Shell structures- advanced building constructionShweta Modi
This document discusses different types of shell structures used in construction. It begins by defining shell structures as thin curved membranes or slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, that function as both structure and covering. It then describes various forms of curvature for shells including surfaces of revolution, translation, and ruled surfaces. It discusses developable and non-developable shells and provides examples of different shell structures like barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and more. It also covers topics like suitable materials, centering, and construction of reinforced concrete barrel vaults.
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
Shell structures- advanced building constructionShweta Modi
This document discusses different types of shell structures used in construction. It begins by defining shell structures as thin curved membranes or slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, that function as both structure and covering. It then describes various forms of curvature for shells including surfaces of revolution, translation, and ruled surfaces. It discusses developable and non-developable shells and provides examples of different shell structures like barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and more. It also covers topics like suitable materials, centering, and construction of reinforced concrete barrel vaults.
This document discusses different types of dome structures. It begins by explaining that domes are prominent architectural features seen in many historic styles. Domes evolved from simple huts and tombs to large cathedrals and government buildings. The key elements of domes include the cupola, coffering, lantern, oculus, pendentive, rotunda, squinch, and drum. Common dome materials include brick, concrete, bamboo, metal, timber and cast iron. The document goes on to describe different dome types including corbel, geodesic, crossed-arch, onion, oval, saucer and umbrella domes. It concludes by discussing advantages like strength and aesthetics, disadvantages like cost and complexity, and
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
Space frames are truss-like, lightweight rigid structures constructed from interlocking struts arranged in a geometric pattern. They were independently developed in the early 1900s and 1950s to span large areas with few interior supports. Space frames transfer loads through a three-dimensional arrangement of linear elements subjected only to axial tension or compression. Common materials used include steel and timber. Connections are made through various joint types, and space frames can be single, double or triple layered grids. They provide advantages like light weight, stiffness and versatility compared to other structures.
PREFABRICATED CONSTRUCTION CASE STUDY: THE HEMISPHEREShivangi Saini
The document summarizes details about The Hemisphere housing project in Greater Noida, India. It describes the project as luxury villas equipped with modern amenities located on a 9-hole golf course. The apartments feature 3 units per floor with golf course views from all units. The structures use a precast construction method with prefabricated wall panels, columns, beams, and staircases that are assembled on site. Connection details are provided for walls, beams, slabs, and columns.
Folded plate and shell structures are thin-walled building structures that are lightweight yet rigid. Folded plate roofs use simpler calculations and formwork than shells. Modern folded plates are made of cast-in-place or precast concrete or steel. Shell structures come in various types including concrete shells, lattice shells, and membrane structures. Common shell structures include hyperbolic shells, parabolic shells, and cylindrical shells, with examples like the Calgary Saddledome. Paraboloids are a type of curved surface that can be elliptical, hyperbolic, or a combination to create rigid structural forms.
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
Study of Folded Plates for understanding their use, types, technology along with suitable case studies. This is a specific type of Methodology adopted for construction over long spans column free spaces. How structurally Folded plates surpases the need of column grids and conventional methods of construction with the proper design and technology is the motive of this study.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
This document provides information on various types of shell structures and folded plate structures. It discusses thin shell structures and the differences between shell structures and plate structures. It then describes various types of shell structures including barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and intersection shells. It provides details on the design and analysis of these structures, including their elements, behaviors, and reinforcement.
This document discusses and compares cable-stayed and suspension bridge structures. It defines cables as flexible structural components that can only support tensile loading. There are two main types of cable structures: suspension and stayed cables. Suspension bridges hang the deck below suspension cables on vertical suspenders, while cable-stayed bridges support the deck with cables running directly from towers. Cable-stayed bridges have advantages like faster construction and higher stiffness compared to more flexible suspension bridges.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
The document summarizes the Vierendeel truss, which achieves stability through rigid connections between vertical web members and horizontal chords. Unlike typical trusses with pin connections, the Vierendeel transfers shear through bending moments at joints and in webs. As a result, all members experience axial, shear and bending stresses. The first Vierendeel bridge was built in Belgium in 1902, and it saw more use there due to difficulties in design before computers. Issues with early welded Vierendeel bridges led to a decline in its use, but examples still exist today.
The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
Charles Correa was an Indian architect known for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor. He developed master plans for cities like Navi Mumbai that focused on decentralization into self-sufficient townships with residential neighborhoods organized by income level. At the micro level, his designs for low-income housing emphasized open-to-sky spaces, courtyards, and terraces to accommodate community needs within a limited footprint. His works show an adaptation of modernism to local culture through vernacular influences like tiled roofs, brick walls, and operable wooden louvers.
High-rise buildings first emerged in the late 19th century in urban areas with high land prices and population densities. They allowed for more vertical construction on limited land. Advances in steel construction made taller buildings possible. There are several reasons for building high-rises, including using expensive urban land more efficiently, creating density to reduce transportation needs, and gaining publicity. High-rise buildings present structural challenges like managing increasing loads and forces from wind and earthquakes with height. Foundations must support large loads and lateral forces through techniques like piles.
The document provides information about Vector Active structural systems. It discusses different types of Vector Active structures including flat trusses, curved trusses, space frames, and tree systems. Flat trusses are two-dimensional structures made of straight members connected at joints. Curved trusses have a curved top chord. Space frames are lightweight rigid structures made of interlocking struts. Tree systems use tree-like columns that branch near the top to extend over large spans. Case studies of projects using different structural types are also presented.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
The document discusses different types of structural forms including cable structures, tent structures, and arched structures. It provides definitions and examples for each type. Cable structures are defined as using suspension cables for support and being highly efficient. Examples given include cable-stayed and suspension bridges. Tent structures carry only tension and examples include various tent designs from different cultures and time periods. Arched structures span an elevated space using a curved structure, and examples of arched bridges and buildings are described. Construction details and case studies of specific structures like the Munich Olympic Stadium are also summarized.
Shells can be classified in several ways, including by the material used and thickness. Thin concrete shells are lightweight structures made of reinforced concrete without internal supports. Common thin concrete shell types include barrel shells, folded plates, hyperbolic paraboloids, domes, and translation shells. Barrel shells carry loads longitudinally and transversally, while domes provide a strong, stiff structure with double curvature. Thin concrete shells offer wide open interior spaces but require sealing and ventilation to prevent moisture issues.
