This document discusses arrays and structures. It begins by defining an array as a set of index and value pairs where each index has an associated value. Arrays can be implemented using consecutive memory locations. Structures allow grouping of different data types together. Self-referential structures have one or more components that point back to the structure itself. Examples of abstract data types discussed include arrays, polynomials, and sparse matrices. Common operations on these data types like addition, multiplication, and transposition are also described.
This document discusses arrays and structures. It begins by defining an array as a set of index-value pairs where each index maps to a value. Arrays are commonly implemented using consecutive memory locations. Structures group related data and allow accessing members via dot notation. The document provides examples of one-dimensional arrays in C and comparing integer pointers to arrays. It also covers self-referential structures, ordered lists, polynomials represented as terms, and sparse matrices stored as row-column-value triples. Functions for each abstract data type are defined, such as adding and multiplying polynomials or transposing a sparse matrix.
Arrays are data structures that store a collection of data elements of the same type using a single variable name to represent the entire collection. Structures group together data of different types under one name. Sparse matrices represent matrices with many zero elements by only storing the non-zero elements, using triples of row, column, and value to represent each non-zero term. Transposing a sparse matrix involves taking each non-zero term <i,j,value> and storing it as <j,i,value> in the transpose.
This document summarizes arrays and structures in C including:
1) Arrays are sets of index-value pairs that use consecutive memory locations. Structures group related data and can reference themselves.
2) C implements 1D arrays using consecutive memory locations accessed via indexes. Structures allow defining custom data types.
3) Operations on ordered lists include retrieving, inserting, deleting elements. Polynomials are represented as ordered pairs of exponents and coefficients. Addition involves comparing exponents and combining coefficients.
The document discusses arrays and array data structures. It defines an array as a set of index-value pairs where each index maps to a single value. It then describes the common array abstract data type (ADT) with methods like create, retrieve, and store for manipulating arrays. The document also discusses sparse matrix data structures and provides an ADT for sparse matrices with methods like create, transpose, add, and multiply.
Arrays are data structures that store a collection of data values of the same type in consecutive memory locations that can be individually referenced by their numeric index. Different representations of arrays are possible including using a single block of memory or a collection of elements. Common operations on arrays include retrieving or storing elements by their index and traversing the entire array sequentially.
The document discusses arrays and sparse matrices as data structures. It defines array and sparse matrix abstract data types, including methods for creating, accessing, and manipulating the structures. Examples are given of representing polynomials using arrays or as a sparse matrix to illustrate different implementations of these data structures.
This document contains a presentation on self-learning modules in Python. It discusses:
1. Assigning modules to different students for learning.
2. Modules, packages, and libraries as different ways to reuse code in Python. A module is a file with the .py extension, a package is a folder containing modules, and a library is a collection of packages.
3. The Python standard library contains built-in functions and modules that are part of the Python installation. Common modules discussed include math, random, and urllib.
Two dimensional arrays allow the storage of tables of values arranged in rows and columns. They are declared with the general form type array_name[row_size][column_size]. Elements are accessed using two indices, the first for the row and second for the column. Elements are stored in memory in row-major order, with contiguous blocks for each row. Dynamic allocation of 2D arrays involves allocating an array of pointers, with each pointer storing the address of a dynamically allocated 1D array for that row.
This document discusses arrays and structures. It begins by defining an array as a set of index-value pairs where each index maps to a value. Arrays are commonly implemented using consecutive memory locations. Structures group related data and allow accessing members via dot notation. The document provides examples of one-dimensional arrays in C and comparing integer pointers to arrays. It also covers self-referential structures, ordered lists, polynomials represented as terms, and sparse matrices stored as row-column-value triples. Functions for each abstract data type are defined, such as adding and multiplying polynomials or transposing a sparse matrix.
Arrays are data structures that store a collection of data elements of the same type using a single variable name to represent the entire collection. Structures group together data of different types under one name. Sparse matrices represent matrices with many zero elements by only storing the non-zero elements, using triples of row, column, and value to represent each non-zero term. Transposing a sparse matrix involves taking each non-zero term <i,j,value> and storing it as <j,i,value> in the transpose.
This document summarizes arrays and structures in C including:
1) Arrays are sets of index-value pairs that use consecutive memory locations. Structures group related data and can reference themselves.
2) C implements 1D arrays using consecutive memory locations accessed via indexes. Structures allow defining custom data types.
3) Operations on ordered lists include retrieving, inserting, deleting elements. Polynomials are represented as ordered pairs of exponents and coefficients. Addition involves comparing exponents and combining coefficients.
The document discusses arrays and array data structures. It defines an array as a set of index-value pairs where each index maps to a single value. It then describes the common array abstract data type (ADT) with methods like create, retrieve, and store for manipulating arrays. The document also discusses sparse matrix data structures and provides an ADT for sparse matrices with methods like create, transpose, add, and multiply.
