The document discusses the key components and functions of database systems. It begins by explaining the difference between data and information and how databases evolved from file systems to address issues like data redundancy and lack of integrity. The main components of a database system are described as hardware, software, people, procedures, and data. Key functions of a database management system (DBMS) include data storage management, security management, and ensuring data integrity. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of databases, their history and structure.
This document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses different data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It also covers database languages, interfaces, utilities and centralized versus distributed (client-server) architectures. Specifically, it describes hierarchical and network data models, the three schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages like DDL and DML, and different DBMS classifications including relational, object-oriented and distributed systems.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems. It defines a database as a collection of organized data and a database management system as a computer program that allows for creating, accessing, managing and controlling databases. It describes three common data models - relational, network and hierarchical - and explains some fundamental database concepts like tables, keys, relations and normalization.
Dbms architecture
Three level architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or three schema architecture
This framework is used for describing the structure of specific database systems (small systems may not support all aspects of the architecture)
In this architecture the database schemas can be defined at three levels explained in next slide
The document provides an overview of databases and database design. It defines what a database is, what databases do, and the components of database systems and applications. It discusses the database design process, including identifying fields, tables, keys, and relationships between tables. The document also covers database modeling techniques, normalization to eliminate redundant or inefficient data storage, and functional dependencies as constraints on attribute values.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data by providing data independence, concurrency control, recovery from failures, and more. It also defines key concepts like data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transactions, storage management, database users, administrators, and the roles they play in overall database system structure.
Codd's 12 rules are a set of rules proposed by Edgar Codd to define what is required for a database management system to be considered relational. The rules include that all data must be represented in tables and columns, all data must be logically addressable, null values must be supported systematically, the database structure must be accessible through queries, and the system must support set-based operations like inserts, updates and deletes. The rules also require physical and logical independence between the application, data and constraints.
Functional dependency defines a relationship between attributes in a table where a set of attributes determine another attribute. There are different types of functional dependencies including trivial, non-trivial, multivalued, and transitive. An example given is a student table with attributes Stu_Id, Stu_Name, Stu_Age which has the functional dependency of Stu_Id->Stu_Name since the student ID uniquely identifies the student name.
The document discusses the key components and functions of database systems. It begins by explaining the difference between data and information and how databases evolved from file systems to address issues like data redundancy and lack of integrity. The main components of a database system are described as hardware, software, people, procedures, and data. Key functions of a database management system (DBMS) include data storage management, security management, and ensuring data integrity. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of databases, their history and structure.
This document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses different data models including conceptual, physical and implementation models. It also covers database languages, interfaces, utilities and centralized versus distributed (client-server) architectures. Specifically, it describes hierarchical and network data models, the three schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages like DDL and DML, and different DBMS classifications including relational, object-oriented and distributed systems.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems. It defines a database as a collection of organized data and a database management system as a computer program that allows for creating, accessing, managing and controlling databases. It describes three common data models - relational, network and hierarchical - and explains some fundamental database concepts like tables, keys, relations and normalization.
Dbms architecture
Three level architecture is also called ANSI/SPARC architecture or three schema architecture
This framework is used for describing the structure of specific database systems (small systems may not support all aspects of the architecture)
In this architecture the database schemas can be defined at three levels explained in next slide
The document provides an overview of databases and database design. It defines what a database is, what databases do, and the components of database systems and applications. It discusses the database design process, including identifying fields, tables, keys, and relationships between tables. The document also covers database modeling techniques, normalization to eliminate redundant or inefficient data storage, and functional dependencies as constraints on attribute values.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data by providing data independence, concurrency control, recovery from failures, and more. It also defines key concepts like data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transactions, storage management, database users, administrators, and the roles they play in overall database system structure.
Codd's 12 rules are a set of rules proposed by Edgar Codd to define what is required for a database management system to be considered relational. The rules include that all data must be represented in tables and columns, all data must be logically addressable, null values must be supported systematically, the database structure must be accessible through queries, and the system must support set-based operations like inserts, updates and deletes. The rules also require physical and logical independence between the application, data and constraints.