For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
Shell structures are thin curved membranes or slabs that function as both structure and covering. They derive their strength from their thin, naturally curved form. Common types include barrel vaults with single curvature and domes with double curvature. Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing shells due to its ability to take any shape in formwork. Shells provide efficient, aesthetically pleasing roofing but require accurate formwork and specialized construction techniques.
Folded plate and shell structures are thin-walled building structures that are lightweight yet rigid. Folded plate roofs use simpler calculations and formwork than shells. Modern folded plates are made of cast-in-place or precast concrete or steel. Shell structures come in various types including concrete shells, lattice shells, and membrane structures. Common shell structures include hyperbolic shells, parabolic shells, and cylindrical shells, with examples like the Calgary Saddledome. Paraboloids are a type of curved surface that can be elliptical, hyperbolic, or a combination to create rigid structural forms.
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
Shell structure, In building construction, a thin, curved plate structure shaped to transmit applied forces by compressive, tensile, and shear stresses that act in the plane of the surface.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
Study of Folded Plates for understanding their use, types, technology along with suitable case studies. This is a specific type of Methodology adopted for construction over long spans column free spaces. How structurally Folded plates surpases the need of column grids and conventional methods of construction with the proper design and technology is the motive of this study.
Trusses are commonly used in buildings to span long distances and carry heavy loads. Steel trusses are preferred over wood trusses for their strength, simplicity of installation, and durability without risk of rotting. Various types of trusses include king post, queen post, Howe, Pratt, and fan trusses used in roofs, as well as north light trusses traditionally used for industrial buildings to maximize natural lighting. Larger spans may use tubular steel, quadrangular, or gusset plate connected trusses, while galvanized steel sheets are often used for roofing material.
This document provides information on various types of shell structures and folded plate structures. It discusses thin shell structures and the differences between shell structures and plate structures. It then describes various types of shell structures including barrel vaults, domes, folded plates, and intersection shells. It provides details on the design and analysis of these structures, including their elements, behaviors, and reinforcement.
This document discusses and compares cable-stayed and suspension bridge structures. It defines cables as flexible structural components that can only support tensile loading. There are two main types of cable structures: suspension and stayed cables. Suspension bridges hang the deck below suspension cables on vertical suspenders, while cable-stayed bridges support the deck with cables running directly from towers. Cable-stayed bridges have advantages like faster construction and higher stiffness compared to more flexible suspension bridges.
The document provides information about space frames. It discusses that a space frame is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames can span large areas with few interior supports because they are strong due to the inherent rigidity of triangles and how loads are distributed as tension and compression along struts. The document outlines different types of space frame configurations based on curvature and number of grid layers, and discusses their properties, design, construction, and historical development.
The document summarizes the Vierendeel truss, which achieves stability through rigid connections between vertical web members and horizontal chords. Unlike typical trusses with pin connections, the Vierendeel transfers shear through bending moments at joints and in webs. As a result, all members experience axial, shear and bending stresses. The first Vierendeel bridge was built in Belgium in 1902, and it saw more use there due to difficulties in design before computers. Issues with early welded Vierendeel bridges led to a decline in its use, but examples still exist today.
The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
This document discusses different types of timber roof structures. It describes lean-to roofs, which consist of rafters sloping on one side and are supported by a single wall. Collared roofs have a horizontal collar beam placed between rafters to prevent their spreading. King post roofs contain a central vertical post to support the tie beam below. Queen post roofs are similar but use two vertical queen posts instead of a single king post. Details and dimensions are provided for each type of roof.
A tensile structure carries only tension and no compression or bending forces. It uses a fabric material stretched over a framework to provide stability. Tension roofs are loaded only in tension with no resistance to compression or bending. Tensile structures have environmental benefits like longer lifecycles, reusability, and recyclability with less construction debris. They provide flexible design aesthetics, translucency, durability, lightweight construction, and cost benefits from reduced energy usage. Common types include free-standing, mast-supported, and arch-supported structures.
Charles Correa was an Indian architect known for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor. He developed master plans for cities like Navi Mumbai that focused on decentralization into self-sufficient townships with residential neighborhoods organized by income level. At the micro level, his designs for low-income housing emphasized open-to-sky spaces, courtyards, and terraces to accommodate community needs within a limited footprint. His works show an adaptation of modernism to local culture through vernacular influences like tiled roofs, brick walls, and operable wooden louvers.
High-rise buildings first emerged in the late 19th century in urban areas with high land prices and population densities. They allowed for more vertical construction on limited land. Advances in steel construction made taller buildings possible. There are several reasons for building high-rises, including using expensive urban land more efficiently, creating density to reduce transportation needs, and gaining publicity. High-rise buildings present structural challenges like managing increasing loads and forces from wind and earthquakes with height. Foundations must support large loads and lateral forces through techniques like piles.
The document provides information about Vector Active structural systems. It discusses different types of Vector Active structures including flat trusses, curved trusses, space frames, and tree systems. Flat trusses are two-dimensional structures made of straight members connected at joints. Curved trusses have a curved top chord. Space frames are lightweight rigid structures made of interlocking struts. Tree systems use tree-like columns that branch near the top to extend over large spans. Case studies of projects using different structural types are also presented.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
The document discusses different types of structural forms including cable structures, tent structures, and arched structures. It provides definitions and examples for each type. Cable structures are defined as using suspension cables for support and being highly efficient. Examples given include cable-stayed and suspension bridges. Tent structures carry only tension and examples include various tent designs from different cultures and time periods. Arched structures span an elevated space using a curved structure, and examples of arched bridges and buildings are described. Construction details and case studies of specific structures like the Munich Olympic Stadium are also summarized.
Shells can be classified in several ways, including by the material used and thickness. Thin concrete shells are lightweight structures made of reinforced concrete without internal supports. Common thin concrete shell types include barrel shells, folded plates, hyperbolic paraboloids, domes, and translation shells. Barrel shells carry loads longitudinally and transversally, while domes provide a strong, stiff structure with double curvature. Thin concrete shells offer wide open interior spaces but require sealing and ventilation to prevent moisture issues.