Arrays are data structures that store a collection of data values of the same type in consecutive memory locations that can be individually referenced by their numeric index. Different representations of arrays are possible including using a single block of memory or a collection of elements. Common operations on arrays include retrieving or storing elements by their index and traversing the entire array sequentially.
The document discusses arrays and sparse matrices as data structures. It defines array and sparse matrix abstract data types, including methods for creating, accessing, and manipulating the structures. Examples are given of representing polynomials using arrays or as a sparse matrix to illustrate different implementations of these data structures.
This document contains a presentation on self-learning modules in Python. It discusses:
1. Assigning modules to different students for learning.
2. Modules, packages, and libraries as different ways to reuse code in Python. A module is a file with the .py extension, a package is a folder containing modules, and a library is a collection of packages.
3. The Python standard library contains built-in functions and modules that are part of the Python installation. Common modules discussed include math, random, and urllib.
Two dimensional arrays allow the storage of tables of values arranged in rows and columns. They are declared with the general form type array_name[row_size][column_size]. Elements are accessed using two indices, the first for the row and second for the column. Elements are stored in memory in row-major order, with contiguous blocks for each row. Dynamic allocation of 2D arrays involves allocating an array of pointers, with each pointer storing the address of a dynamically allocated 1D array for that row.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored under a common name. Arrays can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional. Elements in an array are stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays allow multiple variables of the same type to be manipulated together using a single name. Common operations on arrays include sorting elements, performing matrix operations, and CPU scheduling.
The document provides information about error handling in Python programming. It discusses different types of exceptions that may occur during program execution and how to handle them using try, except, else and finally blocks. It gives examples of programs that handle errors from inputting non-integer values or dividing by zero. The document also covers other Python programming concepts like lists, random numbers, and comparing Python to C/C++.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a Spark workshop covering Spark basics and streaming. The agenda includes sections on Scala, Spark, Spark SQL, and Spark Streaming. It discusses Scala concepts like vals, vars, defs, classes, objects, and pattern matching. It also covers Spark RDDs, transformations, actions, sources, and the spark-shell. Finally, it briefly introduces Spark concepts like broadcast variables, accumulators, and spark-submit.
The document discusses various math and string classes in Java. It covers:
- Constructing objects using the new operator and passing parameters.
- Using the Random class to generate random numbers.
- Declaring constants using final and static final.
- Basic arithmetic, increment/decrement, and math methods.
- Creating and manipulating strings using methods like length(), substring(), and concatenation.
- Drawing shapes on a frame using Graphics2D methods in a JComponent's paintComponent method.
MATLAB DOCUMENTATION ON SOME OF THE MODULES
A.Generate videos in which a skeleton of a person doing the following Gestures.
1.Tilting his head to right and left
2.Tilting his hand to right and left
3.Walking
in matlab.
B. Write a MATLAB program that converts a decimal number to Roman number and vice versa.
C.Using EZ plot & anonymous functions plot the following:
· Y=Sqrt(X)
· Y= X^2
· Y=e^(-XY)
D.Take your picture and
· Show R, G, B channels along with RGB Image in same figure using sub figure.
· Convert into HSV( Hue, saturation and value) and show the H,S,V channels along with HSV image
E.Record your name pronounced by yourself. Try to display the signal(name) in a plot vs Time, using matlab.
F.Write a script to open a new figure and plot five circles, all centered at the origin and with increasing radii. Set the line width for each circle to something thick (at least 2 points), and use the colors from a 5-color jet colormap (jet).
G. NEWTON RAPHSON AND SECANT METHOD
H.Write any one of the program to do following things using file concept.
1.Create or Open a file
2. Read data from the file and write data to another file
3. Append some text to already existed file
4. Close the file
I.Write a function to perform following set operations
1.Union of A and B
2. Intersection of A and B
3. Complement of A and B
(Assume A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B= {2, 4, 6})
Very quick introduction to the language R. It talks about basic data structures, data manipulation steps, plots, control structures etc. Enough material to get you started in R.
This document provides a marking scheme for a Computer Science exam for Class XII. It includes instructions, 6 sections (A through C), and multiple choice questions with parts. Section A focuses on C++ programming, Section B on Python, and Section C is compulsory for all students. Questions assess topics like functions, OOPs concepts, arrays, file handling, and more. For each part, the number of marks and what is required are specified. Sample code is provided to test understanding of concepts like data abstraction, inheritance, operator overloading and more.
1. An array is an object that stores a list of values of the same type and is made up of contiguous memory divided into slots indexed from 0 to N-1.
2. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access elements, while two-dimensional and higher dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts to represent rows and columns.
3. Arrays are declared with the syntax Type[] name = new Type[size]; and elements can be accessed using name[index].
The document discusses various operations that can be performed on arrays, including traversing, inserting, searching, deleting, merging, and sorting elements. It provides examples and algorithms for traversing an array, inserting and deleting elements, and merging two arrays. It also discusses two-dimensional arrays and how to store user input data in a 2D array. Limitations of arrays include their fixed size and issues with insertion/deletion due to shifting elements.
