating diseases is also summarized.
Hi all! I used different references for this. The link for pros and cons is here.
Reference for pros and cons : https://vittana.org/11-biotechnology-pros-and-cons
Primary and established cell line cultureKAUSHAL SAHU
Introduction
Primary Culture
Steps of Primary Culture
Isolation Of Tissue
Dissection And Disaggregation
Types Of Primary Culture
Primary Explants Culture
Enzymatic Disaggregation
Mechanical Disaggregation
Cell Line( Finite & Continuous)
Naming A Cell Line
Choosing A Cell Line
Maintenance Of Cell Line
Conclusion
Reference
This document discusses the application of biotechnology in the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in food processing, such as developing new emulsifiers and tests for food allergens. In pharmaceuticals, biotechnology has been used to develop vaccines, insulin, blood products, and gene therapies. In agriculture, biotechnology can be applied to increase pest resistance, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and environmental stress tolerance in crops. Genetically modified crops are also discussed.
This document describes the transformation of competent E. coli cells using the CaCl2 method. It defines competent cells as cells that can uptake exogenous DNA and discusses plasmids, which are self-replicating DNA that can carry useful genes. The document explains that transformation can be natural or artificial, and the artificial process involves making cells competent through ice-cold CaCl2 treatment, then applying heat shock to induce the cells to uptake exogenous DNA like plasmids.
This document discusses various gene transfer techniques called transfection. Transfection is the introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells, producing transfectants that have incorporated the DNA. Stable transfectants integrate the DNA while transient transfectants express genes briefly without integration. Methods include mechanical techniques like microinjection and bombardment, physical techniques like electroporation and liposomes, and viral vectors. Viruses commonly used include retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Non-viral methods discussed are virus-like particles, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and polyamidoamine dendrimers. Overall, the document compares techniques and notes what is needed
Gene transfer technologies can be used to treat diseases by inserting therapeutic genes into cells. There are viral and non-viral methods of gene transfer. Viral methods use viruses like retroviruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses to efficiently deliver genes. Non-viral methods include mechanical techniques like electroporation, microinjection, and biolistics (gene gun), as well as chemical methods like liposomes, calcium phosphate, and polyethylene glycol. Each method has advantages and limitations for different applications in research and potential gene therapy.
This presentation discusses genetic engineering and was presented by a group of 4 students in the Environmental Science department. It defines genetic engineering as manually adding new DNA to an organism. It provides examples of genetically engineered plants and discusses the history and basic concepts of genetic engineering. The presentation explains the process of genetic engineering including extracting DNA from one organism and inserting it into another. It compares genetic engineering to traditional breeding and discusses applications like transgenic organisms and cloning.
Transformation is the process of altering an organism's genetic makeup by inserting new genes. Common transformation methods include Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, particle bombardment, protoplast transformation using polyethylene glycol or electroporation, and fibre-mediated DNA delivery. Agrobacterium transformation involves the bacteria transferring T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome, while direct methods introduce naked DNA into plant cells using physical methods like particle bombardment or chemical treatments that make cell membranes permeable. Transformation allows improving crop traits like yield and stress resistance.
Genetic transformation is the incorporation of naked DNA from the extracellular environment into bacterial cells. There are two types of transformation: natural transformation which occurs naturally in some bacteria, and artificial transformation which is done through chemical, physical, or enzymatic treatment in the laboratory. The basic procedure of transformation involves isolating naked donor DNA, mixing it with competent recipient bacterial cells, and allowing the donor DNA to enter the recipient cells and recombine with the recipient genome.
Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms or their components to develop products or perform processes for specific use. Recombinant DNA technology uses genetic engineering techniques to create recombinant DNA by cutting and joining DNA molecules containing different genetic material. This allows genes to be transferred between organisms for applications such as producing human insulin or diagnosing diseases. The key steps involve isolating DNA, using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at specific sites, joining DNA fragments using DNA ligase, and inserting the recombinant DNA into a host cell where it can be replicated through bacterial transformation.
- Biotechnology uses living organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce useful products for humans. Modern biotechnology is based on genetic engineering and maintaining sterile conditions.
- Genetic engineering alters genetic material (DNA and RNA) to introduce it into host organisms and change their phenotype. This allows isolation of only desirable genes without undesirable genes.
- Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, ligating DNA fragments into vectors, transforming hosts, and extracting the desired product.
Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms or their components to develop products and processes. It has applications in fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. Modern biotechnology techniques include genetic engineering and aseptic techniques. Genetic engineering involves altering genetic material through techniques like recombinant DNA, gene transfer into host organisms, and gene cloning. It allows scientists to modify organisms for useful purposes. Restriction enzymes, vectors, DNA polymerase and ligase are important tools used in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) refers to DNA created outside living cells by joining DNA from multiple sources. Common techniques for creating rDNA include restriction enzymes to cut DNA strands, ligation to join strands, and transformation or transfection to introduce rDNA into host cells. Vectors like plasmids, viruses, and artificial chromosomes are often used to replicate and express rDNA in host cells. rDNA techniques have applications in gene cloning, DNA sequencing, genetic engineering of plants and animals, and gene therapy to treat diseases.
Genetic engineering principle, tools, techniques, types and applicationTarun Kapoor
Basic principles of genetic engineering.
Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.
Recombinant DNA technology. Application of genetic engineering in medicine.
Application of r DNA technology and genetic engineering in the products:
a. Interferon
b. Vaccines- hepatitis- B
c. Hormones- Insulin.
Polymerase chain reaction
Brief introduction to PCR
Basic principles of PCR
The document discusses biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology. It defines biotechnology as using organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce useful products. Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating DNA, fragmenting it with enzymes, inserting fragments into vectors, transforming host cells, and culturing the cells to multiply the DNA. The basic steps are isolating a gene, inserting it into a vector, introducing the vector into a host cell, and using the host to generate multiple copies of the gene.
Recombinant DNA technology involves identifying, isolating, and inserting a gene of interest into a vector to produce large quantities of that gene or its protein product. Key steps include identifying the target gene, using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA, inserting the gene into a vector like a plasmid, transforming the vector into a host cell, and allowing the host to multiply and express the gene. This technology has many applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. While it has benefits, there are also safety and environmental concerns about genetically modified organisms that must be addressed through continued research and responsible regulation.
This document provides an overview of DNA cloning including:
1. The basic steps in DNA cloning including isolation of vector and gene source DNA, insertion into the vector, and introduction into cells.
2. Uses of polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes in cloning.
3. Applications of cloning such as recombinant protein production, genetically modified organisms, DNA fingerprinting, and gene therapy.
Recombinant dna techaniques and its applicationBasharatAli103
Recombinant DNA technology involves inserting foreign DNA into a vector, such as a plasmid, and introducing it into a host cell. This allows the gene to be replicated in large quantities. Key steps include using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments, joining DNA fragments with DNA ligase, transforming host cells with the recombinant DNA, and selecting cells containing the inserted gene. Recombinant DNA technology has many applications, including producing human proteins and hormones, genetically engineering crops, and aiding forensics and disease diagnosis.
Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between organisms using recombinant DNA techniques. This allows genes to be isolated, cloned, and moved within and between different species. Cloning a gene involves using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase to join DNA fragments together. Cloned genes have many research uses such as determining gene sequences, altering phenotypes, and obtaining protein products of genes.
Genetic engineering involves transferring genes between organisms using recombinant DNA techniques. This allows genes to be isolated, cloned, and moved within and between different species. Cloning a gene involves using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase to join DNA fragments together. Cloned genes have many research uses such as determining gene sequences, altering phenotypes, and obtaining protein products of genes.
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology. It discusses the basic principles, which involve generating DNA fragments, inserting a selected fragment into a cloning vector, introducing the vector into host cells, and multiplying the recombinant molecules. Key steps include using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, ligases to join fragments, and various vectors like plasmids and bacteria to clone the DNA. The document also outlines several applications of rDNA technology, such as producing proteins, diagnosing diseases, and developing genetically engineered plants.
