This document provides an overview of multi-view drawing concepts including:
1. It describes the first angle and third angle projection systems used to project views onto principal planes.
2. Guidelines are given for selecting appropriate views such as the front, top, and side views to fully represent an object.
3. Advice is provided on laying out multi-view drawings on a sheet, including spacing of views and orientation of projection lines.
4. Key aspects of multi-view drawings like hidden lines, center lines, and projecting curved surfaces are covered. Examples of applying these concepts are also included.
The document provides information on multi-view drawings and orthographic projection. It discusses how multi-view drawings use orthographic projection to show the front, rear, top, bottom, right and left views of an object arranged in a standard order. First or third angle projection can be used, where the layout of views differs depending on the projection system used. Guidelines are provided for selecting views and how objects may require one, two, or three views depending on their complexity. The document also covers topics such as projecting planer and non-planer surfaces, intersections, center lines, and hidden line practices.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of multiview drawing and orthographic projection. It explains that multiview drawing, also known as orthographic projection, involves visualizing an object and drawing multiple views of it. The common views are the front, top, and right side views. Dimensions are shown and hidden lines are indicated with dashed lines. The positioning and layout of the views follows specific guidelines to ensure clarity and accuracy of the drawing. Details such as holes, edges, and surfaces are drawn according to rules about how they appear in different views depending on their orientation to the planes of projection.
The document provides instruction on principles of technical drawing, including how to properly arrange and label a set of multiview orthographic projections to depict a 3D object in 2D views, with guidelines on proper use of visible, hidden and center lines. Standard views include top, front, side, with principal dimensions of width, depth and height shown appropriately across views. Proper understanding of multiview projections and visualization of 3D objects from 2D drawings is essential for engineering and architectural work.
This document discusses orthographic projection and its types. It explains that orthographic projection involves obtaining views of an object by using parallel projectors that are perpendicular to the plane of projection. The key views obtained are the front, top, and side views. It also discusses the differences between first angle and third angle projection systems, with third angle being the more commonly used ISO standard.
Orthographic projections are a method for conveying the shape and size of engineered objects using 2D drawings. They involve taking views of an object from the front, top, and side with parallel projecting rays. Lines and areas in the views represent edges, surfaces, and intersections between surfaces of the 3D object. Sectional views use a cutting plane to reveal internal features that would otherwise be hidden. They distinguish cut areas, which are hatched, from open areas cut through by the sectioning plane. Orthographic projections and sections effectively communicate 3D geometric information through 2D drawings.
An orthographic projection is a 2D representation of a 3D object created by projecting the views of the object onto imaginary planes. One method to understand the standard views is to envision placing the object in a glass box, where the outside views of each side become the orthographic projections. There are six standard views - top, front, right side, left side, back, and bottom. Measurement lines are used to transfer dimensions between views. Hidden lines, centerlines, and other guidelines help clarify the 3D shape from the 2D projections.
The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in civil engineering. It describes third angle and first angle projections, which differ in how top, front and side views of an object are arranged relative to each other on a page. It also covers conventions for indicating hidden lines, center lines, and the order drawings should be made. Dimensioning techniques like transferring measurements between views are explained. The document concludes by briefly discussing freehand sketching and physical modeling.
It contains notes, examples, and exercises on multi-view drawing so fresh students can simply understand from this document. this document also briefly identifies the difference between first angle projection and third angle projection including examples.
The document provides information on multi-view drawings and orthographic projection. It discusses how multi-view drawings use orthographic projection to show the front, rear, top, bottom, right and left views of an object arranged in a standard order. First or third angle projection can be used, where the layout of views differs depending on the projection system used. Guidelines are provided for selecting views and how objects may require one, two, or three views depending on their complexity. The document also covers topics such as projecting planer and non-planer surfaces, intersections, center lines, and hidden line practices.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of multiview drawing and orthographic projection. It explains that multiview drawing, also known as orthographic projection, involves visualizing an object and drawing multiple views of it. The common views are the front, top, and right side views. Dimensions are shown and hidden lines are indicated with dashed lines. The positioning and layout of the views follows specific guidelines to ensure clarity and accuracy of the drawing. Details such as holes, edges, and surfaces are drawn according to rules about how they appear in different views depending on their orientation to the planes of projection.