The document discusses representing sparse matrices using linked lists. Sparse matrices have mostly zero values, so they are more efficiently represented by only storing the non-zero elements and their indices rather than all elements. This can save memory and computing time. The document provides examples of representing a sparse matrix using arrays or linked lists, with the linked list approach storing each non-zero element as a node with fields for row, column, value, and a pointer to the next node.
Notebooks such as Jupyter give programming languages a level of interactivity approaching that of spreadsheets.
I present here an idea for a programming language specifically designed for an interactive environment similar to a notebook.
It aims to combining the power of a programming language with the usability of a spreadsheet.
Instead of free-form code, the user creates fields / columns, but these can be combined into tables and object classes.
By decoratively cycling through field elements, loops and other programming constructs can be created.
I give examples from classical computer science, machine learning and mathematical finance, specifically:
Nth Prime Number, 8 Queens, Poker Hand, Travelling Salesman, Linear Regression, VaR Attribution
This document provides an overview of the Python programming language. It discusses that Python is a popular, object-oriented scripting language that emphasizes code readability. The document summarizes key Python features such as rapid development, automatic memory management, object-oriented programming, and embedding/extending with C. It also outlines common uses of Python and when it may not be suitable.
Gentle Introduction to Functional ProgrammingSaurabh Singh
This slide is basically aimed at professionals and students to introduce them with functional programming.
I haven't used much functional programming terminologies because I personally feel they could be overwhelming to people getting introduced to FP for the first time. For similar reasons I have deliberately avoided using any functional programming language and kept the discussions programming language agnostic as far as possible.
DATA STRUCTURE CLASS 12 COMPUTER SCIENCEDev Chauhan
Arrays, stacks, queues, and linked lists are common data structures in computer science. Arrays allow direct access to elements but have fixed size, while linked lists can dynamically grow and shrink but require traversing nodes sequentially. Stacks follow LIFO (last in first out) and queues follow FIFO (first in first out) ordering for inserting and removing elements. Linked lists store data in nodes that link to the next node, allowing efficient insertion/removal anywhere in the list. Common operations on these structures include push/pop for stacks, enqueue/dequeue for queues, and insert/delete nodes for linked lists.
Elixir is a functional programming language that is well-suited for building scalable and fault-tolerant applications. The document provides an introduction to Elixir by discussing its roots in Erlang and how it builds upon Erlang's strengths like concurrency, distribution, and fault tolerance. It also demonstrates some basic Elixir concepts like functions, pattern matching, recursion, and the BEAM virtual machine. Finally, it provides examples of real-world applications of Elixir like building Phoenix web applications and developing embedded hardware projects with Nerves.
This document provides an overview of essential data wrangling tasks in R, including importing, exploring, indexing/subsetting, reshaping, merging, aggregating, and repeating/looping data. It discusses functions for reading different file types like CSV, Excel, and plain text. It also covers exploring data structure and summary statistics, subsetting vectors, data frames and matrices, reshaping between wide and long format, performing different types of joins to merge data, and using loops and sequences to repeat operations.
Scala is a multi-paradigm programming language that supports functional, object-oriented and imperative programming paradigms. The document discusses Scala's support for types, expressions, objects, functions, and provides examples of using Scala for expressions, functions, control structures, patterns, spaces and actors.
The document discusses one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C programming. It covers declaring, initializing, and referencing arrays, as well as passing arrays to functions. Some key points include: declaring arrays with data type, name, and number of elements; initializing arrays at compile-time or run-time; referencing array elements with the array name and index/subscript; and passing an entire array or individual elements to functions by reference or by value. Two-dimensional arrays have rows and columns accessed by two indices/subscripts.
This document provides information on arrays in Java. It begins by defining an array as a collection of similar data types that can store values of a homogeneous type. Arrays must specify their size at declaration and use zero-based indexing. The document then discusses single dimensional arrays, how to declare and initialize them, and how to set and access array elements. It also covers multi-dimensional arrays, providing syntax for declaration and initialization. Examples are given for creating, initializing, accessing, and printing array elements. The document concludes with examples of searching arrays and performing operations on two-dimensional arrays like matrix addition and multiplication.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
An array is a collection of similar data types stored under a common name. Arrays can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional. Elements in an array are stored in contiguous memory locations. Arrays allow multiple variables of the same type to be manipulated together using a single name. Common operations on arrays include sorting elements, performing matrix operations, and CPU scheduling.
The document provides information about error handling in Python programming. It discusses different types of exceptions that may occur during program execution and how to handle them using try, except, else and finally blocks. It gives examples of programs that handle errors from inputting non-integer values or dividing by zero. The document also covers other Python programming concepts like lists, random numbers, and comparing Python to C/C++.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a Spark workshop covering Spark basics and streaming. The agenda includes sections on Scala, Spark, Spark SQL, and Spark Streaming. It discusses Scala concepts like vals, vars, defs, classes, objects, and pattern matching. It also covers Spark RDDs, transformations, actions, sources, and the spark-shell. Finally, it briefly introduces Spark concepts like broadcast variables, accumulators, and spark-submit.