Recombinant DNA technology involves the manipulation of genetic material to achieve desired goals. It works by generating DNA fragments, inserting the fragments into cloning vectors, introducing the vectors into host cells, multiplying the clones containing recombinant molecules, and expressing genes to produce desired products. Key aspects include restriction endonucleases that cut DNA at specific sites, DNA ligases that join cut fragments, and various host cells like E.coli and eukaryotic cells. Vectors like plasmids, bacteriophages, and artificial chromosomes are used to carry foreign DNA. The technology has applications in research, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Recombinant DNA technology involves creating copies of DNA or genes by inserting them into vectors for introduction into host organisms. The key steps are: 1) isolating the gene of interest, 2) inserting it into a vector using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase, 3) transforming the recombinant DNA into a host cell, and 4) allowing the host to multiply and express the inserted gene. Common applications include producing recombinant human insulin, vaccines, and engineering crops for traits like herbicide or insect resistance.
Recombinant DNA technology involves manipulating and combining DNA from different sources to produce new genetic combinations. This is done by using enzymes to cut DNA at specific locations and then join DNA fragments together. Vectors such as plasmids and bacteria are used to introduce the recombinant DNA into host cells, where it can be replicated. Key applications of this technology include producing therapeutic proteins like insulin, developing genetically engineered crops, and creating vaccines.
Lecture 1 molecular tech. RDT By Dr Vishnu Kumar Professor, BiochemistryDr Vishnu Kumar
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology, including defining key terms like restriction endonucleases, sticky ends, blunt ends, cloning, vectors, gene therapy, and DNA libraries. It describes how restriction enzymes cut DNA, how sticky and blunt ends are joined, the role of plasmids, bacteriophages and cosmids as vectors, and applications of recombinant DNA technology such as producing insulin to treat diabetes.
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from two different organisms and inserting it into a host. This is done by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments, which are then inserted into cloning vectors like plasmids, bacteriophages, or artificial chromosomes. The recombinant DNA is then inserted into a host organism using techniques like transformation or transfection. Gel electrophoresis can be used to analyze the results and identify successful recombinant clones. While cloning has potential medical applications, reproductive cloning of humans remains unsafe and controversial.
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology (RDT), including its key steps and applications. RDT involves manipulating DNA sequences to produce chimeric DNA molecules using genetic engineering techniques. Restriction endonucleases are used to cut DNA at specific sequences. Vectors like plasmids, bacteriophages and cosmids are used to insert and replicate foreign DNA. RDT has applications like producing therapeutic proteins, vaccines, gene therapy and understanding disease mechanisms. It has revolutionized biology and medicine.
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA fragments from different sources to construct recombinant DNA molecules. This technique was discovered in the 1970s and has since been used to develop transgenic plants with improved traits like higher yield, increased stress and pest resistance, and the ability to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Some key applications include producing human insulin and anemia treatments, developing herbicide and insect resistant crop varieties, and engineering disease resistance in plants. Recombinant DNA technology is now widely used in agriculture and has contributed to over 70% of foods in supermarkets coming from genetically modified crops.
Recombinant DNA technology involves manipulating DNA from different sources to produce novel DNA molecules. It has several key steps: isolating the desired DNA and vector, joining them using enzymes to create recombinant DNA, introducing this into a host cell, and selecting cells that express the gene. This technology has many applications including producing human insulin and growth hormones through bacteria, developing vaccines by cloning genes for antigens, and creating monoclonal antibodies. It allows mass production of important biological substances that were previously difficult to obtain.
Similaire à Biotechnology: Process and Application (20)
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Biotechnology: Process and Application
1.
2. Definition
• Biotechnology is the
integration of natural
science and organisms,
cells, parts thereof and
molecular analogues for
products and services.
4. Application of
fermentation in
production of wine and
other alcoholic
beverages is also a
biotechnological
technique
5. But with time biotechnology
gradually became more
sophisticated.
6. DNA
manipulation
Protein Tissue
engineering culture
Biotechnology
Immobilized Protoplast
enzymes fusion
Cell
catalysis
7. Biotechnology led to production of many products and
provides many services for human welfare.
8.
9. Dragon Fly The biotechnology
industry has
mushroomed since
1992, with U.S.
health care biotech
revenues from
publicly traded
companies rising
from $8 billion in
1992 to $58.8
billion in 2006.
There were 180,000 people employed by U.S. biotechnology companies in
2006.
There are more than 400 biotech drug products and vaccines currently in clinical trials targeting
more than 200 diseases, including various cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, diabetes,
multiple sclerosis, AIDS and arthritis.