For Civil Engineers,
Presenting you the Civil Engg. Facts about Shells and Roof Structures,
It's also containing valuable informations about the Tensile Structures and Paraboloid Structures
Thank you.
Shell structures are thin curved membranes or slabs that function as both structure and covering. They derive their strength from their thin, naturally curved form. Common types include barrel vaults with single curvature and domes with double curvature. Reinforced concrete is well-suited for constructing shells due to its ability to take any shape in formwork. Shells provide efficient, aesthetically pleasing roofing but require accurate formwork and specialized construction techniques.
This document discusses different types of structural sections used in construction, including steel trusses, tubular sections, and angle sections. It provides an overview of trusses, describing their main components and different types of truss configurations. Tubular sections or hollow structural sections are discussed next, outlining their manufacturing process and common uses in buildings, bridges, and other structures. Finally, the document examines angle sections, defining their types, sizes, fixing details, and applications for reinforcement, support, framework, and decoration.
This document provides information on metal roofing, including the different types of materials used, advantages and disadvantages, and specifications for metal roof trusses. It discusses various metal options for roofing like corrugated steel, copper, aluminum, and stone-coated steel. It also outlines inputs required when specifying metal roof trusses to manufacturers, such as truss type, location, and open category.
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
The document discusses causes of earthquakes, major earthquakes that have occurred in India, IS codes related to improving earthquake resistance of structures, and ways to improve earthquake resistance in buildings. Major earthquakes are caused by tectonic stresses that accumulate in the earth's crust and are released through fault ruptures, generating seismic waves. Smaller quakes can be triggered by volcanic eruptions or human activities like mining. Key factors that influence building damage include irregular shapes, changes in structural rigidity between floors, shallow foundations, poor construction quality, and lack of ductile detailing. Site selection, foundation type, regular building configuration, separation of structural components, and use of ductile reinforcement are some ways to improve earthquake resistance.
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with small amounts of other elements. Steels contain up to 1.5% carbon and are classified as mild, medium, or high-carbon based on carbon content. Steel roof trusses are a common way to frame commercial and residential roofs. They are engineered from C-shaped steel studs arranged in triangular configurations for strength. Specifying steel roof trusses requires providing the manufacturer with details of the roof span, pitch, loads, and other structural factors so they can design optimized trusses for the project. Trusses are then manufactured, installed, and should not be modified without engineer approval for safety.
This document provides information on high-rise buildings. It begins with definitions of high-rise, skyscraper, and supertall buildings based on height. It then discusses the demands and drivers for high-rise construction such as land scarcity and prestige. The document outlines the development of high-rise buildings from early structures made of stone/brick and iron to modern steel and concrete designs. It provides details on structural systems such as tube, shear wall, braced frame, and core structures. Finally, it discusses structural loads, foundation types, construction materials and interior/exterior structural components of high-rise buildings.
This document provides information on dome structures including their definition, history, types, and construction techniques. It defines a dome as resembling the upper half of a sphere and being made of curved segments or a shell of revolution rotated around its central axis. Common dome additions are discussed like coffering, cupolas, lanterns, and oculi. Dome types include hemispherical, pointed, parabolic, and segmental. Construction techniques involve corbelling, using pendentives or squinches to support a circular dome over a square base, and building double-shelled masonry domes. The document also summarizes the history of domes from early indigenous examples to modern dome innovations.
This document provides details on the structural system and design of a post slab building. It begins with definitions and descriptions of post slab construction, including that it is a beamless reinforced concrete slab supported directly on columns. It then provides details on the typical elements, analysis considerations, reinforcement systems, and construction techniques of different post slab types - including flat slab, flat slab with drop panels, and edge beam slabs. Case studies are presented on early 20th century Dom-ino houses by Le Corbusier and the Shodan House in India. Foundation systems, material considerations, and an example national art gallery floor plan are also included.
Trusses are structural frameworks made of straight pieces joined at angles, commonly used in architecture and engineering. They comprise triangular units that transfer external forces to nodes where members meet at joints. The most common use is to support roofs, where trusses provide long spans, are lightweight, control deflection, and support heavy loads. Common truss types include flat trusses like Howe, Pratt, and Warren trusses, as well as scissor and lattice trusses used for pitched roofs. Curved trusses can also be made of steel or timber to accommodate vaulted ceilings and non-standard roof shapes.
Materials required for concrete column constructionbuiltify
Concrete columns are modern day columns which is the main load bearing structure in buildings. During concrete column construction what are the important aspects that should be kept in mind.
Form active structures like arches, cables, and tents redirect forces through their shape rather than rigid members. Arches use compression to span distances, with the curve transferring weight outward to supports. Cables are flexible and use simple tension to span long distances in a triangular shape. Tents stabilize flexible surfaces under tension through frameworks, external forces, or internal pressurization to resist loads.
Form active structures like arches, cables, and tents redirect forces through their shape rather than rigid members. Arches use compression to span distances, with the curve transferring weight outward to supports. Cables are flexible and use simple tension to span long distances in a triangular shape. Tents stabilize flexible surfaces under tension through frameworks, external forces, or internal pressurization to resist loads.
This document discusses earthquake engineering and methods for constructing earthquake-resistant buildings. It covers how earthquakes cause destruction through side-to-side ground motions that improperly designed structures cannot withstand. It then describes earthquake waves and how the ground can move up and down or side to side. Finally, it outlines various techniques for improving earthquake resistance, including base isolation, adding energy dissipation devices like seismic dampers, and designs that keep buildings stable as they rock during quakes. The overall goal is to protect lives and reduce property damage through better earthquake engineering.
The document discusses foundations for structures. It defines a foundation as the lowest artificially prepared part of a structure that is in direct contact with the ground and transmits structural loads to the soil. Foundations are designed to limit uneven settling and distribute loads over a large area within the soil's bearing capacity. Common foundation types include shallow foundations like spread, pad, strip, and raft foundations, as well as deep foundations like piles, caissons, and retaining walls. Factors that influence foundation design include soil conditions, structural loads, and the need to prevent tilting, sliding, or overturning of the structure.
The document discusses arches and how they transfer force. It defines an arch and explains that arches are pure compression structures that can span large areas by resolving forces into compressive stresses. It describes how arches transfer loads outward to abutments through arch action. The document also lists and defines different types of arches and explains how arches dissipate weight by transferring it outward along the curve from the center of the deck to the abutments through compression.
A truss is a structure composed of straight structural elements arranged in a triangular pattern and connected at their ends. Trusses are commonly used in buildings to support roofs, floors, and internal loads. The main benefits of trusses are that they allow for long spans, are lightweight, have reduced deflection compared to solid members, and can support significant loads. However, trusses also have higher fabrication costs. Common types of trusses include king post, queen post, Warren, Howe, Pratt, and Parker trusses.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. INTRODUCTION
A DOME IS A THIN CURVED SURFACE OBTAINED BY REVOLUTION OF CURVED SURFACE
ABOUT A VERTICAL AXIS. IT IS AN ELEMENT OF ARCHITECTURE THAT RESEMBLES THE HOLLOW
UPPER HALF OF A SPHERE.
-THE THICKNESS OF DOME IS VERY SMALL AS COMPARED TO ITS OTHER DIMENSIONS
-IT VARIES FROM 75MM TO 150MM.
-IT IS VERY ECONOMICAL IF THE COST OF SHUTTERING IS REPETITIVE.
-THEY ARE SUBJECTED TO COMPRESSIVE STRESSES ONLY.
-IT CAN BE CIRCULAR OR CONICAL AND THIS CAN BE OBTAINED
BY REVOLUTION OF SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE OR A SLANTING LINEABOVE VERTICAL AXIS.
-A FIBRE IN A DOME IS SUBJECTED TO MERIDINAL THRUST
AND HOOP STRESS IN THE DIRECTION OF MERIDIANS AND
LATITUDES RESPECTIVELY.
-AT THE FREE EDGE OF THE DOME,MERIDINAL STRESSES HAVE
HORIZONTAL COMPONENT WHICH IS TAKEN CARE BY
PROVIDING A RING BEAM WHICH IS SUBJECTED TO HOOP
TENSION.
3. EVOLUTION OF DOMES
•THE EARLIEST DOMES WERE LIKELY DOMED HUTS MADE FROM SAPLINGS, REEDS,
OR TIMBERS AND COVERED WITH THATCH,TURF OR SKINS.
•THE EARLIEST DISCOVERED REMAINS OF DOMED
CONSTRUCTIONS MAY BE FOUR SMALL DWELLINGS
MADE OF MANMOTH TUSKS AND BONES.
THE FIRST WAS FOUND BY A FARMER IN UKRAINE,
IN 1965 WHILE HE WAS DIGGING IN HIS CELLAR AND
ARCHAEOLOGISTS UNEARTHED THREE MORE.
•DURING NEOLITHIC PERIOD IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST,
SMALL DOMES IN CORBELLED STONE OR BRICK OVER
ROUND-PLAN HOUSES WERE SERVED AS DWELLINGS FOR POORER PEOPLE BUT
DOMES DID NOT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE.
•ANCIENT STONE CORBELLED DOMES HAVE BEEN FOUND
FROM THE MIDDLE EAST TO WESTERN EUROPE.
CORBELLED BEEHIVE DOMES WERE USED AS GRANARIES
INANCIENT EGYPT, IN MASTABA TOMBS OF THE OLD
KINGDOM FROM THE FIRST DYNASTY, AS PRESSURE-
RELIEVING DEVICES IN PRIVATE BRICK PYRAMIDS OF
THE NEW KINGDOM.
CORBEL DOMES - THOLOS OF
ATREUS
4. • THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST TECHNICALLY ADVANCED TRUE
DOMES BEGAN IN THE ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL REVOLUTION
TO SHAPE LARGE INTERIOR SPACES OF TEMPLES AND PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SUCH AS THE PANTHEON.
•SQUINCHES, THE TECHNIQUE OF MAKING A TRANSITION FROM
A SQUARE SHAPED ROOM TO A CIRCULAR DOME, WAS MOST
LIKELY INVENTED BY THE ANCIENT PERSIANS.
•THE ONION DOME BECAME ANOTHER
DISTINCTIVE FEATURE IN THE RUSSIAN
ARCHITECTURE, OFTEN IN COMBINATION
WITH THE TENTED ROOF.
PANTHEON
5. ANCIENT-ONE OF THE OLDEST TECHNIQUES OF EARTH ARCHITECTURE IS THE BRICK STRATEGY,
WHICH WAS OFTEN USED TO CONSTRUCT BRIDGES AND ARCHES.
•IN THIS TECHNIQUE, CONCRETE, BRICK OR STONE ARE PUT ON TOP OF A WOODEN FRAME,
WHICH IS MOLDED ACCORDING TO THE DESIRED SHAPE.
•THE MOLD HELPS IN HOLDING THE STONE OR BRICK IN PLACE UNTIL IT SETTLES AND
SUPPORTS THE WHOLE STRUCTURE.
MODERN- THE STRESSED SKIN TECHNIQUE IS A MORE MODERN BUILDING METHOD.
• THIS USES METAL OR FIBERGLASS PANELS RIVETED TOGETHER.
• THE METHOD SAVES COSTS AND DOESN’T REQUIRE ANY BEAMS OR SUPPORT STRUCTURE.
HOWEVER, TO PREVENT ANY KIND OF CONDENSATION, IT BECOMES NECESSARY TO
INSTALL INSULATORS IN THE STRUCTURE.
• THE MONOLITHIC, YET MODERN TYPE OF DOME CONSTRUCTION IS MADE OF THREE
PHASES. THIS INVOLVES USING A SPECIAL TYPE
OF MEMBRANE THAT IS INFLATED AND
PLACED ON THE DOME, GIVING IT A FINISH
THAT SERVES LIKE A WEATHER-PROOF SKIN,
BUT THAT CAN ALSO BE DAMAGED VERY
EASILY.
• HOWEVER, THE MATERIALS USED IN THE
PROCESS ARE NOT ENVIRONMENTALLY
FRIENDLY AS THEY HAVE OIL-BASED CHEMICALS.
ANCIENT AND MODERN TECHNIQUES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF DOMES :
6. HISTORY:
➢ THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE FIRST TECHNICALLY ADVANCED
TRUE DOMES BEGAN IN THE ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL
REVOLUTION TO SHAPE LARGE INTERIOR SPACES
OF TEMPLES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, SUCH AS
THE PANTHEON.
➢ SQUINCHES AND PENDENTIVES, THE TECHNIQUE OF MAKING
A TRANSITION FROM A SQUARE SHAPED ROOM TO A
CIRCULAR DOME, WAS MOST LIKELY INVENTED BY THE
ANCIENT PERSIANS.
➢ THE ONION DOME BECAME ANOTHER DISTINCTIVE FEATURE
IN THE RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE, OFTEN IN COMBINATION
WITH THE TENTED ROOF.
➢ CORBEL DOMES AND TRUE DOMES HAVE BEEN FOUND IN
THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST IN MODEST BUILDINGS AND
TOMBS.
PANTHEON
TAJCORBEL DOMES - THOLOS OF
7. TYPES OF DOME :
CORBEL DOME:
o EARLIEST DOME FORMS
o IT IS FORMED BY HORIZONTAL
MASONRY CONSTRUCTIONS
THAT GRADUALLY DECREASE
IN SIZE TO CREATE A
SEMI-SPHERICAL SHAPE
ONION DOME:
o THE ONION DOME IS A
BULBOUS DOME THAT
WIDENS FROM A SMALL BASE
AND THEN TAPERS TOWARD
THE TOP, SIMILAR TO THE
DOME OF THE TAJ MAHAL
DRUM DOME:
o COMMON DOME SHAPE
o SIMPLE SEMI-SPHERICAL
SHAPE THAT EXTENDS UP
FROM A CIRCULAR BASE.
EG.PANTHEON
CORBEL DOME - THOLOS OF
ATREUS
ONION DOME – TAJ MAHA
DRUM
DOME-PANTHEON
8. OVAL DOME:
o THE OVAL DOME HAS AN OVAL OR EGG-SHAPED BASE
AND EXTENDS UPWARD MUCH LIKE A SPHERICAL
DOME.
o EG: BAROQUE OR LATE RENAISSANCE BUILDINGS
SAUCER DOME:
o CIRCULAR BASED DOMES
o CREATE A LOW-PITCHED SHAPE THAT LOOKS MORE
LIKE AN INVERTED SAUCER THAN A HALF SPHERE.
UMBRELLA DOME:
o ALSO CALLED AS SCALLOPED DOME.
o THE WEIGHT OF THE DOME IS SUPPORTED BY
VERTICAL STRUCTURES THAT GO FROM THE BASE TO
THE CENTER, DIVIDING THE DOME INTO SEGMENTS.
GEODESIC DOME:
o A GEODESIC DOME IS A SPHERICAL OR
PARTIAL-SPHERICAL SHELL STRUCTURE OR LATTICE
SHELL BASED ON A NETWORK OF GREAT
CIRCLES (GEODESICS) ON THE SURFACE OF A SPHERE.
o THE GEODESICS INTERSECT TO
FORM TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS THAT HAVE LOCAL
TRIANGULAR RIGIDITY AND ALSO DISTRIBUTE
THE STRESS ACROSS THE STRUCTURE.
OVAL
DOME
SAUCER
DOME
UMBRELLA
DOME
9. FORCES ACTING ON DOMES:-
1)SELF WEIGHT OF THE SURFACE
2)UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LIVE LOAD
3)WIND LOAD
4)LOAD OF THE UPPER EDGE
10. •DOMES ARE ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY A THRUST.
•THE DOME’S THRUST IS COMPOSED OF ITS WEIGHT AND
THE HORIZONTAL THRUST OF THE BASIC ARCH SECTION.
•EDGE FORCES ARE TANGENTIAL TO THE SURFACE OF THE
SHELL AND CAN THEREFORE BE SUPPORTED BY A BUTTRESS
(MERIDIONAL FORCES) OR BY RING BEAM.
•DOME IS CREATED BY THE ROTATION OF AN ARCH AROUND
A VERTICAL AXIS, ANOTHER FORCE IS ACTING IN IT: THE
CIRCULAR FORCE (CF) OR HOOP FORCE WHICH ACTS IN
LATITUDINAL DIRECTION.
UNLIKE AN ARCH, A DOME CAN RESIST OUT-OF-PLANE
BENDING BECAUSE OF INTERNAL HOOP FORCES
•HOOP FORCES ALLOW RING-BY-RING CONSTRUCTION OF A
MASONRY DOME, AN UNFEASIBLE TASK FOR AN ARCH. AS A
RESULT, THOUGH AN ARCH IS UNSTABLE WITHOUT ITS
KEYSTONE, A DOME WITH AN OCULUS IS PERFECTLY STABLE
FORCES ACTING IN DOMES
ROUGH PLAN
OF RING BEAM
RING BEAM REINFORCEMENT
11. •THE DOME CAN BE ASSIMILATED TO AN INFINITESIMAL
NUMBER OF ARCHES WHOSE THRUST RADIATES FROM THE
CENTRE TOWARDS THE PERIPHERY.
•ON THE SPRINGER LEVEL, THE COMBINATION OF ALL THESE
HORIZONTAL THRUSTS WILL CREATE A PERIPHERAL TENSION
(PT) WHICH WILL TEND TO OPEN THE WALL SUPPORTING THE
DOME.
•THE COMBINATION OF THE MULTITUDE OF CIRCULAR FORCES
AND LINES OF THRUST WILL CREATE A NET OF COMPRESSION
FORCES WHICH WILL DEVELOP ON THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF
THE DOME.
•THEREFORE, IT CAN RESIST TREMENDOUS STRESS.
•IN CASE OF FAILURE OF ANY PART OF THE DOME, UNDER AN
EXCEPTIONAL STRESS, THIS NET OF COMPRESSIVE FORCES WILL
FIND ANOTHER WAY TO ACT IN THE DOME, AND THE LATTER
WILL RARELY COLLAPSE ENTIRELY AS LONG AS THE SUPPORTS
(WALLS OR COLUMNS) ARE INTACT.
CF = Circular force in every ring
LT = Line of thrust of “an arch” of
the dome
HT = Horizontal thrust of “an
arch” of the dome
W = Vertical weight of “an arch”
and the overload
T = Thrust, resultant force of the
horizontal thrust and weight of
“an arch”
P = Peripheral tension which is
created by the combination of
the horizontal thrusts of all the
arches, that are radiating from
the centre
•THEY CAN BE BUILT EITHER
ON CIRCULAR OR
QUADRANGULAR PLANS.
12. STABILITY OF DOMES
• THE EXAMPLES OF DOMES BUILT ALL OVER THE WORLD
THROUGH THE AGES SHOW THAT DOMES CAN HAVE A WIDER
VARIETY OF SHAPES THAN VAULTS.
•FOR INSTANCE, A DOME CAN BE CONICAL WITH ANY
PROPORTIONS: FROM A SHARP ONE TO A FLATTER ONE.
•BUT IT IS OBVIOUS THAT AN ARCH CANNOT HAVE A TRIANGULAR
SECTION
•THEREFORE, IT APPEARS THAT IF ARCHES OR VAULTS ARE
STABLE, DOMES OF THE SAME SECTION WILL NECESSARILY BE
STABLE. BUT THE OPPOSITE IS NOT NECESSARILY TRUE, AS WE
HAVE SEEN WITH THE CASE OF THE CONICAL DOME AND THE
TRIANGULAR ARCH.
Conical circular dome
Triangular arch
•THE MORE THE RISE OF
DOME (OR ARCH) AS
COMPARED TO THE SPAN,
THE MORE STRONGER IT IS.
•THEREFORE CATENARY
DOMES ARE MORE STABLE
AND REQUIRE LESS
SUPPORT THAN THE
SEGMENTAL DOMES.
13. •SOMETIMES, WHEN LOADED, THE DOME MAY NOT COINCIDE WITH
THE LINE OF PRESSURE.
•THEREFORE, AN ADDITIONAL FORCE IS REQUIRED TO RESIST BENDING.
•THAT IS TO ADD HOOP COMPRESSION RINGS WHICH PROVIDE THE
HORIZONTAL FORCE NEEDED.
•WAY TO CREATE A DOME WITHOUT HOOP COMPONENTS IS TO USE
RIBS THAT ARE COMPOSED OF TRUSSES, AS IS FOUND IN MANY STEEL
DOME SYSTEMS.
•WITH THIS DESIGN IT IS USEFUL TO ADD A COMPRESSION RING
TOWARDS THE TOP OFTHE DOME TO COUNTER THE INWARD TRUSS
TRUSSED DOME WITH COMPRESSION RING
LINE OF PRESSURE
15. •THE PURPOSE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSION SYSTEMS IS TO CREATE A LARGE,
UNOBSTRUCTED INTERIOR SPACE THAT CAN BE UTILIZED IN A NUMBER OF WAYS.
•IT USES COMPRESSIVE FORCES TO TRANSFER THE LOAD FROM THE TOP OF THE DOME
DOWN ALONG THE MEMBERS WHICH SUPPORT THE SYSTEM.
•SOME COMMON DOME SHAPES ARE:
OVERVIEW
1. CONICAL DOME 2. SQUARE DOME
3. ELLIPTICAL DOME
3. ELLIPTICAL DOME
IN SECTION WITH
THE USE OF A TRUSS
SYSTEM TO BEAR THE
LOAD.
1. THE CONICAL DOME
SHOWS A SERIES OF RIBS
THAT TRANSFER THE
LOAD DOWN THE
STRUCTURE TO THE
SUPPORTS BELOW.
2. THE SQUARE DOME RESTS
ON TOP OF PENDENTIVES,
WHICH CONNECT THE
BOTTOM RIM OF THE DOME
TO THE ARCHES ON WHICH
IT RESTS.
TRUSSED RIB
(SECTION)
PLAN
16. •REINFORCED CONCRETE COMBINES PROPERTIES OF STEEL
AND CONCRETE TO RESIST BOTH TENSION AND
COMPRESSION.
•ONE OF THE LARGEST REINFORCED CONCRETE DOMES
MEASURES 663 FEET (202METERS).
•SOME EXAMPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DOMES ARE
THE KING DOME IN SEATTLE (DISMANTLED IN 2000) AND THE
ALGECIRAS MARKET IN SPAIN.
1. REINFORCED CONCRETE
TYPES OF DOMES BASED ON MATERIALS
THE KING DOME
. THE ALGECIRAS MARKET
•ONE OF THE LARGEST CONSTRUCTED STEEL
DOMES MEASURES 713 FEET (218
METERS).SOME EXAMPLES OF STEEL DOMES
ARE THE ASTRO DOME IN HOUSTON AND
THE OSAKADOME IN JAPAN.
2. STEEL
•STEELDOMES USE THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRUSSES AND HAVE A
LIGHTER CONSTRUCTION THAN CONCRETE DOMES.
•STEEL HANDLES COMPRESSION AND TENSION BETTER THAN
CONCRETE DOES.
•LARGER DOMES USE STEEL BECAUSE IT CAN HAVE A GREATER SPAN
MORE EASILY THAN CONCRETE.
17. 3. WOOD
•WOODEN DOMES ARE MADE OF WOOD COMPOSITES
COMBINED WITH JOINTS AND STEEL FRAMES.
•WOODEN DOMES ARE FAVORED FOR THE WARMTH OF THE
WOOD ITSELF, BUT THEY CANNOT SPAN DISTANCES LIKE
CONCRETE OR STEEL.
•ONE OF THE LARGEST WOODEN DOMES MEASURES 584
FEET (178 METERS).
•SOME EXAMPLES OF WOODEN DOMES ARE THE TACOMA
DOME IN WASHINGTON AND THE ODATE JUKAI DOME IN
JAPAN.
4. MASONRY
•MASONRY WAS USED IN EARLY DOME
CONSTRUCTION BECAUSE IT WAS WIDELY AVAILABLE.
•MASONRY DOMES HAVE THE SMALLEST SPAN OF ALL
THE MATERIALS MEASURING, AT LARGEST, 141 FEET
(43 METERS).
•SOME EXAMPLES OF MASONRY DOMES ARE THE
PANTHEON IN ROME AND ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL IN
LONDON.
18. NUMERIC PARAMETERS
•THE SMALLEST SPANS ARE ACHIEVED BY USING MASONRY BECAUSE THE WEIGHT OF THE
MATERIAL IS LARGE AND THE STRENGTH IS LOWER.
•STEEL PROVIDES THE LARGEST SPANS BECAUSE LESS MATERIAL IS NEEDED AND THEREFORE
THE STRUCTURE ITSELF WEIGHS LESS. ADDITIONALLY STEEL PROVIDES A HIGH MATERIAL
STRENGTH.
•GEODESIC DOMES HAVE BEEN WIND-TUNNEL TESTED TO WITHSTAND WIND SPEEDS UP TO
200 MPH.
19. BASIC STEPS INVOLVED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF DOME:-
2)MARK THE CENTER POINT AND INSERT THE
TRAMMEL.
5)BUILD THE SIDES
4)THE PIVOT WILL RISE AS THE DOME
RISES.
3)CREATE A PIVOT TO KEEP THE DOME IN
LINE.
1)START WITH A FOUNDATION
20. BRICK MASONRY DETAIL:-
-THIS IS HEMISPHERICAL
DOME WITH CONSTANT
RADIUS WITH THE HELP OF
TRAMMEL.
DOME MASONRY WORK
CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING
STEPS:-
-FINDING AND FIXING THE
CENTER POINT OF THE
DOME RADIUS IN RELATION
TO THE LEVEL LINE.
-LAYER BY LAYER SETTLING
OF DOME MASONRY,WITH
THE BRICKS SET IN MORTAR
POSITIONED AND ALLIGNED WITH THE TRAMMEL
AND TAPPED FOR PROPER SEATING.
-IN UPPER PART OF THE DOME, WHEN THE TRAMMEL
IS STANDING AT STEEPER ANGLE THAN 45 DEGREE,THE
BRICKS MUST BE HELD IN PLACE UNTIL EACH COURSE
IS COMPLETE.
-COURSES ARE INHERENTLY STABLE AND THEREFORE
NEED NOT TO BE HELD IN PLACE ANY LONGER.
21. ENSURE THAT:-
- TROWELLING IS DONE VIGROUSLY( TO INSURE
COMPACT RENDERING)
- ALL EDGES AND CORNERS ARE ROUNDED OFF
- THE RENDERING IS ALLOWED TO SET/DRY
SLOWLY (KEEP SHADED AND MOIST,AS
NECESSARY)
- THE MATERIAL COMPOSITION IS SUITABLE
AND MUTUALLY COMPATIBLE.
22. RING BEAM
HOOPS
MERIDIAN
RCC DOME DETAIL :-
-MERIDIONAL THRUST ACTING VERTICALLY AND HOOP STRESS ACTING HORIZONTALLY
-TYPICAL SPAN= 250’-650’
-CONCRETE IS THICK NEAR THE EDGE OF THE RING BEAM AND TAPERS AS IT GOES
UPWARDS.
RING BEAM
HOOPS
MERIDIAN
23. STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF MONOLITHIC DOME:-
MATERIALS REQUIRED:-
1)STEEL-REINFORCED CONCRETE
2)POLYURETHANE FOAM INSULATION
3)INFLATABLE AIRFORM
STEPS:-
1=DOME STARTS AS A CONCRETE RING
FOUNDATION,REINFORCED WITH STEEL REBAR.VERTICAL
STEEL BARS EMBEDDED IN THE RING LATER ATTACHED TO
THE STEEL REINFORCING OF THE DOME ITSELF.
2=AN AIRFORM,FABRICATED TO THE PROPER SHAPE AND
SIZE IS PLACED ON THE RING BASE. USING BLOWER FANS, IT
IS INFLATED AND THE AIRFORM CREATES THE SHAPE OF THE
STRUCTURE TO BE COMPLETED. THE FANS RUN
THROUGHOUT THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DOME.
3=POLYURETHANE IS APPLIED TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF
THE AIRFORM.ENTRANCE INTO THE AIRFORM IS MADE
THROUGH A DOUBLE DOOR AIRLOCKWHICH KEEPS THE AIR
PRESSURE INSIDE AT A CONSTANT LEVEL.
APPROXIMATELY 3 INCHES OF FOAM IS APPLIED.THE FOAM
IS ALSO THE BASE
FOR ATTACHING THE STEEL REINFORCING REBAR.
24. 4=STEEL REINFORCING REBAR IS ATTACHED TO THE
FOAM USING A SPECIALLY ENGINEERED LAYOUT OF
HOOP(HORIZONTAL) AND VERTICAL STEEL REBAR.
SMALL DOMES NEED SMALL DIAMETER BARS WITH
WIDE SPACING. LARGE DOMES NEED LARGE BARS
EITH CLOSER SPACING.
5=SHOTCRETE- A SPECIAL SPRAYMIX OF CONCRETE-
IS APPLIED TO THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE
DOME. THE STEEL REBAR IS EMBEDDED IN THE
CONCRETE AND WHEN ABOUT 3 INCHES OF
SHOTCRETE IS APPLIED,THE MONOLITHIC DOME IS
FINISHED.THE BLOWER FANS ARE SHUT OFF AFTER
THE CONCRETE IS SET.
25. CASE STUDY OF R.C.C. DOME
ST.FRANCIS XAVIER CHURCH, UDYAVARA IN UDUPI
UMBRELLA SHAPED DOME
(UNDER CONSTRUCTION)
26. RING BEAM
40FT.(12.192M)
• HT. OF DOME: 40FT.(12.192M)
• DIA. OF DOME: 36FT.(10.9782M)
REINFORCEMENT BARS OVER
THE SCAFFOLDING
M25 GRADE
CONCRETE DOME
• 4FT. (1.2192M) OF CONCRETE IS LAID
PER DAY
CASE STUDY OF R.C.C. DOME
27. •DOME OF DHYANALINGA MEDITATION SHRINE IS SITUATED IN ISHA YOGA CENTRE,
COIMBATORE.