The document discusses various math and string classes in Java. It covers:
- Constructing objects using the new operator and passing parameters.
- Using the Random class to generate random numbers.
- Declaring constants using final and static final.
- Basic arithmetic, increment/decrement, and math methods.
- Creating and manipulating strings using methods like length(), substring(), and concatenation.
- Drawing shapes on a frame using Graphics2D methods in a JComponent's paintComponent method.
MATLAB DOCUMENTATION ON SOME OF THE MODULES
A.Generate videos in which a skeleton of a person doing the following Gestures.
1.Tilting his head to right and left
2.Tilting his hand to right and left
3.Walking
in matlab.
B. Write a MATLAB program that converts a decimal number to Roman number and vice versa.
C.Using EZ plot & anonymous functions plot the following:
· Y=Sqrt(X)
· Y= X^2
· Y=e^(-XY)
D.Take your picture and
· Show R, G, B channels along with RGB Image in same figure using sub figure.
· Convert into HSV( Hue, saturation and value) and show the H,S,V channels along with HSV image
E.Record your name pronounced by yourself. Try to display the signal(name) in a plot vs Time, using matlab.
F.Write a script to open a new figure and plot five circles, all centered at the origin and with increasing radii. Set the line width for each circle to something thick (at least 2 points), and use the colors from a 5-color jet colormap (jet).
G. NEWTON RAPHSON AND SECANT METHOD
H.Write any one of the program to do following things using file concept.
1.Create or Open a file
2. Read data from the file and write data to another file
3. Append some text to already existed file
4. Close the file
I.Write a function to perform following set operations
1.Union of A and B
2. Intersection of A and B
3. Complement of A and B
(Assume A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B= {2, 4, 6})
Very quick introduction to the language R. It talks about basic data structures, data manipulation steps, plots, control structures etc. Enough material to get you started in R.
This document provides a marking scheme for a Computer Science exam for Class XII. It includes instructions, 6 sections (A through C), and multiple choice questions with parts. Section A focuses on C++ programming, Section B on Python, and Section C is compulsory for all students. Questions assess topics like functions, OOPs concepts, arrays, file handling, and more. For each part, the number of marks and what is required are specified. Sample code is provided to test understanding of concepts like data abstraction, inheritance, operator overloading and more.
1. An array is an object that stores a list of values of the same type and is made up of contiguous memory divided into slots indexed from 0 to N-1.
2. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access elements, while two-dimensional and higher dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts to represent rows and columns.
3. Arrays are declared with the syntax Type[] name = new Type[size]; and elements can be accessed using name[index].
The document discusses various operations that can be performed on arrays, including traversing, inserting, searching, deleting, merging, and sorting elements. It provides examples and algorithms for traversing an array, inserting and deleting elements, and merging two arrays. It also discusses two-dimensional arrays and how to store user input data in a 2D array. Limitations of arrays include their fixed size and issues with insertion/deletion due to shifting elements.
The document discusses representing sparse matrices using linked lists. Sparse matrices have mostly zero values, so they are more efficiently represented by only storing the non-zero elements and their indices rather than all elements. This can save memory and computing time. The document provides examples of representing a sparse matrix using arrays or linked lists, with the linked list approach storing each non-zero element as a node with fields for row, column, value, and a pointer to the next node.
Notebooks such as Jupyter give programming languages a level of interactivity approaching that of spreadsheets.
I present here an idea for a programming language specifically designed for an interactive environment similar to a notebook.
It aims to combining the power of a programming language with the usability of a spreadsheet.
Instead of free-form code, the user creates fields / columns, but these can be combined into tables and object classes.
By decoratively cycling through field elements, loops and other programming constructs can be created.
I give examples from classical computer science, machine learning and mathematical finance, specifically:
Nth Prime Number, 8 Queens, Poker Hand, Travelling Salesman, Linear Regression, VaR Attribution
This document provides an overview of the Python programming language. It discusses that Python is a popular, object-oriented scripting language that emphasizes code readability. The document summarizes key Python features such as rapid development, automatic memory management, object-oriented programming, and embedding/extending with C. It also outlines common uses of Python and when it may not be suitable.
Gentle Introduction to Functional ProgrammingSaurabh Singh
This slide is basically aimed at professionals and students to introduce them with functional programming.
I haven't used much functional programming terminologies because I personally feel they could be overwhelming to people getting introduced to FP for the first time. For similar reasons I have deliberately avoided using any functional programming language and kept the discussions programming language agnostic as far as possible.
DATA STRUCTURE CLASS 12 COMPUTER SCIENCEDev Chauhan
Arrays, stacks, queues, and linked lists are common data structures in computer science. Arrays allow direct access to elements but have fixed size, while linked lists can dynamically grow and shrink but require traversing nodes sequentially. Stacks follow LIFO (last in first out) and queues follow FIFO (first in first out) ordering for inserting and removing elements. Linked lists store data in nodes that link to the next node, allowing efficient insertion/removal anywhere in the list. Common operations on these structures include push/pop for stacks, enqueue/dequeue for queues, and insert/delete nodes for linked lists.
