Cast application
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Plaster of Paris (POP) is a form of calcium sulfate hemihydrate that is used to make casts and splints. It reacts exothermically with water to form a hardened calcium sulfate dihydrate cast. POP comes in pre-made rolls that are used to fully or partially encircle a body part to immobilize fractures or deformities. Proper POP cast application includes using the correct cast size, including joints above and below the injury, and positioning immobilized joints in functional positions. Complications can arise from tight or loose casts, improper application, or plaster allergy.
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This document discusses different types of splints and traction used for immobilizing fractures. It describes ladder splints, Thomas splints, and Bohler's modification of the Braun splint. Thomas splints consist of a ring, medial bar, and lateral bar and are used to immobilize the lower limb. Bohler's modification uses pulleys to allow changing the angle of traction without adjusting the traction arrangement. The document also covers skin traction versus skeletal traction, application sites for each, and risks associated with traction use.
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The document provides information about plaster of Paris casts, including their history, composition, application process, types, and care. Some key points:
- Plaster of Paris casts were first used in 1852 and set via an exothermic reaction as calcium sulfate rehydrates.
- Proper application involves padding, applying wet plaster in layers with 50% overlap, holding any reductions, and allowing the cast to fully dry.
- Common cast types include slabs, full casts, spica casts, and braces. Factors like the fracture and joint positions determine the type.
- Signs of compromised circulation like swelling, numbness, or pain require immediate medical attention. Keeping the cast dry
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This seminar discusses fractures, including their definition, causes, classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and medical and nursing management. Fractures are breaks in bone continuity and can be caused by direct blows, twisting motions, or muscle contractions. They are classified based on their relationship to the environment (closed vs open), degree of displacement, fracture pattern (transverse, oblique, etc.), and etiology (traumatic vs pathological). Treatment involves reduction, immobilization using devices like casts, splints, or traction, and restoring function through exercises. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing complications like infection or neurovascular issues, and promoting mobility and independence.
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Splint and tractions
This document discusses different types of splints and traction used for immobilizing fractures. It describes ladder splints, Thomas splints, and Bohler's modification of the Braun splint. Thomas splints consist of a ring, medial bar, and lateral bar and are used to immobilize the lower limb. Bohler's modification uses pulleys to allow changing the angle of traction without adjusting the traction arrangement. The document also covers skin traction versus skeletal traction, application sites for each, and risks associated with traction use.
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The document provides information about plaster of Paris casts, including their history, composition, application process, types, and care. Some key points:
- Plaster of Paris casts were first used in 1852 and set via an exothermic reaction as calcium sulfate rehydrates.
- Proper application involves padding, applying wet plaster in layers with 50% overlap, holding any reductions, and allowing the cast to fully dry.
- Common cast types include slabs, full casts, spica casts, and braces. Factors like the fracture and joint positions determine the type.
- Signs of compromised circulation like swelling, numbness, or pain require immediate medical attention. Keeping the cast dry
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This document provides information on assisting with the application and removal of plaster casts. It defines casts and slabs, describes their purposes and types. The key steps of the application process are outlined, including preparing the patient and materials, applying the cast correctly in layers, and ensuring proper positioning afterwards. Potential complications are listed. The purpose and process of cast removal is also defined, including the use of tools like scissors, vibrators and dilators to carefully cut and remove the cast.
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- The purposes of skin traction include reducing fractures and dislocations, maintaining skeletal alignment, relieving muscle spasms, and immobilizing injured areas.
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Splints and tractions are important tools in orthopaedics to support fractures and guide healing. Plaster of Paris is commonly used to make casts and splints due to its properties of being cheap, easily molded, strong yet light. It is used for both temporary stabilization and definitive fracture treatment. Traction methods include skin traction, adhesive skin traction, skeletal traction and various devices that apply traction through pins in bones. Traction is used to reduce fractures and dislocations, maintain reduction, reduce muscle spasm and control movement. Complications can arise from overtight bandages or pins causing injury.