13. The recombinant DNA technique was
first proposed by
Peter Lobann A. Dale Kaiser
14. The present day rDNA technology flourished after
the work of
15. Gene coding for
Plasmid antibiotic resistance
Vector
Cloning
Salmonella typhimurium
They successfully linked a gene
coding for antibiotic resistance with
a native plasmid of Salmonella
typhimurium with the vector plasmid
and then cloning it in E.coli.
E. coli
16. What is recombinant DNA ?
• Technique of manipulating the genome of a cell
or organism so as to change the phenotype
desirably.
Seedless guava Calorie free sugar
17. Introducing
in Host
Isolating Culturing the
genomic cells
DNA
Insertion of
DNA in a
vector
Transformation
Fragmenting of host cell
this DNA Screening
the
fragments
18. Isolating Isolating
genomic genomic DNA
DNA
from the donor.
Fragmenting
Fragmenting this DNA using
this DNA molecular
scissors.
19. Screening the
Screening
the fragments for a
fragments “desired gene”.
Inserting the
Insertion of
fragments with the
DNA in a desired gene in a
vector „cloning vector‟.
20. Introducing the recombinant
Introducing vector into a competent host
in Host
cell
Culturing these cells to obtain
Culturing multiple copies or clones of
the cells desired DNA fragments
Using these copies to
transform suitable host cells
Transformation so as to express the desired
of host cell gene.
22. Tools used in recombinant
DNA technology
• Enzymes
• Vectors
23. Tools used in recombinant
DNA technology
• Enzymes
Act as biological scissors.
Most commonly used are:
Restriction endonuclease
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
Alkaline phosphatases
24. Tools used in recombinant
DNA technology
• Vectors
Low molecular weight DNA molecules.
Transfer genetic material into another
cell.
Capable of multiplying independently.
25. Vector
Bacteriophage
DNA
Artificial
Plasmid Vector DNA
Cosmid
26. Insertion of vector in target
cell is called
• Bacterial cells – Transformation
• Eukaryotic cells – Transfection
• Viruses - Transduction
27. Insertion of vector in target
cell
Vectors used:
• Bacteria- plasmids, cosmid,
lambda phage
• Insects- baculoviruses
• Plants- Ti plasmid
• Yeast cells- YAC (yeast artificial
chromosome)
28. HOST DONOR
DNA DNA
Fragmented by Restriction Endonuclease
DNA strands with sticky ends
Sticky ends base pair with complementary sticky ends
DNA ligase links them to form rDNA
Cloned
In vitro In vivo
Polymerase chain Prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell,
reaction (PCR) mammalian tissue culture cell
29. Some examples of therapeutic products
made by recombinant DNA techniques
¶ Blood Proteins: Erythropoietin, Factors VII, VIII, IX; Tissue
plasminogen activator; Urokinase.
¶ Human Hormones: Epidermal growth factor; Follicle
stimulating hormone, Insulin.
¶ Immune Modulators: α Interferon, β Interferon; Colony
stimulating hormone; Lysozyme; Tumor Necrosis factor.
¶ Vaccines: Cytomegalovirus; Hepatitis B; Measles; Rabies
30. Transposons
• Transposons are sequences of
DNA that can move or transpose
themselves to new positions
within the genome of a single
cell.
• Also called „Jumping genes‟.
31. • 1st transposons were discovered
by
Barbara
McClintock
in Zea mays (maize)
33. Retrotransposons
• Follows method of “Copy and
Paste”.
• Copy in two stages.
DNA RNA DNA
Transcription Reverse
Transcription
34. DNA transposons
• Follows the method of “Cut and
Paste”.
• Do not involve RNA intermediate.
Enzyme Transposase
Cuts out transposon
Ligates in new position
35. Plasmid
• Plasmids are small, extra chromosomal, double
stranded, circular forms of DNA that replicate
autonomously.
• The term was introduced by in 1952.
Joshua Lederberg
36. Plasmid
• Found in bacterial, yeast and occasionally in
plants and animal cells.
• Transferable genetic elements or
‘Replicons’.
• Size- 1 to 1000 kilo bp.
• Related to metabolic activity.
• Allows bacteria to reproduce under
unfavorable conditions.
37. Plasmid
Nomenclature
Lower case P (p)
First letters of researchers name or place where
it was discovered.
Numerical numbers given by workers.
38. Plasmid
Eg. Plasmid pBR 322
BR is for Bolivar and Rodriguez, who designated it as 322
40. Plasmid- Cosmids
• Cosmids are plasmids with cos sequence.