Elixir is a functional programming language that is well-suited for building scalable and fault-tolerant applications. The document provides an introduction to Elixir by discussing its roots in Erlang and how it builds upon Erlang's strengths like concurrency, distribution, and fault tolerance. It also demonstrates some basic Elixir concepts like functions, pattern matching, recursion, and the BEAM virtual machine. Finally, it provides examples of real-world applications of Elixir like building Phoenix web applications and developing embedded hardware projects with Nerves.
This document provides an overview of essential data wrangling tasks in R, including importing, exploring, indexing/subsetting, reshaping, merging, aggregating, and repeating/looping data. It discusses functions for reading different file types like CSV, Excel, and plain text. It also covers exploring data structure and summary statistics, subsetting vectors, data frames and matrices, reshaping between wide and long format, performing different types of joins to merge data, and using loops and sequences to repeat operations.
Scala is a multi-paradigm programming language that supports functional, object-oriented and imperative programming paradigms. The document discusses Scala's support for types, expressions, objects, functions, and provides examples of using Scala for expressions, functions, control structures, patterns, spaces and actors.
The document discusses one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C programming. It covers declaring, initializing, and referencing arrays, as well as passing arrays to functions. Some key points include: declaring arrays with data type, name, and number of elements; initializing arrays at compile-time or run-time; referencing array elements with the array name and index/subscript; and passing an entire array or individual elements to functions by reference or by value. Two-dimensional arrays have rows and columns accessed by two indices/subscripts.
This document provides information on arrays in Java. It begins by defining an array as a collection of similar data types that can store values of a homogeneous type. Arrays must specify their size at declaration and use zero-based indexing. The document then discusses single dimensional arrays, how to declare and initialize them, and how to set and access array elements. It also covers multi-dimensional arrays, providing syntax for declaration and initialization. Examples are given for creating, initializing, accessing, and printing array elements. The document concludes with examples of searching arrays and performing operations on two-dimensional arrays like matrix addition and multiplication.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Data structures KTU chapter2.PPT
1. CHAPTER 2 1
CHAPTER 2
ARRAYS AND STRUCTURES
All the programs in this file are selected from
Ellis Horowitz, Sartaj Sahni, and Susan Anderson-Freed
“Fundamentals of Data Structures in C”,
Computer Science Press, 1992.
2. CHAPTER 2 2
Arrays
Array: a set of index and value
data structure
For each index, there is a value associated with
that index.
representation (possible)
implemented by using consecutive memory.
3. CHAPTER 2 3
Structure Array is
objects: A set of pairs <index, value> where for each value of index
there is a value from the set item. Index is a finite ordered set of one or
more dimensions, for example, {0, … , n-1} for one dimension,
{(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2),(2,0),(2,1),(2,2)} for two dimensions,
etc.
Functions:
for all A Array, i index, x item, j, size integer
Array Create(j, list) ::= return an array of j dimensions where list is a
j-tuple whose ith element is the size of the
ith dimension. Items are undefined.
Item Retrieve(A, i) ::= if (i index) return the item associated with
index value i in array A
else return error
Array Store(A, i, x) ::= if (i in index)
return an array that is identical to array
A except the new pair <i, x> has been
inserted else return error
end array
*Structure 2.1: Abstract Data Type Array ( p.50)
4. CHAPTER 2 4
Arrays in C
int list[5], *plist[5];
list[5]: five integers
list[0], list[1], list[2], list[3], list[4]
*plist[5]: five pointers to integers
plist[0], plist[1], plist[2], plist[3], plist[4]
implementation of 1-D array
list[0] base address =
list[1] + sizeof(int)
list[2] + 2*sizeof(int)
list[3] + 3*sizeof(int)
list[4] + 4*size(int)
5. CHAPTER 2 5
Arrays in C (Continued)
Compare int *list1 and int list2[5] in C.
Same: list1 and list2 are pointers.
Difference: list2 reserves five locations.
Notations:
list2 - a pointer to list2[0]
(list2 + i) - a pointer to list2[i] (&list2[i])
*(list2 + i) - list2[i]
6. CHAPTER 2 6
Example: 1-dimension array addressing
int one[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
Goal: print out address and value
void print1(int *ptr, int rows)
{
/* print out a one-dimensional array using a pointer */
int i;
printf(“Address Contentsn”);
for (i=0; i < rows; i++)
printf(“%8u%5dn”, ptr+i, *(ptr+i));
printf(“n”);
}
9. CHAPTER 2 9
Create structure data type
typedef struct human_being {
char name[10];
int age;
float salary;
};
or
typedef struct {
char name[10];
int age;
float salary
} human_being;
human_being person1, person2;
10. CHAPTER 2 10
Unions
Similar to struct, but only one field is active.