Functional dependency defines a relationship between attributes in a table where a set of attributes determine another attribute. There are different types of functional dependencies including trivial, non-trivial, multivalued, and transitive. An example given is a student table with attributes Stu_Id, Stu_Name, Stu_Age which has the functional dependency of Stu_Id->Stu_Name since the student ID uniquely identifies the student name.
The document discusses the entity relationship (ER) model used for conceptual database design. It describes the key components of an ER diagram including entities represented as rectangles, attributes described as ovals, and relationships shown as diamonds. Different types of relationships are also defined such as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. The ER model provides a way to design and visualize the entities, attributes, and relationships within a database in a simple diagram.
Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment
File organization Term and Concepts
Computer system organizes data in a hierarchy
Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character
Field: Group of characters as word(s) or number
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of same type
The document discusses database management systems and their importance in modern society. It provides examples of common database applications and outlines some key benefits of using a database approach, including controlling data redundancy, sharing data among users, and providing backup and recovery services. It also describes the roles of database administrators, users, and designers in working with database systems.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as a collection of data and applications used to access and manage that data. The document then briefly discusses the history of DBMS development from early hierarchical models to today's dominant relational model. It describes the key purposes of using a DBMS, including reducing data redundancy and improving data integrity, security and consistency. The document outlines the main components and architecture of a DBMS, including its internal, conceptual and external levels. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS, as well as common DBMS languages like SQL.
This document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses data models, schemas, instances, and states. It also describes the three-schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages and interfaces, database system utilities and tools, and centralized and client-server architectures. Key classification of DBMSs are also covered.
A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases. A DBMS provides users and administrators with various tools and applications to store, organize, and access data. It allows for data to be easily retrieved, filtered, sorted, and updated efficiently. Some key components of a DBMS include the database users, the data itself, software and procedures, hardware, and database access languages. DBMSs are widely used in applications such as banking, universities, e-commerce, and more.
This document provides an overview of data modeling, including definitions of key concepts like data models and data modeling. It describes the evolution of popular data models from hierarchical to network to relational to entity-relationship to object-oriented models. For each model, it outlines the basic concepts, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that newer data models aimed to address shortcomings of previous approaches and capture real-world data and relationships.
Introduction to Relational algebra in DBMS - The relational algebra is explained with all the operations. Some of the examples from the textbook is also solved and explained.
The document discusses database management systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It covers key concepts such as:
1) Databases organize data into tables with rows and columns to allow for easier querying and manipulation of data compared to file systems which store data in unstructured files.
2) Database management systems employ concepts like normalization, transactions, concurrency and security to maintain data integrity and consistency when multiple users are accessing the data simultaneously.
3) The logical design of a database is represented by its schema, while a database instance refers to the current state of the data stored in the database tables at a given time.
Companies and institutions use database software to organize and integrate their data in a centralized location. A database allows different departments and users to efficiently access and share common information. Key benefits of a database approach include reducing data redundancy, avoiding inconsistencies, enabling data sharing, enforcing standards, applying security restrictions, and maintaining data integrity.
The document discusses the relational data model and query languages. It provides the following key points:
1. The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns, where rows represent records and columns represent attributes. Relations between data are represented through tables.
2. Relational integrity constraints include key constraints, domain constraints, and referential integrity constraints to ensure valid data.
3. Relational algebra and calculus provide theoretical foundations for query languages like SQL. Relational algebra uses operators like select, project, join on relations, while relational calculus specifies queries using logic.
It includes:
Introduction to Database Management System
DBMS vs File System
View of data
Data models
Database Languages: DML, DDL
Database users and administrators
Transaction Management
Database System Structure
Application architectures
Database Management System IntroductionSmriti Jain
The document discusses key concepts in databases including:
- Data refers to raw facts and details, while entities are things that data describes with attributes.
- A record combines all details of an entity, files group related records, and a database collects logically related files and records.
- A database management system (DBMS) enables users to define, create and maintain databases and provides flexible data management.
- DBMS benefits include centralized data control, consistency, sharing, and independence from applications.
Memory is organized in a hierarchy with different levels providing trade-offs between speed and cost.
- Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for fastest access.
- Main memory (RAM) is where active programs and data reside and is faster than auxiliary memory but more expensive.