The document provides instruction on principles of technical drawing, including how to properly arrange and label a set of multiview orthographic projections to depict a 3D object in 2D views, with guidelines on proper use of visible, hidden and center lines. Standard views include top, front, side, with principal dimensions of width, depth and height shown appropriately across views. Proper understanding of multiview projections and visualization of 3D objects from 2D drawings is essential for engineering and architectural work.
This document discusses orthographic projection and its types. It explains that orthographic projection involves obtaining views of an object by using parallel projectors that are perpendicular to the plane of projection. The key views obtained are the front, top, and side views. It also discusses the differences between first angle and third angle projection systems, with third angle being the more commonly used ISO standard.
Orthographic projections are a method for conveying the shape and size of engineered objects using 2D drawings. They involve taking views of an object from the front, top, and side with parallel projecting rays. Lines and areas in the views represent edges, surfaces, and intersections between surfaces of the 3D object. Sectional views use a cutting plane to reveal internal features that would otherwise be hidden. They distinguish cut areas, which are hatched, from open areas cut through by the sectioning plane. Orthographic projections and sections effectively communicate 3D geometric information through 2D drawings.
An orthographic projection is a 2D representation of a 3D object created by projecting the views of the object onto imaginary planes. One method to understand the standard views is to envision placing the object in a glass box, where the outside views of each side become the orthographic projections. There are six standard views - top, front, right side, left side, back, and bottom. Measurement lines are used to transfer dimensions between views. Hidden lines, centerlines, and other guidelines help clarify the 3D shape from the 2D projections.
The document discusses different types of technical drawings used in civil engineering. It describes third angle and first angle projections, which differ in how top, front and side views of an object are arranged relative to each other on a page. It also covers conventions for indicating hidden lines, center lines, and the order drawings should be made. Dimensioning techniques like transferring measurements between views are explained. The document concludes by briefly discussing freehand sketching and physical modeling.
It contains notes, examples, and exercises on multi-view drawing so fresh students can simply understand from this document. this document also briefly identifies the difference between first angle projection and third angle projection including examples.
The document discusses orthographic projection drawings which are a collection of 2D drawings that accurately represent an object. It describes the six principle views used in orthographic projection including front, right side, top, bottom, left side, and rear views. The document also explains rules for orthographic drawings including choosing a front view and common view combinations. Additionally, it outlines the glass box technique, different line types, steps for creating orthographic projection drawings, and guidelines for spacing views.
This document discusses technical sketching and multiview projections. It begins by explaining the basic principles behind projections, including the relationship between an object, observer, projection plane, and projectors. It then covers different types of projections like perspective, parallel, and orthographic. The document also discusses how to create multiview projections using a "glass box" method, which involves projecting views of an object onto planes that form a box. It explains how to unfold these planes onto a flat surface and align the views. Guidelines are provided for technical sketching techniques and conventions like hidden lines.
This document provides an overview of technical drawing topics including:
- Drawing tools, types of lines, lettering, dimensioning, scales, curves, conics, projections, and sectioning of solids.
- It discusses various drawing techniques such as orthographic projections, isometric projections, and methods for drawing ellipses, hyperbolas, parabolas, and other engineering curves.
- The document aims to teach the objectives, equipment, and standards for technical drawings as well as how to accurately depict points, lines, planes, and solids through different projection methods.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and whole objects. Different projection methods are described including parallel, oblique orthographic, and axonometric projections. Guidelines for hidden lines, center lines and other line conventions in multiview drawings are also provided.
Chapter 03-orthographic-projection by Zaryab RidZaryab Rid
This document provides an overview of orthographic projection and multiview drawings. It discusses representing objects with views from different angles, including front, top, and side views. Guidelines are provided for visually distinguishing different line types such as visible, hidden, and center lines in technical drawings. Object features like edges, corners, and surfaces are described along with how they appear in orthographic projections.
3- orthographic projection Graphic and geometric graphics Engineering.Abo Talak Al-wayli
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview drawings. It covers object representation, line conventions, and projecting different object features like points, lines, planes and whole objects. Key principles include using multiple views to show all sides of an object, projecting invisible features, and conventions for visible, hidden and center lines.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and objects. Different projection methods are described including parallel, oblique orthographic, and axonometric projections. Guidelines for visible, hidden and center lines are provided.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and objects. Specifically, it explains how to obtain multiview representations of an object by revolving the object or moving the observer around it. It also describes techniques for projecting object features and maintaining proper line conventions regarding visible, hidden and center lines.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers projecting points, lines, planes and full objects onto a picture plane from different angles. Key aspects covered include the glass box concept, line conventions regarding visible, hidden and center lines, and correctly projecting object features like edges, corners and surfaces in different views. Multiview projection involves revolving the object or moving the observer to generate front, top, side and other views to fully represent the 3D object.
An orthographic drawing represents a 3D object using multiple 2D views projected perpendicularly from planes. It is also known as an orthographic projection. In industry, multiple systematically arranged views called a multi-view projection are necessary to clearly describe an object's shape and size to ensure accurate manufacturing. The three most common orthographic views are the top, front, and side views, which are projected from the horizontal, frontal, and profile planes respectively.
This document provides information and instructions for creating mechanical drawings using orthographic projection. It begins by describing how to properly set up drawing tools, materials, and work space. It then explains the different types of lines used in drawings based on weight, construction, and meaning. The document outlines the principles of orthographic projection including the three standard views of front, top, and side. It provides details on how to construct each view by using construction lines and projecting geometric features between the views based on set principles. Sample exercises are included to demonstrate constructing multi-view orthographic drawings from given sketches.
This document provides an overview of orthographic projection and multiview drawings. It discusses the purpose of multiview drawings in graphically representing 3D objects in 2D. Key concepts covered include projection planes, lines of sight, and different types of projections. The document also examines how an object's features like edges and surfaces are identified and projected in different views. Examples of multiview drawings are provided to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for line conventions in hidden line and center line drawings are also presented.
This document discusses selecting views for engineering drawings. It provides guidelines for selecting views, including orienting the object in its natural position, choosing a front view that shows the longest dimension as width and fewest hidden lines, and selecting minimum adjacent views that show major features and fit the drawing space. Examples are given of one, two and three view drawings. The document also discusses alignment of views for first and third angle projection systems using projection symbols.
The document defines and compares pictorial and multi-view drawings. It discusses the main types of pictorial drawings: oblique, axonometric (isometric, diametric, trimetric), and perspective. Oblique drawings show circles and rectangles in true size but are seldom used. Isometric drawings are the most common type of axonometric drawing and make equal 120 degree angles to the principal plane, though they are drawn at full size for convenience rather than being foreshortened. One-point perspective drawings have one surface parallel to the picture plane and other sides vanishing to a single point. The document provides examples and instructions for constructing one-point perspective drawings from given views.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS for engineering graphicssuneelKUMAR259
This document provides an overview of orthographic projections in technical drawing. It defines orthographic projections as different views of an object projected onto reference planes perpendicular to the plane. It describes the main reference planes used - horizontal, vertical, and profile planes - and the corresponding front, top, and side views projected onto them. The document also discusses view selection procedures and provides examples of drawing orthographic projections of different objects.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS of engineering graphicssuneelKUMAR259
This document provides an overview of orthographic projections in technical drawing. It defines orthographic projections as different views of an object projected onto reference planes perpendicular to the plane. It describes the main reference planes used - horizontal, vertical, and profile planes - and the corresponding front, top, and side views projected onto them. The document also discusses view selection procedures and provides examples of how to draw orthographic projections of different objects.
The document discusses auxiliary views in technical drawings. It begins by defining auxiliary views as orthographic projections of angled surfaces that appear foreshortened in standard multi-view drawings. It then explains that auxiliary views are used to show the true size and shape of angled surfaces. The document provides steps for creating auxiliary views, including determining the dimension to show, drawing construction lines, and projecting points perpendicular from the reference view. It distinguishes between primary, secondary, partial, and half auxiliary views.
This document discusses orthographic projections and engineering drawing fundamentals. It covers topics like multiview projection concepts using the glass box method, how to project points, lines, planes and full objects, and line conventions for hidden lines and center lines. Key concepts are projecting an object by revolving it or moving the observer, and representing all sides including invisible surfaces in an orthographic projection.
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The document discusses orthographic projection drawings which are a collection of 2D drawings that accurately represent an object. It describes the six principle views used in orthographic projection including front, right side, top, bottom, left side, and rear views. The document also explains rules for orthographic drawings including choosing a front view and common view combinations. Additionally, it outlines the glass box technique, different line types, steps for creating orthographic projection drawings, and guidelines for spacing views.
This document discusses technical sketching and multiview projections. It begins by explaining the basic principles behind projections, including the relationship between an object, observer, projection plane, and projectors. It then covers different types of projections like perspective, parallel, and orthographic. The document also discusses how to create multiview projections using a "glass box" method, which involves projecting views of an object onto planes that form a box. It explains how to unfold these planes onto a flat surface and align the views. Guidelines are provided for technical sketching techniques and conventions like hidden lines.
This document provides an overview of technical drawing topics including:
- Drawing tools, types of lines, lettering, dimensioning, scales, curves, conics, projections, and sectioning of solids.
- It discusses various drawing techniques such as orthographic projections, isometric projections, and methods for drawing ellipses, hyperbolas, parabolas, and other engineering curves.
- The document aims to teach the objectives, equipment, and standards for technical drawings as well as how to accurately depict points, lines, planes, and solids through different projection methods.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and whole objects. Different projection methods are described including parallel, oblique orthographic, and axonometric projections. Guidelines for hidden lines, center lines and other line conventions in multiview drawings are also provided.
Chapter 03-orthographic-projection by Zaryab RidZaryab Rid
This document provides an overview of orthographic projection and multiview drawings. It discusses representing objects with views from different angles, including front, top, and side views. Guidelines are provided for visually distinguishing different line types such as visible, hidden, and center lines in technical drawings. Object features like edges, corners, and surfaces are described along with how they appear in orthographic projections.
3- orthographic projection Graphic and geometric graphics Engineering.Abo Talak Al-wayli
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview drawings. It covers object representation, line conventions, and projecting different object features like points, lines, planes and whole objects. Key principles include using multiple views to show all sides of an object, projecting invisible features, and conventions for visible, hidden and center lines.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and objects. Different projection methods are described including parallel, oblique orthographic, and axonometric projections. Guidelines for visible, hidden and center lines are provided.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers topics such as object representation, line conventions, and projecting points, lines, planes and objects. Specifically, it explains how to obtain multiview representations of an object by revolving the object or moving the observer around it. It also describes techniques for projecting object features and maintaining proper line conventions regarding visible, hidden and center lines.
This document discusses orthographic projection and multiview projection techniques. It covers projecting points, lines, planes and full objects onto a picture plane from different angles. Key aspects covered include the glass box concept, line conventions regarding visible, hidden and center lines, and correctly projecting object features like edges, corners and surfaces in different views. Multiview projection involves revolving the object or moving the observer to generate front, top, side and other views to fully represent the 3D object.
An orthographic drawing represents a 3D object using multiple 2D views projected perpendicularly from planes. It is also known as an orthographic projection. In industry, multiple systematically arranged views called a multi-view projection are necessary to clearly describe an object's shape and size to ensure accurate manufacturing. The three most common orthographic views are the top, front, and side views, which are projected from the horizontal, frontal, and profile planes respectively.
This document provides information and instructions for creating mechanical drawings using orthographic projection. It begins by describing how to properly set up drawing tools, materials, and work space. It then explains the different types of lines used in drawings based on weight, construction, and meaning. The document outlines the principles of orthographic projection including the three standard views of front, top, and side. It provides details on how to construct each view by using construction lines and projecting geometric features between the views based on set principles. Sample exercises are included to demonstrate constructing multi-view orthographic drawings from given sketches.
This document provides an overview of orthographic projection and multiview drawings. It discusses the purpose of multiview drawings in graphically representing 3D objects in 2D. Key concepts covered include projection planes, lines of sight, and different types of projections. The document also examines how an object's features like edges and surfaces are identified and projected in different views. Examples of multiview drawings are provided to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for line conventions in hidden line and center line drawings are also presented.
This document discusses selecting views for engineering drawings. It provides guidelines for selecting views, including orienting the object in its natural position, choosing a front view that shows the longest dimension as width and fewest hidden lines, and selecting minimum adjacent views that show major features and fit the drawing space. Examples are given of one, two and three view drawings. The document also discusses alignment of views for first and third angle projection systems using projection symbols.
The document defines and compares pictorial and multi-view drawings. It discusses the main types of pictorial drawings: oblique, axonometric (isometric, diametric, trimetric), and perspective. Oblique drawings show circles and rectangles in true size but are seldom used. Isometric drawings are the most common type of axonometric drawing and make equal 120 degree angles to the principal plane, though they are drawn at full size for convenience rather than being foreshortened. One-point perspective drawings have one surface parallel to the picture plane and other sides vanishing to a single point. The document provides examples and instructions for constructing one-point perspective drawings from given views.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS for engineering graphicssuneelKUMAR259
This document provides an overview of orthographic projections in technical drawing. It defines orthographic projections as different views of an object projected onto reference planes perpendicular to the plane. It describes the main reference planes used - horizontal, vertical, and profile planes - and the corresponding front, top, and side views projected onto them. The document also discusses view selection procedures and provides examples of drawing orthographic projections of different objects.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS of engineering graphicssuneelKUMAR259
This document provides an overview of orthographic projections in technical drawing. It defines orthographic projections as different views of an object projected onto reference planes perpendicular to the plane. It describes the main reference planes used - horizontal, vertical, and profile planes - and the corresponding front, top, and side views projected onto them. The document also discusses view selection procedures and provides examples of how to draw orthographic projections of different objects.
The document discusses auxiliary views in technical drawings. It begins by defining auxiliary views as orthographic projections of angled surfaces that appear foreshortened in standard multi-view drawings. It then explains that auxiliary views are used to show the true size and shape of angled surfaces. The document provides steps for creating auxiliary views, including determining the dimension to show, drawing construction lines, and projecting points perpendicular from the reference view. It distinguishes between primary, secondary, partial, and half auxiliary views.
This document discusses orthographic projections and engineering drawing fundamentals. It covers topics like multiview projection concepts using the glass box method, how to project points, lines, planes and full objects, and line conventions for hidden lines and center lines. Key concepts are projecting an object by revolving it or moving the observer, and representing all sides including invisible surfaces in an orthographic projection.
Similaire à CHAPTER 3. MULTI-VIEW DRAWING (2).pptx (20)
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CHAPTER 3. MULTI-VIEW DRAWING (2).pptx
1. ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY
Collage of Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
COURSE :ENGINEERING DRAWING [Meng1011]
3. TOPICS
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
CHOICE OF VIEWS
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS AND RELATION BETWEEN
HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
ONE VIEW, TWO VIEW AND THREE VIEW DRAWINGS
PROJECTION OF CURVE ,INCLINDE, OBLIQUE AND
INTERSECTION AND TANGENTS
LINE CONVENTION
5. SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
A plane of projection (POP) is a plane on which a particular
view is projected.
Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are called
principal planes or reference planes (RP).
When the observer looks at the object from the front, the
view obtained is called the front view or elevation and is
seen on the vertical plane (VP)/ frontal plane (FP).
When the observer looks at the object from above, the view
obtained is called top view or plan and is seen on the
horizontal plane (HP).
When the observer looks at the object from side, i.e., from
his left-hand side or right-hand side, the view obtained is
called side view and is seen on the profile plane (PP).
8. First Angle Projection: the object is placed in the first
quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is behind the
object and the Horizontal Plane is underneath the object.
The object lies in between the observer and the planes
of projection.
SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
Third Angle Projection: The Object is placed in the Third
Quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is in front of
the object and the Horizontal Plane is above the object.
The Plane of projection lie between the object and the
observer.
9. SYSTEM OF PROJECTION
1. First angle system
2. Third angle system
First Quadrant
Third
Quadrant
- European country
- ISO standard
- Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand
16. CHOICE OF VIEWS
16
Most commonly used views
Front View
Top View
Right Side View
Steps for Choice of views
Orient the object to the best position
Select the front view
Select adjacent views
17. STEP 1 : Orient the Object
The object should be placed in its natural position.
NO !
The object should presents its features in actual size and
shape in orthographic views.
GOOD
17
CHOICE OF VIEWS
18. STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The object’s longest dimension should be presented as a width.
Inappropriate
First choice
GOOD
Second choice
Waste more space
18
CHOICE OF VIEWS
Most descriptive view is typically designated as the Front View
19. Inappropriate
The adjacent views that are projected from the selected
front view should appear in its natural position.
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
19
CHOICE OF VIEWS
20. STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.
GOOD Inappropriate
20
CHOICE OF VIEWS
21. STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
GOOD
Inappropriate
Inappropriate
GOOD
Choose the view that have the fewest number of hidden lines.
21
CHOICE OF VIEWS
22. Choose the minimum number of views that can represent
the major features of the object.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Necessary
Necessary
Hole’s location can be specified
on the same view.
Difficult to interprete.
Easy to understand
22
CHOICE OF VIEWS
23. Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing space.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
POOR
Not enough space
for dimensioning.
23
CHOICE OF VIEWS
24. Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing space.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
GOOD
24
CHOICE OF VIEWS
25. Example : View selection
Shape description
Size description
F.V.
W D
W
H
D
mislead to…
F.V. & T.V. Three views F.V. & R.S.V.
H
25
CHOICE OF VIEWS
27. ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Thin objects can be described with only one view:
Depth is given in a note
eg. Flat part having a uniform thickness.
Unnecessary These 2 views provide only information
about the part thickness !
1 Thick
27
28. ONE-VIEW DRAWING
Simple objects can be described with one views
eg. Cylindrical-shaped part.
Unnecessary
Repeat !
Unnecessary
28
32. 32
Necessary
Necessary
Hole’s location can be specified
on the same view.
Difficult to interprete.
Easy to understand
THREE-VIEW DRAWING
Complex objects require three views to describe its
shape
36. 36
LAYING OUT DRAWINGS
Views should be visually balanced within the working space
Draw border (20mm
from left and 5 mm
from each 3 sides) and
title block using light
construction lines
STEP 1
A4
Border line
20
5
28
5
5
37. 37
Determine space desired between the front and right-side views (C), and front
and Top views (C) say 20 or 30 mm. Add
STEP 2
To set equal distances to the paper
edge, subtract this total from the
sheet width (Ws=185), and height
(Hs=259) then divide the remaining
number by two.
A = (Ws - H)/2
B = (Hs - V)/2
38. 38
1st Angle
Projection
Set off vertical and horizontal spacing measurements with
light tick marks along the edge of the sheet and draw
construction lines
STEP 3
Dimension take
from the object
39. 39
STEP 3
Set off vertical and horizontal spacing measurements with
light tick marks along the edge of the sheet and draw
construction lines
Dimension take
from the object
3rd Angle
Projection
40. 40
Construct the views : add hidden lines and darken final lines.
STEP 4
1st Angle
Projection
41. 41
Construct the views : add hidden lines and darken final lines.
STEP 4
3rd Angle
Projection
44. 44
The three-view drawing is the standard used in engineering,
as normally other three principal views are mirror images.
The standard views – TOP, FRONT and RIGHT.
All objects have 3 dimensions
Height : Distance
from top to bottom
Width : Distance
from side to side
Depth: Distance
from the front to
back
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
45. The width dimensions are aligned between the
front and top view using vertical projection lines.
The height dimensions are aligned between the
front and side views, using horizontal projection
lines.
The depth dimensions are aligned between top
and side views, using scale, miter line or compass.
45
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
46. 46
Top View
Front View RS.View
Width
Height
Depth
Width
Height
Depth
R/N B/N HEIGHT, DEPTH AND WIDTH
53. Make a hidden line “jump” a
visible line when possible.
Draw parallel hidden lines so
that the dashes are staggered,
as in bricklaying.
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
54. When two or three hidden
lines meet at a point, join the
dashes, as shown for the
bottom of this drilled hole.
The same rule of joining the
dashes when two or three hidden
lines meet at a point applies for
the top of this countersunk hole..
HIDDEN LINE PRACTICE
55. CENTER LINE PRACTICE
In circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
For small hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
Center line should not extend between views.
Leave space Leave space
56. Leave the gap when centerline forms a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
Leave
space
Leave
space
Leave
space
Leave
space
Center line should always start and end with
long dash.
CENTER LINE PRACTICE
58. PROJECTION OF CURVED EDGES
• Curved edges project as straight lines on the
plane to which they are perpendicular
• Curved edges project as curved lines on the
planes to which they are parallel or inclined
59. PROJECTION OF NORMAL SURFACES
Normal surfaces appear as an edge in two
opposite principal views, and appear a
surface in all other principal views.
59
60. PROJECTION OF INCLINED SURFACES
• Inclined surfaces appear as an edge in two opposite
principal views, and appear foreshortened (not true size)
in all other principal views.
60
61. PROJECTION OF OBLIQUE SURFACES
• Oblique surfaces do not appear either as an
edge or true size in any principal view.
61
62. NO LINE
NO
LINE
PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS &
TANGENCIES
• Where a curved surface is tangent to a plane
surface, no line should be shown where they join
63. PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS &
TANGENCIES
• Where a plane surface intersects a curved
surface, an edge is formed
LINE
LINE
64. PROJECTION OF INTERSECTIONS &
TANGENCIES
• Where the plane surface is horizontal or
vertical, exceptions to these rules may occur
LINE
VERTICAL
SURFACE
65. Example 1. Using the first angle projection system,
draw the three principal view of the object whose
pictorial drawings are given below.