Example: Add fields for male and female.
typedef struct sex_type {
enum tag_field {female, male} sex;
union {
int children;
int beard;
} u;
};
typedef struct human_being {
char name[10];
int age;
float salary;
date dob;
sex_type sex_info;
}
human_being person1, person2;
person1.sex_info.sex=male;
person1.sex_info.u.beard=FALSE;
11. CHAPTER 2 11
Self-Referential Structures
One or more of its components is a pointer to itself.
typedef struct list {
char data;
list *link;
}
list item1, item2, item3;
item1.data=‘a’;
item2.data=‘b’;
item3.data=‘c’;
item1.link=item2.link=item3.link=NULL;
Construct a list with three nodes
item1.link=&item2;
item2.link=&item3;
malloc: obtain a node
a b c
13. CHAPTER 2 13
Operations on Ordered List
Find the length, n , of the list.
Read the items from left to right (or right to left).
Retrieve the i’th element.
Store a new value into the i’th position.
Insert a new element at the position i , causing
elements numbered i, i+1, …, n to become numbered
i+1, i+2, …, n+1
Delete the element at position i , causing elements
numbered i+1, …, n to become numbered i, i+1, …,
n-1 array (sequential mapping)? (1)~(4) O (5)~(6) X
14. CHAPTER 2 14
Structure Polynomial is
objects: ; a set of ordered pairs of
<ei,ai> where ai in Coefficients and ei in Exponents, ei are integers >= 0
functions:
for all poly, poly1, poly2 Polynomial, coef Coefficients, expon
Exponents
Polynomial Zero( ) ::= return the polynomial,
p(x) = 0
Boolean IsZero(poly) ::= if (poly) return FALSE
else return TRUE
Coefficient Coef(poly, expon) ::= if (expon poly) return its
coefficient else return Zero
Exponent Lead_Exp(poly) ::= return the largest exponent in
poly
Polynomial Attach(poly,coef, expon) ::= if (expon poly) return error
else return the polynomial poly
with the term <coef, expon>
inserted
n
e
n
e
x
a
x
a
x
p
...
)
( 1
1
Polynomials A(X)=3X20+2X5+4, B(X)=X4+10X3+3X2+1
15. CHAPTER 2 15
Polynomial Remove(poly, expon) ::= if (expon poly) return the
polynomial poly with the
term whose exponent is
expon deleted
else return error
Polynomial SingleMult(poly, coef, expon) ::= return the polynomial
poly • coef • xexpon
Polynomial Add(poly1, poly2) ::= return the polynomial
poly1 +poly2
Polynomial Mult(poly1, poly2) ::= return the polynomial
poly1 • poly2
*Structure 2.2:Abstract data type Polynomial (p.61)
End Polynomial
16. CHAPTER 2 16
/* d =a + b, where a, b, and d are polynomials */
d = Zero( )
while (! IsZero(a) && ! IsZero(b)) do {
switch COMPARE (Lead_Exp(a), Lead_Exp(b)) {
case -1: d =
Attach(d, Coef (b, Lead_Exp(b)), Lead_Exp(b));
b = Remove(b, Lead_Exp(b));
break;
case 0: sum = Coef (a, Lead_Exp (a)) + Coef ( b, Lead_Exp(b));
if (sum) {
Attach (d, sum, Lead_Exp(a));
a = Remove(a , Lead_Exp(a));
b = Remove(b , Lead_Exp(b));
}
break;
Polynomial Addition
#define MAX_DEGREE 101
typedef struct {
int degree;
float coef[MAX_DEGREE];
} polynomial;
data structure 1:
17. CHAPTER 2 17
case 1: d =
Attach(d, Coef (a, Lead_Exp(a)), Lead_Exp(a));
a = Remove(a, Lead_Exp(a));
}
}
insert any remaining terms of a or b into d
*Program 2.4 :Initial version of padd function(p.62)
advantage: easy implementation
disadvantage: waste space when sparse
18. CHAPTER 2 18
Data structure 2: use one global array to store all polynomials
A(X)=2X1000+1
B(X)=X4+10X3+3X2+1
2 1 1 10 3 1
1000 0 4 3 2 0
coef
exp
starta finisha startb finishb avail
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
*Figure 2.2: Array representation of two polynomials
(p.63)
specification representation
poly <start, finish>
A <0,1>
B <2,5>
19. CHAPTER 2 19
MAX_TERMS 100 /* size of terms array */
typedef struct {
float coef;
int expon;
} polynomial;
polynomial terms[MAX_TERMS];
int avail = 0;
*(p.62)
storage requirements: start, finish, 2*(finish-start+1)
nonparse: twice as much as (1)
when all the items are nonzero
20. CHAPTER 2 20
void padd (int starta, int finisha, int startb, int finishb,
int * startd, int *finishd)
{
/* add A(x) and B(x) to obtain D(x) */
float coefficient;
*startd = avail;
while (starta <= finisha && startb <= finishb)
switch (COMPARE(terms[starta].expon,
terms[startb].expon)) {
case -1: /* a expon < b expon */
attach(terms[startb].coef, terms[startb].expon);
startb++
break;
Add two polynomials: D = A + B
21. CHAPTER 2 21
case 0: /* equal exponents */
coefficient = terms[starta].coef +
terms[startb].coef;
if (coefficient)
attach (coefficient, terms[starta].expon);
starta++;
startb++;
break;
case 1: /* a expon > b expon */
attach(terms[starta].coef, terms[starta].expon);
starta++;
}
22. CHAPTER 2 22
/* add in remaining terms of A(x) */
for( ; starta <= finisha; starta++)
attach(terms[starta].coef, terms[starta].expon);
/* add in remaining terms of B(x) */
for( ; startb <= finishb; startb++)
attach(terms[startb].coef, terms[startb].expon);
*finishd =avail -1;
}
*Program 2.5: Function to add two polynomial (p.64)
Analysis: O(n+m)
where n (m) is the number of nonzeros in A(B).
