Definition:
CO-PAR is a continuous and sustained process of educating the people to understand and develop their critical awareness of their existing condition, working with the people collectively and efficiently on their immediate and long-term problems, and mobilizing the people to develop their capability and readiness to respond and take action on their immediate needs towards solving their long-term problems (CO: A manual of experience, PCPD)
Importance of CO-PAR:
1. CO-PAR is an important tool for community development and people empowerment as this helps the community workers to generate community participation in development activities.
2. CO-PAR prepares people/clients to eventually take over the management of a development programs in the future.
3. COPAR maximizes community participation and involvement; community resources are mobilized for community services.
Principles of CO-PAR
1. People, especially the most oppressed, exploited and deprived sectors are open to change, have the capacity to change and are able to bring about change.
3. CO-PAR should be based on the interest of the poorest sectors of society
4. CO-PAR should lead to a self-reliant community and society.
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CO-PAR : An Overview
1. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
UTILIZING CO-PAR: An Overview
By: Rommel Luis C. Israel III
From SPU-HRDP III (PCPD-HRDP III)
Clinical Instructor
2. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
MODEL TEACHER:
Jesus was well-known as “Teacher.”
(John 1:38; 13:13)
Jesus did not expect people to come
to him. He went to them.
(Mark 6:56; Luke 19:5,6)
BE A GOOD NURSE-
EDUCATOR
3. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
CHN
PHILOSOPHY
• It is based on the worth and dignity of
man
GOAL
• The ultimate goal of community
health services is to raise the level
of health of the citizenry
4. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PHC: Definition
• It is the key in achieving an acceptable
level of health through-out the world in
the foreseeable future as part of social
development and in the spirit of social
justice
- PHC Report of the International
Conferences on PHC, Alma Ata,
USSR, Geneva (WHO: September
1978)
5. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
WHO (1978) ON PHC
• PHC is people-oriented
• Its success rests on people
“Community health
development for the
people by the people.”
6. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PHC
PHC IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Practiced even before 1978 when the
WHO declared PHC in Alma Ata
PHC Self-reliant
Community
Towards health
Maintenance!
7. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
WHO (1978): OBJECTIVES OF
PHC
1. To enable the people to seek better
health at home, in school, in fields,
and in factories;
2. To enable the people to prevent
injury and diseases, instead of
relying on doctors to repair damages
that can be avoided;
8. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
WHO (1978): OBJECTIVES OF
PHC
3. To enable the people to exercise the
right and responsibility in shaping the
environment and bringing about
conditions that make it possible and
easier to live a healthy life
4. To enable the people and exercise
control in managing health and related
systems and to ensure that
9. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
WHO (1978): OBJECTIVES OF
PHC
… the basic pre-requirements for
health and access to health care are
available to all people.
LET US EVALUATE:
“As members of the health team,
were we able to meet these
objectives?”
10. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
WHO (1978): OBJECTIVES OF
PHC
ALWAYS REMEMBER:
11. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Several approaches were utilized to realize the
objectives of PHC.
These approaches are directed towards the goal of
PEOPLEEMPOWERMENT/CAPABILITY-BUILDING towards
self-reliant community in health management.
This is where the PCPD, Inc. came in with their
Health Resource Development Program.
12. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HEALTH RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMS OF PCPD, Inc.
HRDP I The participants were
interested in the
income
HRDP II generated by the projects
HRDP III – came up with the CO-PAR
process as a strategy in the
implementation of PHC
13. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PCPD-HRDP III
SPU-HRDP III DLSU-HRDP III
SHC-HRDP III LC-HRDP III
Model
Curriculum-based
14. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HEALTH RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM III
• Developed and sponsored by
Philippine Center for Population and
Development, Inc. (PCPD, Inc)
• Purpose:
- to make health services available
and accessible to depressed and
underserved communities in the
Philippines
15. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III: Unique Features
Comprehensive training of the staff and
faculty members of the participating
agency in which the community work was
initiated
Periodic training program and regular
assistance to the participating agency
were provided to strengthen the health
outreach program to become
community oriented.
16. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III: Unique Features
PHC as the approach with which all
nursing/medical students, their
Clinical Instructors and indigenous
health workers are to be trained for
community health work and around
which all other project inputs will
revolve
17. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III: Unique Features
Community organizing as the main
strategy to be employed in preparing the
communities to developtheircommunityhealthcare
system and the establishment of community
healthorganizationto managethecommunityhealth
programs
18. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III: Unique Features
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
as facilitating strategy for maximum
community involvement, through
collective identification and analysis
of community health problems and
collective health action
19. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III
It aimed to develop an effective primary
health care system in underserved
communities through the improvement of
the capabilities of health training
institutions:
a. to provide community outreach
services
20. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III
b. To train and to organize
community residents in the
management of their
health concerns
21. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III: GOAL
It is the delivery of health care to
the far-flung communities which
can not be reached by the health
care agencies. Through the
development of available health
care givers and the local
residents, the primary health
care can be delivered to the
community members.
22. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
HRDP III: STRATEGY
The strategy used was the
COMMMUNITY ORGANIZING and
PARTICIPATORY ACTION
RESEARCH to activate the
involvement of community members
23. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Formation of health committees
Establishment of a community Health
Worker Organization at the parish
municipality level
Mass health campaign and mobilization
to combat health problems.
24. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
Community organizing and participatory
action research
25. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PAR
ESSENTIAL ELEMENT:
►Participation
BENEFICIARIES OF THE RESEARCH:
► The main actors in the research process.
- it enables the community to experience
a collective consciousness of their own
situations
26. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PAR
► It involves:
- research
- education
- actions
> to empower people to determine the
cause of their problems, analyze
these problems, and act by
themselves in responding to their
own problems
27. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PAR
►In PAR, there is an outside
researcher, a professional one who
through immersion and
integration on the community
becomes a committed participant and
learner in the community
29. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PRE-ENTRY PHASE
(School)
1. Formulation of institutional
goals, objectives, and targets
of the program.
2. Revision of curriculum
3. Train HRDP Staff and Faculty
members in CO-PAR
4. Coordinate participation of
other departments within the
institution.
30. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
PRE-ENTRY PHASE
(Community)
• Community consultations/dialogues
• Setting of issues/considerations
related to site selection
• Development of criteria for site
selection
• Preliminary Social Investigation
(PSI)
• Networking with LGUs, NGOs, and
other departments within the HRDP-
NGO
31. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
ENTRY PHASE
Integration with the community
Sensitization of the community/Information
campaigns
Continuing social investigation
Core Group formation
- Development of criteria for selection
- Defining roles/functions/tasks of the CG
32. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
ENTRY PHASE
Coordination/Dialogue/Consultation with
other community organizations
Self-Awareness and Leadership Training
(SALT)/Action Planning
33. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY STUDY/DIAGNOSIS
PHASE (Research Phase)
Selection of the research team
Training on data collection
methods and
techniques/Capability-building
(includes development of data
collection tools)
Planning for the actual
gathering of data
34. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY STUDY/DIAGNOSIS
PHASE (Research Phase)
Data gathering
Training on data validation
(includes tabulation and
preliminary analysis of data)
Community validation
Presentation of the community
study/diagnosis and
recommendations
35. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY STUDY/DIAGNOSIS
PHASE (Research Phase)
Prioritizations of community
needs/problems for action.
36. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND
CAPABILITY-BUILDING PHASE
Community meetings to draw up
guidelines for the organization of the
CHO
Election of officers
Development of management
systems and procedures including
delineation of the roles, functions,
and tasks of officers and members of
the CHO
37. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND
CAPABILITY-BUILDING PHASE
Team building/Action-Reflection-
Action (ARA)
Working out legal requirements
for the establishment of CHO
Organization of working
committees/task groups
(education and training,
membership of committees)
38. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION AND
CAPABILITY-BUILDING PHASE
Training of the CHO
Officers/Community leaders
39. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY ACTION
PHASE
• Organization and training of CHWs
- Development of criteria for the
selection of CHWs
- Selection of CHWs
- Training of CHWs
• Setting up of linkages/network referral
systems
40. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
COMMUNITY ACTION
PHASE
• Plan for health services/intervention
schemes and community development
projects
• Initial identification and implementation of
resource mobilization schemes
41. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING
SCHEME
Formulation and ratification of
constitution and by-laws
Identification and development of
secondary leaders
Setting-up and institutionalization of
financing scheme for community
health program/activities
42. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING
SCHEME
Formalizing and institutionalization of
linkages, networks and referral
systems
Development and implementation of
viable management systems and
procedures, committees, continuing
education/training of leaders, CHWs,
community residents
43. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
SUSTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING
SCHEME
Continuing education and upgrading
of community leaders, CHWs, and
CHO members
Development of medium/long-term
community health and development
plans
44. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
The HRDP aims to develop the FACULTY
MEMBERS, STAFF and STUDENTS so
that they in turn can train the
community residents to be self-reliant
in their health concerns.
“Community Health Development with
the people, for the people, and by
the people.”
The concept of CO-PAR is included in the
CHN course and the process is applied
during the Related Learning Experiences
of students.
45. ROMMEL LUIS C. ISRAEL III
TRAINED C.I.’s AND STUDENTS on the
implementation of PHC through CO-PAR
Utilization of the CO-PAR Process
to empower people to
realize the objective
of PHC
SELF-RELIANT COMMUNITY PEOPLE