The document discusses setting up a livestock breeding program, including defining breeding goals and objectives, recording relevant traits, and selecting superior animals. It explains that a breeding goal specifies the important traits to improve and their emphasis, while a breeding program combines recording traits, estimating animal values, selecting parents, and mating to produce the next generation. Key points covered include defining measurable and attainable goals aligned with market requirements, focusing on economically important and heritable traits, and using performance recording and genetic assessment to select animals meeting the objectives.
This document discusses animal breeding goals. It notes that the major challenges in animal breeding are increasing food production to meet rising human population needs. Breeding goals must be defined based on factors like production system, animal purpose, and trait heritability. Key traits include productivity, health, reproduction and adaptation. Traits in the breeding goal should be measurable and recorded to estimate breeding values and select optimal parents for the next generation. The goals aim to improve multiple important traits over many generations.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Sheep Cross Breeding and Reproductive Management Dr Talaat RefaatDr Talaat Refaat
الجمعية المصرية للأغنام والماعزوالحيوانات الصحراوية
EGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP, GOATS & DESERT ANIMALS
1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
ENHANCEMENT OF SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION
المؤتمر الدولى الأول لتنمية المجترات الصغيرة
7-9 فبراير 2006
SHEEP CROSS BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO ENHANCE FLOCK PRODUCTIVITY
By
Dr TALAAT HARB M REFAAT
Eng ABDULLAH TALAAT REFAAT
(7-9 FEB, 2006)
Current Options in Farm Animal Welfare Audits - Jim ReynoldsDAIReXNET
Dr Jim Reynolds presented this information on February 8th 2012 for DAIReXNET. He discussed the various options available for animal welfare certification on dairy farms, as well as what certification is and how to decide if it's right for you or your clients.
This document discusses the genetic basis of traits in cattle and the process of genetic selection. Key points:
- Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes. Cattle have 30 chromosome pairs.
- During reproduction, sperm and egg cells only receive half the chromosomes. Fertilization combines the full set.
- Single genes control traits like coat color. Combinations produce different expressions (red, white, roan).
- Multiple genes influence traits like growth and fertility, showing continuous variation.
- Producers can select bulls to breed cows that pass on desirable genetic traits to offspring over generations.
Community-based small ruminant breeding programs—Attractive option in low inp...ILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Getachew and Aynalem Haile at the FAO-ILRI Regional Training Workshop on Proven Livestock Technologies, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 3-5 December 2018
The document discusses whether it is possible to make money with a small flock or herd of sheep and goats. It defines a small flock or herd as ranging from 10 to 2000 animals. Making money can mean different things such as covering costs, earning a profit, or getting a tax benefit. The key factors that determine whether a small operation can make money include managing feed costs effectively, selecting productive breeds, marketing livestock strategically, and running the operation like a business by tracking costs and returns. The document provides tips in each of these areas and emphasizes the importance of feed cost management through practices like pasture management, balanced rations, and alternative feeds.
This document discusses meat grading and inspection processes. It begins by defining key terms and outlining learning objectives about meat selection, storage, cuts, and safety handling. It then describes the mandatory government inspection process for meat and poultry to ensure safety. Meats can then be voluntarily graded based on quality factors like marbling. Beef grading evaluates external fat, ribeye muscle area, and carcass weight. Packers have also developed branded grading programs with consistent quality standards. The document outlines the cutting process from primal cuts to subprimal and portion control cuts ready for cooking.
This document discusses animal breeding goals. It notes that the major challenges in animal breeding are increasing food production to meet rising human population needs. Breeding goals must be defined based on factors like production system, animal purpose, and trait heritability. Key traits include productivity, health, reproduction and adaptation. Traits in the breeding goal should be measurable and recorded to estimate breeding values and select optimal parents for the next generation. The goals aim to improve multiple important traits over many generations.
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Sheep Cross Breeding and Reproductive Management Dr Talaat RefaatDr Talaat Refaat
الجمعية المصرية للأغنام والماعزوالحيوانات الصحراوية
EGYPTIAN ASSOCIATION OF SHEEP, GOATS & DESERT ANIMALS
1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
ENHANCEMENT OF SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION
المؤتمر الدولى الأول لتنمية المجترات الصغيرة
7-9 فبراير 2006
SHEEP CROSS BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO ENHANCE FLOCK PRODUCTIVITY
By
Dr TALAAT HARB M REFAAT
Eng ABDULLAH TALAAT REFAAT
(7-9 FEB, 2006)
Current Options in Farm Animal Welfare Audits - Jim ReynoldsDAIReXNET
Dr Jim Reynolds presented this information on February 8th 2012 for DAIReXNET. He discussed the various options available for animal welfare certification on dairy farms, as well as what certification is and how to decide if it's right for you or your clients.