•THE DHYANALINGA IS A MULTI-RELIGIOUS MEDITATION SHRINE CREATED EXCLUSIVELY FOR
THE PURPOSE OF MEDITATION.
•THIS DOME OF 22.16 M DIAMETER HAS
DESIGNED BY THE AUROVILLE EARTH
INSTITUTE.
•IT HAS BEEN BUILT FREE SPANNING IN 9 WEEKS.
•THE WORK ON THE DOME STARTED THE 21ST
NOVEMBER 1998 WITH THE CONSTRUCTION OF
THE ENTRANCE VAULT, BUILT WITH GRANITE
STONES AND ON A CENTERING DOME WITH
LATERITE BLOCKS.
•THE DOME HAD TO BE COMPLETED BEFORE A CERTAIN DEADLINE RELATED WITH HIS
YOGIC PRACTICES AND PLANETARY ASPECTS
CASE STUDY OF BRICK DOME
28. • THE TIME REQUESTED FOR THE PRODUCTION, CURING AND DRYING OF THE BLOCKS (3 - 4
MONTHS COMPULSORY FOR ARCHES, VAULTS AND DOMES) WOULD HAVE BEEN TOO LONG.
THUS, THE CHOICE WENT FOR FIRED BRICKS, WHICH WERE LAID WITH A STABILISED EARTH
MORTAR.
• THE FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS WERE BUILT IN RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY WITH GRANITE
STONES IN LIME MORTAR.
•AROUND 214,000 FIRED BRICKS WERE LAID AND THE CONSTRUCTION SITE HAD A
WORKING FORCE OF MORE THAN 220 .
•THE LARGE AMOUNT OF FIRED BRICKS REQUIRED COULD NOT BE SUPPLIED BY THE SAME
BRICK FACTORY. THEREFORE THE FIRED BRICKS CAME FROM ABOUT 20 DIFFERENT KILNS.
AS A RESULT, THEY HAD DIFFERENT SIZES AND MOST OF THE TIME THEY HAD ODD SHAPES
THEREFORE, NEARLY 200,000 BRICKS HAD TO BE CHECKED ONE BY ONE.
•NO REINFORCE CONCRETE HAD BEEN USED IN
ANY PART OF THE BUILDING: NEITHER FOR THE
FOUNDATIONS, PLINTH NOR TIE FOR THE DOME.
•THE DOME PRESENTS THESE FEATURES:
• SECTION: SEGMENTAL ELLIPSE OF 22.16 M
DIAMETER AND 7.90 M RISE.
• THICKNESS: 4 COURSES FROM THE SPRINGER
TO THE APEX: 53 CM, 42 CM, 36.5 CM AND 21
CM AT THE TOP.
• WEIGHT: AROUND 570 TONS (BRICK DOME =
± 420 TONS + GRANITE STONE TO LOAD THE
HAUNCHES = ± 150 TONS).
29. DOME STABILITY STUDY
•THEY DID NOT WANT TO USE CONCRETE RING BEAMS AND THEREFORE THE METHOD
DOES NOT DEFINE THE OPTIMISED LINE OF THRUST IN THE DOME BECAUSE IT DOES NOT
TAKE IN ACCOUNT THE CONCENTRIC FORCES, WHICH ARE ACTING IN A DOME AND
ALLOW BUILDING IT WITHOUT SUPPORT.
•FINALLY THE DOME WAS STUDIED LIKE A VAULT, WHICH IS MORE SENSITIVE TO A
WRONG SHAPE THAN A DOME: IF A VAULT IS STABLE, A DOME WILL BE STABLE.WHEN
THE OPPOSITE IS NOT NECESSARILY TRUE.
•AS NO REINFORCED CONCRETE WAS USED FOR ANY TIE, IT WAS COMPULSORY TO GET
THE RESULTANT OF THE TRUST WITHIN THE MIDDLE THIRD OF THE RING WALL AND THE
FOUNDATIONS. TO DO SO, GRANITE STONES WERE USED TO LOAD THE HAUNCH OF THE
DOME.
MORTAR SPECIFICATIONS
•WITH THE DOME RISING, THE MORTAR SPECIFICATION NEEDED REGULARLY TO BE ADAPTED:
ADDING MORE SOIL, IN 3 STEPS, SO AS TO HAVE THE IDEAL ADHESION ACCORDING TO THE
ANGLE OF THE LAYERS.
•THE DIFFERENT MORTARS WERE OVER STABILISED SO AS TO GET A FAST SETTING AND
STRENGTH: 13 TO 13.37% OF CEMENT AND 19% OF LIME.
30. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF THE DOME
STARTING THE ENTRANCE VAULT WITH
GRANITE BLOCKS
BLOCK TOUCHING THE SPRINGER
AT THE INTRADOS
KEYSTONE TOUCHING AT THE INTRADOS
BEGINNING THE DOME
DOME WITH THE LINGA AND THE ROPES
TO CHECK THE ELLIPTICAL SHAPE
LAYING KEYSTONES
GROUTING THE STABILISED EARTH GLUE IN THE
JOINTS FILLING TIGHTLY MORTAR WITH STONE CHIPS STARTING THE DOME WITH 29 CM THICK BLOCKS
31. BONDS OF THE COURSES
GRINDING THE PARTS OF THE COURSE
WHICH ARE TOO HIGH
CHECKING THE LEVEL OF THE COURSES
CLOSING THE PIPE OF AN
ACOUSTIC CORRECTOR
PLASTERING THE PARTS OF THE
COURSE WHICH ARE TOO LOW
INSERTING THE PIPE FOR AN ACOUSTIC
CORRECTOR TO ABSORB 220 HZ
LOADING THE HAUNCHES WITH
GRANITE STONES
SMOOTHENING THE EARTH
CONCRETE WITH A STABILISED
EARTH PLASTER
LAYING THE LAST COURSES DOME NEAR COMPLETION DOME AFTER COMPLETION