• They are able to accommodate long DNA fragments
that plasmids can’t.
41. A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.
Virulent portion is deleted.
Genetic material can be
ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA,
dsDNA.
42. For Single genes- Plasmids are used
For Large pieces of DNA- Bacteriophages
43. 48.5 kb in length.
Cos sites of 12 bp at the ends.
Cohesive ends allow circularizing DNA in host.
44. (1) Phage attaches to a specific host
bacterium.
(2) Injects its DNA,
(3) Disrupting the bacterial genome
and killing the bacterium, and
(4) Taking over the bacterial DNA and
protein synthesis machinery to
make phage parts.
(5) The process culminates with the
assembly of new phage, and
(6) The lysis of the bacterial cell wall
to release a hundred new copies of
the input phage into the
environment.
45. RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS
A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting
from the cutting of a DNA strand by the restriction
enzyme.
Process is called restriction.
46. RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS
Steward Linn along with Werner Arber in 1963
isolated two enzymes.
One of them is Restriction Endonuclease.
Restriction Endonuclease can cut DNA.
Restriction Endonuclease are basic requirement
for gene cloning or rDNA technology.
47. RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS
Nucleases
They remove They make cuts
nucleotides at specific
Exonuclease Endonuclease positions within
from the ends
of the DNA the DNA
48. TYPES OF REN
REN
Type I Type II Type III
Mostly used in rDNA technology.
More than 350 types of type II
endonucleases with recognition sites are
known.
Can be used to identify and cleave within
49. NOMENCLATURE OF REN
First letter- genus name of bacteria (in italics).
Next- first two letters of the species name (in
italics).
Next- strain of the organism.
Roman number- order of discovery.
50. NOMENCLATURE OF REN
Eg. - EcoR I
E- Escherichia, co- coli, R-strain Ry 13,
I- first endonuclease to be discovered.
Eg.- Hind III
H- Haemophilus, in- influenzae, d- strain Rd,
III- third endonuclease to be discovered.
51. RECOGNITION SEQUENCE (RESTRICTION SITES)
It is the site/ sequence where REN cuts the DNA.
Sequence of 4-8 nucleotides.
Most restriction sites are Palindromes.
52. In DNA, palindrome is a sequence of base pairs
that reads the same on the two strands when
orientation of reading is kept same.
53. CLEAVAGE PATTERNS OF REN
REN recognizes the
restriction site.
Cleave the DNA by
hydrolyzing
Phosphodiester bonds.
Isolate a particular gene.
Single stranded ends
called sticky ends.
54. These sticky ends can
form hydrogen bonded
base pairs with
complementary sticky
ends or any other cleaved
DNA.
56. Gel
Restriction fragments electrophoresis
yield a band pattern
characteristic of the
original DNA molecule &
restriction enzyme used.
Bands
57. PREPARING AND CLONING A DNA LIBRARY
Collection of DNA fragments from a particular species that
is stored and propagated in a population of micro
organisms through molecular cloning.
58. GENOMIC LIBRARY
Collection of all clones of DNA fragments of complete
genome of an organism.
All DNA fragments are cloned and stored as location of
desired gene is not known.
Screening of DNA fragments can be done by
Complementation Or by using Probes.
59. Construction of Genomic Library.
Entire genome isolated
Cut into fragments by REN
Fragments inserted in Vector
Recombinant vectors are transferred into
suitable organism
Transferred organisms are cultured and
stored
60. CDNA LIBRARY
cDNA is Complementary DNA.
Produced using Teminism i.e. Reverse Transcriptase.
Constructed for eukaryotes.
61. cDNA is made from mRNA
AAAAAAA Mature mRNA
Start Stop
TTTTTTT
Add polyT primer, nucleotides, and
Reverse Transcriptase
AAAAAAA DNA/RNA
TTTTTTT
RNA removed (by NaOH) and
second strand synthesized
TTTTTTT
Complementary DNA cDNA
62. Gene Amplification (PCR)
It is obtaining multiple copies of a known DNA
sequences that contain a gene.
Done artificially by using PCR (Polymerase Chain
Reaction)
63. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Developed by in 1983.
Kary Mullis
In Vitro technique.