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Splints are devices that immobilize and protect injured limbs. They are used for fractures, sprains, dislocations and other injuries. Common splinting materials include plaster, fiberglass, pre-fabricated splints and air splints. Traction involves applying a pulling force to the skeletal system using weights, ropes and pulleys. The objectives are to reduce fractures and dislocations, relieve pain, and prevent deformities. Common types are skin traction, which applies force through the skin, and skeletal traction, which attaches directly to bone. Complications can include infection, pressure sores, and effects of prolonged immobilization.
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Traction is a force applied manually or mechanically to reduce fractures or dislocations. There are different types of traction including skin traction, skeletal traction, balanced traction, and fixed traction. Skeletal traction involves pins or wires inserted into bones, while skin traction applies traction through adhesive strips on the skin. Traction has benefits of reducing pain and deformity but risks include pressure sores, nerve palsies, and infection. Proper application and monitoring is needed when using traction.
Cast -
1) Casting is used to immobilize fractures and correct deformities by applying uniform pressure.
2) Plaster of Paris and fiberglass are common casting materials, with fiberglass preferred for distal limbs and children due to its lighter weight.
3) Ben, a 3-year old, wore a removable splint instead of a conventional cast to mend his fractured wrist, as removable splints are replacing casts.
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This document discusses splints and tractions used in orthopedics. It describes various types of splints like POP, Thomas splint, Bohler-Braun splint, and braces. POP splints are cheap, easily available and comfortable. Thomas splints are used to immobilize the knee. Traction is used to restore alignment to fractures and reduce pain. There are different types of traction like skin traction and skeletal traction applied using pins. Daily care of patients involves ensuring proper traction and preventing complications.
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This document discusses different types of traction used in orthopedics. It defines traction as applying a stretching force to parts of the body. Traction is used to reduce fractures and dislocations, immobilize painful joints, prevent deformity, and correct soft tissue contractures. The document describes different methods of skin traction including Buck's traction and Bryant's traction, as well as skeletal traction using pins in the femur, tibia, or calcaneus. Complications of traction include infection, nerve injury, and distraction at the fracture site.
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Plaster of Paris (POP) is a widely used medical material made from gypsum that is partially dehydrated to form a hemi-hydrate powder. When mixed with water, POP hardens and can be molded into casts or splints to immobilize fractures or injuries. POP casts are cost-effective and easy to mold but are heavy and can become fragile when wet. Fibreglass casts are stronger but more expensive alternatives. Proper application and care of casts is important to prevent complications like pain, pressure sores, and joint stiffness.
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A tourniquet is a device that controls blood flow to an extremity by applying circumferential pressure. It is used medically to create a bloodless surgical field or stop traumatic bleeding. The earliest known usage was by Romans in 199 BC during amputations. Modern tourniquets are used widely in orthopedic and plastic surgery. Complications can include post-tourniquet syndrome if applied for too long or at insufficient pressure, especially in patients with vascular issues. Proper application and monitoring can prevent complications.
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- Skin traction involves applying traction directly to the skin to immobilize a body part. It can be used for short or extended periods using adhesive or non-adhesive devices.
- The purposes of skin traction include reducing fractures and dislocations, maintaining skeletal alignment, relieving muscle spasms, and immobilizing injured areas.
- Common types of skin traction include Buck's traction for femoral fractures, forearm skin traction, and head halter traction for neck injuries. Close monitoring is needed to prevent complications like skin breakdown, neurological issues, and deep vein thrombosis.
Splints and tractions
Splints and tractions are important tools in orthopaedics to support fractures and guide healing. Plaster of Paris is commonly used to make casts and splints due to its properties of being cheap, easily molded, strong yet light. It is used for both temporary stabilization and definitive fracture treatment. Traction methods include skin traction, adhesive skin traction, skeletal traction and various devices that apply traction through pins in bones. Traction is used to reduce fractures and dislocations, maintain reduction, reduce muscle spasm and control movement. Complications can arise from overtight bandages or pins causing injury.
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Cast, similar in function to splints are used to immobilize broken bones. The principles of its application and cast care most be followed for effectiveness.
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Splints are devices that immobilize and protect injured limbs. They are used for fractures, sprains, dislocations and other injuries. Common splinting materials include plaster, fiberglass, pre-fabricated splints and air splints. Traction involves applying a pulling force to the skeletal system using weights, ropes and pulleys. The objectives are to reduce fractures and dislocations, relieve pain, and prevent deformities. Common types are skin traction, which applies force through the skin, and skeletal traction, which attaches directly to bone. Complications can include infection, pressure sores, and effects of prolonged immobilization.
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Traction is a force applied manually or mechanically to reduce fractures or dislocations. There are different types of traction including skin traction, skeletal traction, balanced traction, and fixed traction. Skeletal traction involves pins or wires inserted into bones, while skin traction applies traction through adhesive strips on the skin. Traction has benefits of reducing pain and deformity but risks include pressure sores, nerve palsies, and infection. Proper application and monitoring is needed when using traction.
Cast -
1) Casting is used to immobilize fractures and correct deformities by applying uniform pressure.
2) Plaster of Paris and fiberglass are common casting materials, with fiberglass preferred for distal limbs and children due to its lighter weight.
3) Ben, a 3-year old, wore a removable splint instead of a conventional cast to mend his fractured wrist, as removable splints are replacing casts.
PPT ON TRACTIONS IN ORTHOPAEDICS
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This document discusses splints and tractions used in orthopedics. It describes various types of splints like POP, Thomas splint, Bohler-Braun splint, and braces. POP splints are cheap, easily available and comfortable. Thomas splints are used to immobilize the knee. Traction is used to restore alignment to fractures and reduce pain. There are different types of traction like skin traction and skeletal traction applied using pins. Daily care of patients involves ensuring proper traction and preventing complications.
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This document discusses different types of traction used in orthopedics. It defines traction as applying a stretching force to parts of the body. Traction is used to reduce fractures and dislocations, immobilize painful joints, prevent deformity, and correct soft tissue contractures. The document describes different methods of skin traction including Buck's traction and Bryant's traction, as well as skeletal traction using pins in the femur, tibia, or calcaneus. Complications of traction include infection, nerve injury, and distraction at the fracture site.
Functional cast bracing and various pop spica cast
This document discusses various types of casts used to immobilize different body parts, including hip spica casts, thumb spica casts, and shoulder spica casts. It provides details on the indications, techniques, positions, and complications of each type of cast. It also covers functional cast bracing, which allows controlled movement and weight bearing during fracture healing to promote rapid recovery. A variety of plaster and thermoplastic materials can be used to fabricate functional bracing devices for the upper and lower limbs.
Dislocation
Dislocation occurs when a joint is displaced and the supporting ligaments and joint capsule are disrupted. There are different types including congenital, acquired, traumatic, and pathological dislocations. The most common joints that dislocate are the shoulder, hip, elbow, fingers, and cervical facet joints. Investigations include x-rays from different angles and sometimes CT scans. Management involves reducing acute dislocations promptly through closed reduction under anesthesia if possible to avoid complications like nerve damage, recurrent dislocations, and arthritis. Different techniques are used for reducing specific joints like the shoulder, hip, and fingers. Immobilization after reduction helps prevent recurrence.
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This document provides an overview of fractures including their definition, goals of treatment, how they happen, complications, life saving measures, maintaining reduction through internal methods, and local factors. The key points are that a fracture is a break in the bone's structural continuity along with some soft tissue injury, treatment goals are healing in a satisfactory position and restoring function, and fractures can be caused by twisting, compression, bending or tension on the bone.
External fixator
This is a lecture presentation on applying external fixator on open fracture specially on tibia. This method is a classical method. Various new and dynamic fixators are there but the basics are the same.
Traction in orthopaedics for ug mbbs
This document defines traction as the application of pulling force to parts of the body. It discusses the principles of traction and counter-traction and describes different types of traction including fixed, sliding, skin and skeletal traction. Potential disadvantages of traction like prolonged hospital stay and complications like pin site infection are outlined. Specific traction systems and their uses as well as factors to monitor during traction are also summarized.
Open fractures
Open fractures occur when a bone fracture communicates with the external environment through a break in the skin. They were classified and early management was discussed, including irrigation, debridement, antibiotics, tetanus prophylaxis, and splinting. Options for fracture stabilization include external fixation, plating, and intramedullary nails. Wound closure considerations involve primary versus delayed closure, skin grafting, and flaps. The goal is thorough debridement and stable fixation to prevent infection while obtaining soft tissue coverage.
Fracture of Proximal Tibia
Proximal tibia fractures occur above the tibial tuberosity and can be articular or extraarticular. Mechanisms of injury include axial compression and rotation. Examination may reveal pain, swelling, and reduced range of motion. Imaging includes x-rays, CT, and MRI. Treatment is nonoperative for nondisplaced fractures and operative for displaced or unstable fractures to reconstruct the articular surface. Complications include loss of motion, arthritis, and deformity.
Casting and splinting principles and common pitfalls
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Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris (POP) is a widely used medical material made from gypsum that is partially dehydrated to form a hemi-hydrate powder. When mixed with water, POP hardens and can be molded into casts or splints to immobilize fractures or injuries. POP casts are cost-effective and easy to mold but are heavy and can become fragile when wet. Fibreglass casts are stronger but more expensive alternatives. Proper application and care of casts is important to prevent complications like pain, pressure sores, and joint stiffness.
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Bursae around knee joint
The knee joint is the largest and most complicated joint in the body. It allows for weight bearing, walking, climbing stairs, running, jumping and kicking. The knee joint is formed where the femur meets the tibia and patella. It contains ligaments like the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, menisci, synovial membrane and bursae that provide stability and cushioning. Injuries to the cruciate ligaments or menisci are common in sports and require immobilization followed by physiotherapy.
Ankle anatomy
The ankle joint is a hinge synovial joint formed between the lower end of the tibia, the two malleoli, and the body of the talus. It is enclosed by a thin capsule that fuses with the inferior transverse tibiofibular ligament posteriorly. The joint is stabilized by strong medial and lateral ligaments and surrounding tendons. The ankle allows for dorsiflexion and plantar flexion movements, which are limited by the tension in surrounding ligaments and tendons.
Archilles tendonitis and rupture
This document summarizes information about Achilles tendon injuries. It describes the anatomy and blood supply of the Achilles tendon. It discusses the populations most at risk for injury and the mechanisms of injury. Common presentations are outlined for Achilles tendonitis and rupture. Diagnostic investigations and various treatment approaches are also summarized, including prognosis. A case presentation is then provided of a 42-year old male patient with a calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fracture and Achilles tendon rupture from a volleyball injury.
Halluxvalgus Deformity Correction
Hallux valgus, commonly known as a bunion, is a deformity of the foot where the big toe is angled towards the other toes. It is a progressive condition that begins with a lateral deviation of the big toe and can develop into a painful bump on the inside of the foot. If left untreated, it can lead to arthritis in the big toe joint and limitations on wearing shoes. Surgical correction may be needed if conservative treatments like orthotics and wider shoes do not help control symptoms like pain.
Distal Radius.Fractures
The document discusses distal radius fractures, including their classification, management, and research. It describes the most common classification systems, which classify fractures based on joint involvement, mechanism of injury, and severity. Management options include closed reduction and casting for non-displaced fractures, as well as percutaneous pinning, external fixation, and open reduction internal fixation for displaced or unstable fractures. Complications and the importance of anatomic restoration and early motion are also covered.
Vacuum assisted closure
Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), also known as vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy, uses controlled suction to promote wound healing. The study explored using VAC therapy to control orthopedic infections. Patients underwent surgical debridement and VAC application for 5-7 days. Early results showed formation of new granulation tissue and improved healing with continuous therapy at 120 mmHg using standard large pore foam sponges over necrotic soft tissue for 7 days. Further research is still needed to determine the optimal duration of therapy and effects of different dressing types under NPWT.
Ac joint poster
This study examines 10 cases of acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries in military personnel treated either conservatively or surgically. For conservatively treated grade I-II injuries, full function was regained within 6 months, while grade III-V injuries took 6-12 months. Surgically treated grade III injuries took 6 months to regain function and grade IV-V took 12-15 months. Functional outcomes were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months, with UCLA shoulder scores improving significantly over time for both groups. The study concludes that precontoured clavicular hook plates provide good fixation for type III dislocations without additional ligament repair.
Paediatric femur fractures
1. The document discusses paediatric distal femoral injuries, including knee anatomy, Salter-Harris classification, mechanisms of injury, physical exam findings, imaging, and treatment options.
2. Distal femoral physeal fractures are rare, typically result from high-energy trauma, and have risks of growth disturbance and vascular compromise that require emergent assessment and management.
3. Treatment depends on the fracture type and includes closed reduction, percutaneous pinning, splinting/casting, external fixation, and open reduction with internal fixation.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
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Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Cast application
- 1. Close reductions and POP cast applications SUSHANT S SONARKAR
- 4. PLASTER OF PARIS • SEMI HYDRATED CALCIUM SULPHATE • CaSO4.½H2O +1 ½ H2O = CaSO4.2H20 • Exothermic reaction
- 6. PLASTER OF PARIS • COMMERCIAL POP ROLLS-ROLLS OF MUSLIN STIFFENED BY STARCH,POP POWDER & AN ACCELERATOR SUBSTANCE LIKE ALUM
- 7. POP- An Ideal Splint • Cheap, easily available, comfortable • Easy to mould, quick setting • Strong & light • Easy to remove • Permeable to radiography • Non-inflammable
- 8. PLASTER OF PARIS • 4 forms- Slab Cast Spica Functional cast brace
- 9. SLAB Temporary splint USES Initial stages of fracture treatment & during first aid Immobilise the limb postoperatively & in infections It is made up of half by pop & half by bandage roll, hence can accommodate the swelling in the initial stages of fracture
- 10. CASTS • Pop roll completely encircles the limb Definitive form of fracture treatment & corrects deformities • 3 methods Skin tight cast-cast is directly applied over the skin. can cause pressure sores. Difficult to remove as hair may be incorporated into the cast.
- 11. Bologna cast-cotton padding is applied to the limb before putting the cast Three tier cast-stockinette is used first over which cotton padding is done before applying the pop cast.
- 12. SPICA • It encircles a part of the body • Eg: hip spica, thumb spica
- 13. RULES OF APPLICATION OF POP CASTS
- 14. RULES OF APPLICATION OF POP CASTS • Correct size-8 in for thigh, 6 in for leg, 4 in for forearm • Joint above & joint below should be included • Should be moulded with palm & not with fingers for fear of indentation.
- 15. • Joint should be immobilized in functional position. • Plaster should be just fit & should not be too tight or too loose. • Uniform thickness of plaster is preferred.
- 17. Position of Immobilization Elbow: 90 degree of flexion Wrist: 30 degree of extension Thumb: midway between maximal radial and palmar abduction Hand: intrinsic plus (MCP joints in at least 70 degree of flexion and IP joints in extension)
- 18. Wrist: Moderate extension (10- 45degree) MCP joints: Flexion (70-90 degree) PIP joints: Neutral
- 20. Lower limbs Hip: 10-30 degree of abduction 20-45 degree of flexion 15 degree of external rotation Knee: 15-30 degree of flexion Ankle: Neutral dorsiflexion
- 21. STAGES OF PLASTERING • Application of pop slab Cast setting stage-change of pop to gypsum. Time taken to form a rigid dressing after contact with water • Set wet cast • Cast drying by evaporation of excess water
- 22. COMPLICATIONS OF POP Due to tight fit Pain Pressure sore Compartment syndrome Peripheral nerve injuries Cast syndrome
- 23. COMPLICATIONS OF POP • Due to improper application Joint stiffness Plaster blisters & sores Breakage • Due to plaster allergy Allergic dermatitis
- 24. • Cast disease manifested as muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, joint stiffness, muscle weakness, skin breakdown, compartment syndrome, blister formation.