23. CHAPTER 2 23
void attach(float coefficient, int exponent)
{
/* add a new term to the polynomial */
if (avail >= MAX_TERMS) {
fprintf(stderr, “Too many terms in the polynomialn”);
exit(1);
}
terms[avail].coef = coefficient;
terms[avail++].expon = exponent;
}
*Program 2.6:Function to add anew term (p.65)
Problem: Compaction is required
when polynomials that are no longer needed.
(data movement takes time.)
25. CHAPTER 2 25
Structure Sparse_Matrix is
objects: a set of triples, <row, column, value>, where row
and column are integers and form a unique combination, and
value comes from the set item.
functions:
for all a, b Sparse_Matrix, x item, i, j, max_col,
max_row index
Sparse_Marix Create(max_row, max_col) ::=
return a Sparse_matrix that can hold up to
max_items = max _row max_col and
whose maximum row size is max_row and
whose maximum column size is max_col.
SPARSE MATRIX ABSTRACT DATA TYPE
26. CHAPTER 2 26
Sparse_Matrix Transpose(a) ::=
return the matrix produced by interchanging
the row and column value of every triple.
Sparse_Matrix Add(a, b) ::=
if the dimensions of a and b are the same
return the matrix produced by adding
corresponding items, namely those with
identical row and column values.
else return error
Sparse_Matrix Multiply(a, b) ::=
if number of columns in a equals number of
rows in b
return the matrix d produced by multiplying
a by b according to the formula: d [i] [j] =
(a[i][k]•b[k][j]) where d (i, j) is the (i,j)th
element
else return error.
* Structure 2.3: Abstract data type Sparse-Matrix (p.68)
27. CHAPTER 2 27
row col value row col value
a[0] 6 6 8 b[0] 6 6 8
[1] 0 0 15 [1] 0 0 15
[2] 0 3 22 [2] 0 4 91
[3] 0 5 -15 [3] 1 1 11
[4] 1 1 11 [4] 2 1 3
[5] 1 2 3 [5] 2 5 28
[6] 2 3 -6 [6] 3 0 22
[7] 4 0 91 [7] 3 2 -6
[8] 5 2 28 [8] 5 0 -15
(a) (b)
*Figure 2.4:Sparse matrix and its transpose stored as triples (p.69)
(1) Represented by a two-dimensional array.
Sparse matrix wastes space.
(2) Each element is characterized by <row, col, value>.
row, column in ascending order
# of rows (columns)
# of nonzero terms
transpose
28. CHAPTER 2 28
Sparse_matrix Create(max_row, max_col) ::=
#define MAX_TERMS 101 /* maximum number of terms +1*/
typedef struct {
int col;
int row;
int value;
} term;
term a[MAX_TERMS]
* (P.69)
# of rows (columns)
# of nonzero terms
29. CHAPTER 2 29
Transpose a Matrix
(1) for each row i
take element <i, j, value> and store it
in element <j, i, value> of the transpose.
difficulty: where to put <j, i, value>
(0, 0, 15) ====> (0, 0, 15)
(0, 3, 22) ====> (3, 0, 22)
(0, 5, -15) ====> (5, 0, -15)
(1, 1, 11) ====> (1, 1, 11)
Move elements down very often.
(2) For all elements in column j,
place element <i, j, value> in element <j, i, value>
30. CHAPTER 2 30
void transpose (term a[], term b[])
/* b is set to the transpose of a */
{
int n, i, j, currentb;
n = a[0].value; /* total number of elements */
b[0].row = a[0].col; /* rows in b = columns in a */
b[0].col = a[0].row; /*columns in b = rows in a */
b[0].value = n;
if (n > 0) { /*non zero matrix */
currentb = 1;
for (i = 0; i < a[0].col; i++)
/* transpose by columns in a */
for( j = 1; j <= n; j++)
/* find elements from the current column */
if (a[j].col == i) {
/* element is in current column, add it to b */
31. CHAPTER 2 31
b[currentb].row = a[j].col;
b[currentb].col = a[j].row;
b[currentb].value = a[j].value;
currentb++
}
}
}
* Program 2.7: Transpose of a sparse matrix (p.71)
elements
columns
Scan the array “columns” times.