This document discusses the genetic basis of traits in cattle and the process of genetic selection. Key points:
- Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes. Cattle have 30 chromosome pairs.
- During reproduction, sperm and egg cells only receive half the chromosomes. Fertilization combines the full set.
- Single genes control traits like coat color. Combinations produce different expressions (red, white, roan).
- Multiple genes influence traits like growth and fertility, showing continuous variation.
- Producers can select bulls to breed cows that pass on desirable genetic traits to offspring over generations.
Community-based small ruminant breeding programs—Attractive option in low inp...ILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Getachew and Aynalem Haile at the FAO-ILRI Regional Training Workshop on Proven Livestock Technologies, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 3-5 December 2018
The document discusses whether it is possible to make money with a small flock or herd of sheep and goats. It defines a small flock or herd as ranging from 10 to 2000 animals. Making money can mean different things such as covering costs, earning a profit, or getting a tax benefit. The key factors that determine whether a small operation can make money include managing feed costs effectively, selecting productive breeds, marketing livestock strategically, and running the operation like a business by tracking costs and returns. The document provides tips in each of these areas and emphasizes the importance of feed cost management through practices like pasture management, balanced rations, and alternative feeds.
This document discusses meat grading and inspection processes. It begins by defining key terms and outlining learning objectives about meat selection, storage, cuts, and safety handling. It then describes the mandatory government inspection process for meat and poultry to ensure safety. Meats can then be voluntarily graded based on quality factors like marbling. Beef grading evaluates external fat, ribeye muscle area, and carcass weight. Packers have also developed branded grading programs with consistent quality standards. The document outlines the cutting process from primal cuts to subprimal and portion control cuts ready for cooking.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION SMALL RUMINANTS IN GRADE 10remaDasian1
The document discusses important factors to consider when selecting animals for breeding purposes. Key traits discussed include feed conversion ratio, reproductive efficiency, growth rate, carcass quality, milk yield, birth weight, and structural traits. Selection should focus on animals with desirable traits that are heritable like growth rate, structural traits, and birth weight. Non-heritable traits like estrus cycle and litter size are also important to consider. The document provides tips for selection including choosing rapidly growing kids and does that breed regularly. It also discusses criteria for selecting dairy goats and bucks for breeding.
This document discusses tools for selecting dairy buffaloes in India. It provides information on:
1. The top buffalo breeds in India for milk production, including Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and Mehsana breeds.
2. Criteria for selecting dairy buffaloes, such as breed characteristics, body conformation, health, past performance, and udder quality.
3. Traditional selection methods like individual performance testing and pedigree selection, as well as advanced methods like body condition scoring and genomic selection.
4. How body condition scoring can be used to assess fat reserves and optimize reproduction and milk production, with an ideal target score of 3.5-3.99 around
Record keeping is a necessary element of good dairy management.
With no written records, farmers have to depend on their memory while making decisions regarding their farm practices.
Record keeping starts from Birth till death .
This document discusses selection of high quality dairy animals and monitoring herd performance. It describes important points for selecting animals such as breed characteristics, production ability, and docility. Selection should be based on factors like body conformation, health, and past lactation performance. Methods of selection mentioned include mass selection, tandem selection, independent culling, and using a selection index. Monitoring herd performance allows for early problem detection. Methods discussed are tracking clinical disease, feed intake, milk production, and body condition scoring.
CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish, Value for MoneyCGIAR
CGIAR is a global partnership focused on research for food security. It works on improving small-scale livestock and fish production systems to better meet the needs of poor people. Key approaches include taking a whole value chain perspective, focusing on select chains with potential for pro-poor transformation, and working with partners on integrated interventions. Research addresses constraints in smallholder dairy, sheep/goat, pig, and aquaculture systems. The goal is to increase productivity in a sustainable and equitable manner to improve poor people's access to affordable animal-source foods.
Small-scale livestock production of sheep and goats provides unique opportunities but requires consideration of several factors. Producers should evaluate certification programs to access new markets while accounting for costs. Good stewardship through practices like manure management and stormwater runoff protection benefits both the environment and business relationships. Licenses and zoning regulations vary by location and products sold. With the right planning and practices, small-scale livestock can be profitable.
1) The US goat meat industry harvested over 800,000 goats in 2009 and imported over 700,000 goat carcasses from Australia. However, the aggregate demand for goat meat in the US is currently unknown.
2) Expanding the domestic goat meat supply could include increasing the number of goat farms and goats per farm, improving reproductive efficiency, and increasing carcass size and quality. However, the high opportunity costs of land present a major constraint.
3) Improving the genetic quality of goat herds through performance testing would help increase supply but is difficult for individual farmers. Overall increases in goat meat production face challenges from high land costs and low rates of return.
The document discusses estimating breeding values (EBVs) for cattle. EBVs are calculated using performance records from over 1,000 UK pedigree herds to indicate an animal's genetic potential. Traits like birth weight, growth rates, and carcass characteristics are recorded and analyzed using BLUP methods to produce EBVs. EBVs allow producers to compare genetically superior bulls that will improve the productivity and profitability of their herds. The document provides information on interpreting EBVs and using them to select the right bulls for different production systems.
The Livestock CRP: A program to translate livestock research into impactILRI
The Livestock CRP aims to translate livestock research into impact through integrated interventions and scaling. It brings together 5 research centers to work on livestock genetics, health, feeds, forages, and value chains in 4 priority countries. One example is a project in Uganda developing the pork value chain through a multi-stakeholder platform to stimulate business and conduct research on production, health including African Swine Fever, and food safety. The overall goal is to increase sustainable production and supply of nutritious animal-source foods and improve incomes and resilience of smallholder livestock farmers.
This document provides information on various beef cattle breeding methods including straightbreeding, crossbreeding, and different crossbreeding systems. It discusses the advantages and considerations of straightbreeding programs as well as the reasons for adopting crossbreeding, including to take advantage of hybrid vigor. The document also outlines different crossbreeding systems like two-breed crosses, backcrosses, three-breed crosses, and rotational crosses. It emphasizes the importance of basing any crossbreeding program on straightbred animals of high genetic merit.
ILRI's strategy focuses on using livestock research to improve food security and reduce poverty in Africa. It has three strategic objectives: 1) develop and promote sustainable, scalable practices that improve lives through livestock; 2) provide scientific evidence to persuade decision-makers to invest more in livestock; and 3) increase stakeholders' capacity to make better use of livestock science and investments. Key research areas include addressing the biomass crisis in intensifying smallholder systems, managing vulnerability and risk in drylands, improving food safety and addressing aflatoxins, advancing vaccine biosciences, and mobilizing biosciences to achieve food security in Africa. ILRI aims to prove livestock's potential, influence investment, and ensure sufficient capacity to effectively use
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Southern SAWG - A Greener World Certifications: Right For Your Farm?agreenerworld
- A Greener World (AGW) certifies farms in North America for animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and grassfed practices through their Certified Animal Welfare Approved, Certified Grassfed, and Certified Non-GMO programs.
- AGW standards are developed to be practical, science-based, and outcome-focused. Farms are independently audited annually to ensure compliance.
- Certification provides farmers marketing benefits like access to AGW's directory and promotions, as well as technical support for improving practices. It also assures customers that certified farms meet high standards for animal welfare and environmental stewardship.
This document discusses various topics related to pork production quality and valuation, including:
- The importance of quality, consistency, and attention to detail in meeting customer expectations.
- Factors that can degrade commodity pork quality like cheap feed ingredients.
- Regulatory responsibilities around price reporting and payment timelines.
- Alternative methods for valuing livestock when negotiated trades are limited.
- The need for the industry to improve production processes and standards to regain customer trust.
Overview of Community Based Breeding Program and implementation procedureILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Getachew, ICARDA, at the SmaRT Ethiopia workshop and field day on Small Ruminant Community Based Breeding Program (CBBP), Hosaena, Ethiopia, 27–28 March 2018
And what should we do today? Developing a research-for-development agenda for...ILRI
The document discusses opportunities for livestock research to support development goals in developing countries. It identifies three trajectories for livestock systems - "strong growth", "fragile growth", and "high growth with externalities" - and discusses opportunities within each trajectory. For systems with strong growth, research could focus on sustainable intensification and market access. For fragile systems, research could enhance resilience. For high-growth systems, managing environmental and health risks is a priority. The document advocates for research with stakeholders and a theory of change to achieve impact at scale.
A practical decision checklist for gender-responsive plant and animal breedingCGIAR
This document introduces a decision checklist for making plant and animal breeding programs more gender-responsive. It describes the checklist, which provides questions to guide critical decisions throughout the breeding process. The checklist aims to systematically include relevant gender information in decisions. Key decisions in the breeding process where gender should be considered include identifying target customers, determining traits to breed for, defining product profiles, and designing delivery systems. Using the checklist can help ensure breeding programs do not overlook gender issues and increase adoption by developing products that meet the needs of diverse customer groups. The document provides examples and outlines the multidisciplinary team and data needed to apply the checklist.
ANIMAL PRODUCTION SMALL RUMINANTS IN GRADE 10remaDasian1
The document discusses important factors to consider when selecting animals for breeding purposes. Key traits discussed include feed conversion ratio, reproductive efficiency, growth rate, carcass quality, milk yield, birth weight, and structural traits. Selection should focus on animals with desirable traits that are heritable like growth rate, structural traits, and birth weight. Non-heritable traits like estrus cycle and litter size are also important to consider. The document provides tips for selection including choosing rapidly growing kids and does that breed regularly. It also discusses criteria for selecting dairy goats and bucks for breeding.
This document discusses tools for selecting dairy buffaloes in India. It provides information on:
1. The top buffalo breeds in India for milk production, including Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and Mehsana breeds.
2. Criteria for selecting dairy buffaloes, such as breed characteristics, body conformation, health, past performance, and udder quality.
3. Traditional selection methods like individual performance testing and pedigree selection, as well as advanced methods like body condition scoring and genomic selection.
4. How body condition scoring can be used to assess fat reserves and optimize reproduction and milk production, with an ideal target score of 3.5-3.99 around
Record keeping is a necessary element of good dairy management.
With no written records, farmers have to depend on their memory while making decisions regarding their farm practices.
Record keeping starts from Birth till death .
This document discusses selection of high quality dairy animals and monitoring herd performance. It describes important points for selecting animals such as breed characteristics, production ability, and docility. Selection should be based on factors like body conformation, health, and past lactation performance. Methods of selection mentioned include mass selection, tandem selection, independent culling, and using a selection index. Monitoring herd performance allows for early problem detection. Methods discussed are tracking clinical disease, feed intake, milk production, and body condition scoring.
CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish, Value for MoneyCGIAR
CGIAR is a global partnership focused on research for food security. It works on improving small-scale livestock and fish production systems to better meet the needs of poor people. Key approaches include taking a whole value chain perspective, focusing on select chains with potential for pro-poor transformation, and working with partners on integrated interventions. Research addresses constraints in smallholder dairy, sheep/goat, pig, and aquaculture systems. The goal is to increase productivity in a sustainable and equitable manner to improve poor people's access to affordable animal-source foods.
Small-scale livestock production of sheep and goats provides unique opportunities but requires consideration of several factors. Producers should evaluate certification programs to access new markets while accounting for costs. Good stewardship through practices like manure management and stormwater runoff protection benefits both the environment and business relationships. Licenses and zoning regulations vary by location and products sold. With the right planning and practices, small-scale livestock can be profitable.
1) The US goat meat industry harvested over 800,000 goats in 2009 and imported over 700,000 goat carcasses from Australia. However, the aggregate demand for goat meat in the US is currently unknown.
2) Expanding the domestic goat meat supply could include increasing the number of goat farms and goats per farm, improving reproductive efficiency, and increasing carcass size and quality. However, the high opportunity costs of land present a major constraint.
3) Improving the genetic quality of goat herds through performance testing would help increase supply but is difficult for individual farmers. Overall increases in goat meat production face challenges from high land costs and low rates of return.
The document discusses estimating breeding values (EBVs) for cattle. EBVs are calculated using performance records from over 1,000 UK pedigree herds to indicate an animal's genetic potential. Traits like birth weight, growth rates, and carcass characteristics are recorded and analyzed using BLUP methods to produce EBVs. EBVs allow producers to compare genetically superior bulls that will improve the productivity and profitability of their herds. The document provides information on interpreting EBVs and using them to select the right bulls for different production systems.
The Livestock CRP: A program to translate livestock research into impactILRI
The Livestock CRP aims to translate livestock research into impact through integrated interventions and scaling. It brings together 5 research centers to work on livestock genetics, health, feeds, forages, and value chains in 4 priority countries. One example is a project in Uganda developing the pork value chain through a multi-stakeholder platform to stimulate business and conduct research on production, health including African Swine Fever, and food safety. The overall goal is to increase sustainable production and supply of nutritious animal-source foods and improve incomes and resilience of smallholder livestock farmers.
This document provides information on various beef cattle breeding methods including straightbreeding, crossbreeding, and different crossbreeding systems. It discusses the advantages and considerations of straightbreeding programs as well as the reasons for adopting crossbreeding, including to take advantage of hybrid vigor. The document also outlines different crossbreeding systems like two-breed crosses, backcrosses, three-breed crosses, and rotational crosses. It emphasizes the importance of basing any crossbreeding program on straightbred animals of high genetic merit.
ILRI's strategy focuses on using livestock research to improve food security and reduce poverty in Africa. It has three strategic objectives: 1) develop and promote sustainable, scalable practices that improve lives through livestock; 2) provide scientific evidence to persuade decision-makers to invest more in livestock; and 3) increase stakeholders' capacity to make better use of livestock science and investments. Key research areas include addressing the biomass crisis in intensifying smallholder systems, managing vulnerability and risk in drylands, improving food safety and addressing aflatoxins, advancing vaccine biosciences, and mobilizing biosciences to achieve food security in Africa. ILRI aims to prove livestock's potential, influence investment, and ensure sufficient capacity to effectively use
Dr. Sushil Neupane's notes on "Introductory Genetics and Animal Breeding" for the 2nd year, 1st semester of the Diploma in Animal Science (latest syllabus of CTEVT) provide a comprehensive overview of key concepts and principles related to genetics and animal breeding. The notes cover fundamental topics in genetics and their practical applications in livestock production and breeding programs.
Southern SAWG - A Greener World Certifications: Right For Your Farm?agreenerworld
- A Greener World (AGW) certifies farms in North America for animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and grassfed practices through their Certified Animal Welfare Approved, Certified Grassfed, and Certified Non-GMO programs.
- AGW standards are developed to be practical, science-based, and outcome-focused. Farms are independently audited annually to ensure compliance.
- Certification provides farmers marketing benefits like access to AGW's directory and promotions, as well as technical support for improving practices. It also assures customers that certified farms meet high standards for animal welfare and environmental stewardship.
This document discusses various topics related to pork production quality and valuation, including:
- The importance of quality, consistency, and attention to detail in meeting customer expectations.
- Factors that can degrade commodity pork quality like cheap feed ingredients.
- Regulatory responsibilities around price reporting and payment timelines.
- Alternative methods for valuing livestock when negotiated trades are limited.
- The need for the industry to improve production processes and standards to regain customer trust.
Overview of Community Based Breeding Program and implementation procedureILRI
Presented by Tesfaye Getachew, ICARDA, at the SmaRT Ethiopia workshop and field day on Small Ruminant Community Based Breeding Program (CBBP), Hosaena, Ethiopia, 27–28 March 2018
And what should we do today? Developing a research-for-development agenda for...ILRI
The document discusses opportunities for livestock research to support development goals in developing countries. It identifies three trajectories for livestock systems - "strong growth", "fragile growth", and "high growth with externalities" - and discusses opportunities within each trajectory. For systems with strong growth, research could focus on sustainable intensification and market access. For fragile systems, research could enhance resilience. For high-growth systems, managing environmental and health risks is a priority. The document advocates for research with stakeholders and a theory of change to achieve impact at scale.
A practical decision checklist for gender-responsive plant and animal breedingCGIAR
This document introduces a decision checklist for making plant and animal breeding programs more gender-responsive. It describes the checklist, which provides questions to guide critical decisions throughout the breeding process. The checklist aims to systematically include relevant gender information in decisions. Key decisions in the breeding process where gender should be considered include identifying target customers, determining traits to breed for, defining product profiles, and designing delivery systems. Using the checklist can help ensure breeding programs do not overlook gender issues and increase adoption by developing products that meet the needs of diverse customer groups. The document provides examples and outlines the multidisciplinary team and data needed to apply the checklist.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
icarda.org cgiar.org
A CGIAR Research Center
Tesfaye Getachew and Aynalem Haile
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Skill Training on breeding goal, objectives and
selection criteria
2. icarda.org 2
Setting up a breeding program starts with the definition of a breeding goal and is followed by the design of
a scheme that is able to deliver genetic progress in line with this goal. A breeding goal with the relevant
traits, collection of performance data, analysis of the data for the identification of superior animals, and
the use of superior animals to produce the next generation, are the main components of structured
breeding programs.
Definitions
A breeding goal is the specification of the traits to be improved including the emphasis given to each trait.
It gives the direction in which we want to improve the population.
A Breeding program is a program aiming at defined breeding objectives for the production of a next
generation of animals. It is the combination of recording selected traits, the estimation of breeding values,
the selection of potential parents and a mating programme for the selected parents including appropriate
(artificial) reproduction methods. See scheme at the beginning of this chapter.
A remark: traits with an optimum value
For most of the traits, the objective is a continuous improvement, but for some of the traits the goal is to
reach intermediate values. Examples of such traits are egg weight where a market exists for table eggs
between 55 and 70 grams. Mature body size is positively related to returns at slaughter but negatively
with feed efficiency. The production aim is a high carcass value in combination with low feed cost. Thus in
many meat production systems mature body weight of the animals has an optimum.
The breeding goal
3. icarda.org 3
• A breeding objective describes animals you would like to breed that are appropriate for
your production system and market and selection is the method by which the producer
identifies that animal
• All breeding enterprises should establish breeding objectives and goals and implement
selection processes to meet those objectives as part of the overall business planning
process
• Breeding objectives
• A breeding objective describes characteristics that affect profit the most, as well as how
important each trait is to profit
• can best defied with the concept of economic theory (it represent by the demand
at least one stakeholder associated with livestock industry for a technical change in
each individual genetic trait of interest and is commonly quantified as a set of
economic values expressed in currency unit per unit of change in each trait)
• Supply side of genetic improvement (depends on factors such as heritability of
recorded traits, cost of recording and relationship of recorded traits with traits
defined in the breeding objectives)
Breeding objective and selection
4. icarda.org 4
When developing breeding objectives consider:
• A breeding objective should be specific, measurable and attainable
• A breeding objective is generally specific to a particular market, therefore it is important
to understand customer and market requirements
• Depending on the target market, some traits or characteristics have greater economic
importance than others eg growth rate as an influencer of live weight at sale
• Monitoring the current herd or flock performance against customer or market
requirements and considering how this performance and the requirements might change
over time.
• Some traits are highly heritable or readily passed on from one generation to another.
Greater progress towards breeding objectives can be achieved by targeting traits that are
highly heritable
• Focus on traits of economic importance rather than traits that have more to do with
'tradition' or 'personal preference'
5. icarda.org 5
Your breeding objective should target characteristics (traits) that:
• can continue to be improved within the limitations of your environment and
production system;
• contributes the most to your profit;
• are heritable and have sufficient genetic variation to enable progress to be
made.
• Also note that the more traits that you include, the progress for each will be
slower, however the progress against the objective can still be high
• Breeding objectives generally include the characteristics of importance, the
level they should achieve and the time frame in which this will be achieved
6. icarda.org 6
• Before defining the breeding goal many questions on the
production system have to be answered.
• For what reason the animals are kept? In which way the products
and animals are marketed? What are important aspects of feeding
and management? Are the breeders organized? Is there already a
breeding program in place? What traits can be recorded? Is
artificial reproduction applicable? Hence, these aspects of
production systems determine the possibilities for breeding
programs and for the selection of breeding goal traits.
7. icarda.org 7
• The choice of the most appropriate breed to use in a given environment or
production system should be the first step when initiating a breeding
program
• Numerous examples exist of animals of high productive breeds (e.g. Holstein
Friesian dairy cow) imported in tropical countries without any success.
• The animals are not adapted to the high temperature, they hardly reproduce and
heat stress impedes high production levels. In addition many tropical diseases lead
to a high mortality.
• When adaptation ignored, the fitness of the animals will be reduced.
Adaptive fitness is characterized by survival, health and reproduction related
traits
• Locally adapted autochthonous breeds display a far greater level of
resistance and adaptation due to their evolutionary roots as compared to
imported breeds
8. icarda.org 8
• The breeding goal for food production aims, irrespectively of the
species, at: improving gross efficiency (amount of product
divided by the amount of feed consumed) and reducing cost
price by:
• improving productivity (higher yield and financial returns,
• improving feed conversion (less feed per kg of product and
less costs) and
• improving reproduction, health and survival (less
replacement animals needed and less costs).
• Increasing attention to improve welfare and to reduce
environmental impact might be additional breeding goal traits.
9. icarda.org 9
Recording breeding goal traits raises a lot of questions:
• What can be measured?
• How often can or should the trait be measured?
• Who or what is measuring the trait?
• What animals can or should be involved?
• At what age?
• How detailed?
• What is the accuracy of the measurement?
Measurements of breeding goal traits
10. icarda.org 10
• Breeding goal traits might be quantitative. Milk, meat or egg production, body
measurements or performance expressions are examples of quantitative traits. They are
measured in units: in kg or simply in numbers: kg of milk, grams of growth and number
of eggs.
• Breeding goals might be qualitative e.g. the quality of a product or an important trait in
the breed standard. Product traits, scores for body traits, disease incidences or
performance impressions are examples of qualitative traits. They are measured in
classes: e.g. a 1 (good), 2 (moderate) or 3 (bad) for meat quality or simply 0 (not present
in the animal) or 1 (present).
• Some breeding goals traits cannot be measured at the time when it is relevant. E.g. in
meat production, meat quality is an important breeding goal trait. However, you cannot
measure carcass composition of a young calf, piglet or lamb at the moment you
consider to use the animal for breeding. It can be measured only after slaughter and
then breeding with that animal is impossible. Indicator traits, obtained by scanning live
animals for body composition before you take breeding decisions may help to predict
carcass composition.
Which traits should be recorded
11. icarda.org 11
• Breeding goals can be simple or complex. In case of commercial breeding programs many traits are
recorded and have an influence on the profit of animals produced by these commercial breeding
programs.
• In extensive production conditions or in case of hobby breeding only a few important traits are
recorded and simple breeding goals consisting of a few traits are used.
• In order to rank the individual selection candidates for the breeding goal traits it is necessary to
comprise the values for the respective traits into one single selection criterion.
• The value of this criterion can be obtained by summing up the breeding value for each trait multiplied
by a weighing factor based on the relevance of that trait in the breeding goal.
• The relevance might be based on the relative economic value of the trait.
Index
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Farmers trait preference
Survey, flock ranking, choice experiments
• Simple
• Helps to identify true breeding objectives of farmers
• Considering economic selection index might be difficult
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Selection
• Once producers understand the requirements of the target market and have
developed breeding objectives that are aligned to these requirements, they can begin
selecting livestock that meet the breeding objectives
• Selection describes the process of choosing animals that meet the requirements of the
breeding objective and will, in a breeding enterprise, pass particular traits onto their
progeny.
• Selection should consider both subjectively measured traits (visual assessment) and
objectively measured traits (genetic assessment).
Subjective, visual assessment
• Visual assessment is an assessment of an animal based on what can be physically seen.
• While the requirements will vary depending on the enterprise's breeding objectives,
traits to look for when visually assessing livestock include:
• The conformation or shape of the animal eg muscling.
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Objective, genetic assessment
• Objective assessment uses actual measurements to assess the relative
worth of an animal to an enterprise.
• One form of objective assessment is genetic evaluation which provides an
insight into the genetic makeup of animals.
• This is particularly useful when sires are being acquired to improve a herd
or flock according to the enterprises breeding objectives.
• The difficult task of selecting breeding stock based on genetic assessment
has been made easier and more precise through estimated breeding values
(EBVs)
• Breeding values are calculated using information from each animal's own
performance and from the performance of its relatives.
• This information can help select and breed livestock that will achieve
performance targets and improve profitability.
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Breeding, classing and culling
• Classing and culling play an important role in improving the average
genetic merit of a herd or flock.
• Producers can class livestock and cull where necessary to achieve market
specifications and the enterprises breeding objectives.
• This may occur prior to selling and be based on factors such as condition
score, or prior to breeding and consider more fundamental
conformational or genetic traits.
• Regardless of when classing occurs, target market specifications should
play a major role in the process.