Scientific technique to generate billions of copies of a
particular DNA sequence in a short time.
65. Requirements for PCR technique
Primers-forward and
A DNA segment
DNA segment Primers reverse, are
100-35,000 bp in synthetic
length to be oligonucleotides and
amplified. complementary to
PCR the desired DNA
segment
Four types of Thermostable
deoxyribonucleotid dNTPs DNA Enzyme that can
es i.e. dCTP, dGTP, polymerase withstand upto 94°
dTTP, dATP C.
66. Steps of PCR technique
The double strand melts open to single
stranded DNA, all enzymatic reactions stop
(for example : the extension from a previous
cycle).
Ionic bonds are constantly formed and
broken between the single stranded primer
and the single stranded template. Once
there are a few bases built in, the ionic bond
is so strong between the template and the
primer, that it does not break anymore.
The bases (complementary to the template)
are coupled to the primer on the 3' side (the
polymerase adds dNTP's from 5' to 3',
reading the template from 3' to 5' side,
bases are added complementary to the
template)
69. Bacillus thuringiensis
• Soil bacterium.
• Produces a protein that has
insecticidal properties.
• Traditionally used as spray.
70. Mechanism of Bt Bt (in inactive form)
sprayed on Crops
• Bt produces Bt toxins which
are inactive protoxins. Eaten by insect
• When an insect ingests it,
inactive protoxin gets Toxin gets activated by
alkaline pH of insect’s gut
converted into active form due
to alkaline pH of the insect’s
gut. Swelling of gut of insect
• This led to swelling of gut and
ultimately death of insect
Death of insect
71. Crop plants are now
engineered to express
Bt toxin.
• Cry gene in Bt produces
inactive protoxins.
72. Bt crops are now commercially available.
For Eg.
Bt Corn Bt Rice Bt Cotton Bt Tomato
Bt Brinjal Bt Soybean Bt Potato
73. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
• Soil bacterium.
• Causes crown gall tumors in
dicotyledonous plants.
• T DNA (gall producing gene) occurs
in Ti plasmid.
• Ti plasmid is used as vector for Mechanism
higher plants.
• Many genetically modified plants are
produced using A. tumifaciens.
Tumor
75. • Desirable genes such as Cry gene an Nif gene is
cloned inside A. tumifaciens and then transferred into
another plant.
Nif Gene
isolated from
Rhizobium
76. Examples
1. Flavr savr tomato 2. Golden Rice
Longer shelf life. Greater pro vitamin A content.
Antisense DNA is introduced that Genetically engineered.
retards ripening
77. Bio-Safety Issues
Biosafety
issues
Impact on
human health Genetically Impact on
and modified Agriculture
environment
organisms
Ethical
issues
78. Genetic modification of organisms
can lead to
Contamination of gene pools.
Consumption may lead to allergies.
Hazardous microbes may escape
laboratory
Therefore manipulation of organisms
needed regulation
80. Biopiracy
The patenting of plants, genes, and other biological
products that are indigenous to another country
Developed countries patent the knowledge and
resources of underdeveloped countries and enjoy
immense profits.
81. Biopatent
A patent is granted
by the government
to the inventor for
biological entities,
processes and
products.
82. Case Study
Texmati was derived
by crossing Indian
Basmati rice with a
semi dwarf variety.
A Texas based
company got patent
on rights of basmati.
Indian Basmati rice
Texmati rice
84. What can be done?
Genetic Literacy
Movement in Schools
and Colleges on rapid
developments in
Molecular Genetics
85. What will it do?
Better understanding of opportunities and
risks of rDNA technology.
Promote safe and responsible use of tools
of genetic engineering.
Notes de l'éditeur
The cell or organism from which the required gene is taken is called donor.Molecular scissors are enzymes that cut the DNA strands at desired sites.
A cosmid, first described by Collins and Hohn in 1978, is a type of hybrid plasmid (often used as a cloning vector) that contains aLambda phage cos sequence. Cosmids' (cos sites + plasmid = cosmid) DNA sequences are originally from the Lambda phage. Cosmids can be used to build genomic libraries.Cosmids are able to contain 37 to 52 kb of DNA, while normal plasmids are able to carry only 1–20 kb. They can replicate as plasmids if they have a suitable origin of replication:
Kary received noble award in 1993 for this.
Ethical--pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct