ch6. Introduction to programming languages.pptx

Chapter 6 Objectives
Next
Describe various ways to develop Web pages
including HTML, scripting languages,
DHTML, XML, WML, and Web page
authoring software
Differentiate between machine
and assembly languages
Identify and discuss the purpose of
procedural programming languages
Identify and discuss the characteristics of
object-oriented programming languages and
program development tools
Identify the uses of other programming
languages and other program development
tools
Identify the uses of popular multimedia
authoring programs
List the six steps in the program
development cycle
Differentiate between structured design and
object-oriented design
Explain the basic control structures and
design tools used in designing solutions to
programming problems

Computer Programs and Programming Languages
What is a computer program?
Next
 Series of instructions that directs computer to
perform tasks
 Programming language—used to communicate
instructions

Computer Programs and Programming
Languages
What are low-level
languages and high-
level languages?
p. 664 - 665 Next
High-level
language
Low-level
language
Machine-dependent
runs only on one type of computer
Often machine-independent
can run on many different
types of computers and operating
systems
Machine and assembly languages
are low-level

Low Level VS High Level
Low level
Hard to understand
Complex to modify
Complex to maintain
Complex to debug
Machine Dependent
High level
Easy to understand
Easy to modify
Easy to maintain
Easy to debug
Machine Independent

Low-Level Languages
What is machine language?
p. 665 Fig. 13-2 Next
 Only language computer
directly recognizes
 Uses a series of binary
digits (1s and 0s) with a
combination of numbers
and letters that represent
binary digits
0 shows Low
voltage
off false
1 shows High
Voltage
On True

Low-Level Languages
Assembly language is an improvement over machine
language
p. 666 Fig. 13-3 Next
Instructions made up of
symbolic instruction codes,
meaningful abbreviations and
codes
Add for addition, sub for
subtractions, div for division,

Advantage of assembly language
It requires less instructions to get the result as compared to machine
language.
Assembly languages are still in use.
It is not required to keep track of memory locations.
It is fast in speed, as its execution time is less.

Often called third-generation
language (3GL)
Procedural Languages
What is a procedural language?
p. 666 Next
Uses series of English-like
words to write instructions
Programmer writes
instructions that tell
computer what to accomplish
and how to do it

What is a compiler?
p. 667 Fig. 13-4 Next
 Program that
converts entire
source
program into
machine
language
before
executing it

What is an interpreter?
p. 667 Fig. 13-5 Next
 Program that
translates and
executes one
program code
statement at
a time
 Does not produce
object program

Compiler VS Interpreter
Compiler
• A Complier translates the
entire source code in a
single run
• It consumes less time.
• Errors are shown at the
together
• Used by the language such
as c++, c£, C etc
Interpreter
An interpreter translates the
program line by line.
It consumes much more times
than the compiler.
Errors are shown line by line.
Used by the language such as
python, Java, Ruby etc

What is COBOL?
p. 668 Fig. 13-6 Next
 Designed for business applications
 English-like statements make code easy to read, write,
and maintain
 Common Business-Oriented Language
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
COBOL below Chapter 13

What is C?
p. 668 Fig. 13-7 Next
 Powerful language originally designed to write system
software
 Requires professional programming skills

Object-Oriented Programming
object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
language model organized around objects rather than
“actions” & data rather than logic.
p. 669 Next
Used to
implement
object-oriented
design
Major benefit
is ability to
reuse and
modify existing
objects
Event-driven—
checks for
and responds
to set of events
Java, C++, C#,
and Visual Basic
are complete
object-oriented
languages

Object-Oriented Programming Languages
What is Java?
p. 669 Fig. 13-8 Next
 Java is high level, object-oriented programming language.
 Developed by Sun Microsystems
 Java is mainly used for application programming
 It is used in:
 Web application
 Mobile application
 Enterprise application
 Middleware application
 Uses just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert bytecode into machine-
dependent code
Click to view Web
Web Link from left
Java Platforms
below Chapter 13

What is C++?
p. 670 Fig. 13-9 Next
 Includes all elements of C, plus additional features
for working with object-oriented concepts
 C++ is Used to develop
Database
Web applications
Operating system
games
banking Applications
Web browsers

What is C#?
p. 670 Next
 C£ is pronounced as “C-Sharp”.
 It is an object-oriented programming language created by
Microsoft that runs o the .NET Framework
 C£ has roots from the c family, and the language is close
to other popular language like C++, java.
 The first version was released in year 2002. The latest
version, C£ 12, was released in November 2023.