The array has “elements” elements.
==> O(columns*elements)
32. CHAPTER 2 32
Discussion: compared with 2-D array representation
O(columns*elements) vs. O(columns*rows)
elements --> columns * rows when nonsparse
O(columns*columns*rows)
Problem: Scan the array “columns” times.
Solution:
Determine the number of elements in each column of
the original matrix.
==>
Determine the starting positions of each row in the
transpose matrix.
34. CHAPTER 2 34
void fast_transpose(term a[ ], term b[ ])
{
/* the transpose of a is placed in b */
int row_terms[MAX_COL], starting_pos[MAX_COL];
int i, j, num_cols = a[0].col, num_terms = a[0].value;
b[0].row = num_cols; b[0].col = a[0].row;
b[0].value = num_terms;
if (num_terms > 0){ /*nonzero matrix*/
for (i = 0; i < num_cols; i++)
row_terms[i] = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= num_terms; i++)
row_term [a[i].col]++
starting_pos[0] = 1;
for (i =1; i < num_cols; i++)
starting_pos[i]=starting_pos[i-1] +row_terms [i-1];
columns
elements
columns
35. CHAPTER 2 35
for (i=1; i <= num_terms, i++) {
j = starting_pos[a[i].col]++;
b[j].row = a[i].col;
b[j].col = a[i].row;
b[j].value = a[i].value;
}
}
}
*Program 2.8:Fast transpose of a sparse matrix
elements
Compared with 2-D array representation
O(columns+elements) vs. O(columns*rows)
elements --> columns * rows
O(columns+elements) --> O(columns*rows)
Cost: Additional row_terms and starting_pos arrays are required.
Let the two arrays row_terms and starting_pos be shared.
38. CHAPTER 2 38
General Case
dij=ai0*b0j+ai1*b1j+…+ai(n-1)*b(n-1)j
a本來依i成群,經轉置後,b也依j成群。
a Sa d Sd
b Sb e Se
c Sc f Sf
g Sg
最多可以產生ad, ae, af, ag,
bd, be, bf, bg,
cd, ce, cf, cg 等entries 。
39. CHAPTER 2 39
void mmult (term a[ ], term b[ ], term d[ ] )
/* multiply two sparse matrices */
{
int i, j, column, totalb = b[].value, totald = 0;
int rows_a = a[0].row, cols_a = a[0].col,
totala = a[0].value; int cols_b = b[0].col,
int row_begin = 1, row = a[1].row, sum =0;
int new_b[MAX_TERMS][3];
if (cols_a != b[0].row){
fprintf (stderr, “Incompatible matricesn”);
exit (1);
}
40. CHAPTER 2 40
fast_transpose(b, new_b);
/* set boundary condition */
a[totala+1].row = rows_a;
new_b[totalb+1].row = cols_b;
new_b[totalb+1].col = 0;
for (i = 1; i <= totala; ) {
column = new_b[1].row;
for (j = 1; j <= totalb+1;) {
/* mutiply row of a by column of b */
if (a[i].row != row) {
storesum(d, &totald, row, column, &sum);
i = row_begin;
for (; new_b[j].row == column; j++)
;
column =new_b[j].row
}
cols_b + totalb
at most rows_a times
41. CHAPTER 2 41
else switch (COMPARE (a[i].col, new_b[j].col)) {
case -1: /* go to next term in a */
i++; break;
case 0: /* add terms, go to next term in a and b */
sum += (a[i++].value * new_b[j++].value);
break;
case 1: /* advance to next term in b*/
j++
}
} /* end of for j <= totalb+1 */
for (; a[i].row == row; i++)
;
row_begin = i; row = a[i].row;
} /* end of for i <=totala */
d[0].row = rows_a;
d[0].col = cols_b; d[0].value = totald;
} *Praogram 2.9: Sparse matrix multiplication (p.75)
43. CHAPTER 2 43
for (i =0; i < rows_a; i++)
for (j=0; j < cols_b; j++) {
sum =0;
for (k=0; k < cols_a; k++)
sum += (a[i][k] *b[k][j]);
d[i][j] =sum;
}
Compared with matrix multiplication using array
O(rows_a * cols_a * cols_b) vs.
O(cols_b * total_a + rows_a * total_b)
optimal case: total_a < rows_a * cols_a
total_b < cols_a * cols_b
worse case: total_a --> rows_a * cols_a, or
total_b --> cols_a * cols_b
44. CHAPTER 2 44
void storesum(term d[ ], int *totald, int row, int column,
int *sum)
{
/* if *sum != 0, then it along with its row and column
position is stored as the *totald+1 entry in d */
if (*sum)
if (*totald < MAX_TERMS) {
d[++*totald].row = row;
d[*totald].col = column;
d[*totald].value = *sum;
}
else {
fprintf(stderr, ”Numbers of terms in product
exceed %dn”, MAX_TERMS);
exit(1);
}
}
Program 2.10: storsum function