What is a visual programming language?
p. 669 and 673 Next
Programmer writes
and implements
program in segments
Visual programming
environment (VPE)
allows developers to
drag and drop objects
to build programs
Often used in RAD
(rapid application
development)
environment
Provides visual or
graphical interface for
creating source code

What is Visual Studio?
p. 670 - 672 Fig. 13-10 Next
 VS is a development environment that programmers use to create websites, web
application, web services & mobile application.s
 Comprised of Visual Basic, Visual C++, and Visual C#
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 13, Click
Web Link from left
Visual Studio Tools for Office
below Chapter 13
Step 1. The
developer
designs the
user interface.
Step 2. The developer
assigns properties to each
object on the form.
Step 3. The
developer
writes code
to define the
action of each
command button.
Step 4. The developer
tests the program.

Web Page Development
What is HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)?
p. 678 Fig. 13-18 Next
 Used to create Web pages

Web Page Development
What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)?
p. 682 Fig. 13-21 Next
 Allows developers to
include more graphical
interest and interactivity
in Web page
Click to view Web
Web Link from left
DHTML
below Chapter 13

The Program Development Cycle
What is the program development cycle?
p. 685 - 686 Fig. 13-23 Next
 Steps programmers use to build computer programs
 Programming
team—Group of
programmers
working on
program

Step 1 — Analyze Requirements
What is involved in analyzing the requirements?
p. 686 - 687 Fig. 13-24 Next
1. Review requirements
2. Meet with systems analyst and users
3. Identify input, output, processing, and data
components
 IPO chart—Identifies program’s input, processing, and
output components

Step 2 — Design Solution
What is a hierarchy chart?
p. 687 Fig. 13-25 Next
 Shows program modules graphically
 Also called structure chart

What is a selection control structure?
p. 689 Fig. 13-28 Next
 Tells program which
action to take, based
on a certain
condition
 Two types
 Case control structure
 If-then-else control
structure—yields one
of two possibilities:
true or false

What is a program flowchart?
p. 690 Fig. 13-32 Next
 Graphically shows logic
in solution algorithm

What is an example of a flowchart?
p. 691 Fig. 13-33 Next

What is flowcharting software?
p. 690 - 691 Fig. 13-34 Next
 Used by programmers to develop flowcharts
Click to view Web
Web Link from left
Flowcharting Software
below Chapter 13

Step 3 — Validate Design
What is involved in validating the design?
p. 693 Next
Check program
design for accuracy
Logic error
design flaw
that causes
inaccurate results
Test data
sample data that
mimics real data that
program will process
Programmer checks
logic for correctness
and attempts to uncover
logic errors
Desk check
programmers use test
data to step through logic
Inspection
systems analyst reviews
deliverables during the system
development cycle

Step 4 — Implement Design
What is implementation?
p. 693 - 694 Fig. 13-38 Next
 Writing the code that translates the design into a program
 Syntax—rules that specify how to write instructions
 Comments—program documentation
 Extreme programming (XP)—coding and testing as soon as
requirements are defined

Step 5 — Test Solution
What is involved in testing the solution?
p. 695 - 696 Next
Ensure program runs correctly
and is error free
Debugging—locating and
correcting syntax and logic
errors, or bugs
Test copy of program,
called beta, sometimes
used to find bugs
Click to view Web
Web Link from left
Beta Testers
below Chapter 13

Step 6 — Document Solution
What is involved in documenting the solution?
p. 696 Next
 Programmer performs two activities
Reviews program
code—removes dead
code, program
instructions that
program never executes
Reviews
documentation

Summary of Programming Languages and Program
Development
Various programming languages
used to create
computer programs
The program development
cycle and the tools used to make
this process efficient
Web development and multimedia
development tools

ch6. Introduction to programming languages.pptx

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