- Auxiliary memory (disks, tapes) provides backup storage and is slower than main memory but larger and cheaper.
Virtual memory manages this hierarchy through address translation techniques like paging that map virtual addresses to physical locations, allowing programs to access more memory than physically available. When data is needed from auxiliary memory a page fault occurs and page replacement algorithms determine what data to remove from main memory.
Functional dependencies in Database Management SystemKevin Jadiya
Slides attached here describes mainly Functional dependencies in database management system, how to find closure set of functional dependencies and in last how decomposition is done in any database tables
The document discusses database management systems and data independence. It defines data independence as the ability to change the database schema at one level without requiring changes at other levels. There are two types of data independence: logical data independence, which allows changing the conceptual schema without changing the external schema; and physical data independence, which allows changing the internal schema without changing the conceptual schema. The document provides examples of each type of data independence and explains the importance of data independence for database maintenance and flexibility.
DBMS - Database Management System, Data and Database, DBMS meaning, Why DBMS?, Characteristics of DBMS, Types of DBMS- Hierarchical DBMS, Network DBMS, Relational DBMS, Object-oriented DBMS, Applications of DBMS, Popular DBMS Software, Advantages of DBMS, disadvantages of DBMS.
The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses DBMS applications, why DBMS are used, different users of databases, data models and languages like SQL. It also summarizes key components of a DBMS including data storage, query processing, transaction management and database architecture.
The document provides an overview of database systems and their components. It discusses:
- The purpose of database systems is to provide solutions to problems with using file systems like data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, and lack of integrity and security.
- Database systems include a collection of interrelated data, a set of programs to access the data called a database management system (DBMS), and database applications in domains like banking, airlines, education and more.
- Key components of database systems include data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and database users. The overall system has physical, logical and view levels of abstraction.
The document discusses the entity relationship (ER) model used for conceptual database design. It describes the key components of an ER diagram including entities represented as rectangles, attributes described as ovals, and relationships shown as diamonds. Different types of relationships are also defined such as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. The ER model provides a way to design and visualize the entities, attributes, and relationships within a database in a simple diagram.
Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment
File organization Term and Concepts
Computer system organizes data in a hierarchy
Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character
Field: Group of characters as word(s) or number
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of same type
The document discusses database management systems and their importance in modern society. It provides examples of common database applications and outlines some key benefits of using a database approach, including controlling data redundancy, sharing data among users, and providing backup and recovery services. It also describes the roles of database administrators, users, and designers in working with database systems.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines a DBMS as a collection of data and applications used to access and manage that data. The document then briefly discusses the history of DBMS development from early hierarchical models to today's dominant relational model. It describes the key purposes of using a DBMS, including reducing data redundancy and improving data integrity, security and consistency. The document outlines the main components and architecture of a DBMS, including its internal, conceptual and external levels. It also covers the advantages and disadvantages of using a DBMS, as well as common DBMS languages like SQL.
This document provides an overview of database system concepts and architecture. It discusses data models, schemas, instances, and states. It also describes the three-schema architecture, data independence, DBMS languages and interfaces, database system utilities and tools, and centralized and client-server architectures. Key classification of DBMSs are also covered.
A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the creation, management, and use of databases. A DBMS provides users and administrators with various tools and applications to store, organize, and access data. It allows for data to be easily retrieved, filtered, sorted, and updated efficiently. Some key components of a DBMS include the database users, the data itself, software and procedures, hardware, and database access languages. DBMSs are widely used in applications such as banking, universities, e-commerce, and more.
This document provides an overview of data modeling, including definitions of key concepts like data models and data modeling. It describes the evolution of popular data models from hierarchical to network to relational to entity-relationship to object-oriented models. For each model, it outlines the basic concepts, advantages, and disadvantages. The document emphasizes that newer data models aimed to address shortcomings of previous approaches and capture real-world data and relationships.
Introduction to Relational algebra in DBMS - The relational algebra is explained with all the operations. Some of the examples from the textbook is also solved and explained.
The document discusses database management systems and their advantages over traditional file systems. It covers key concepts such as:
1) Databases organize data into tables with rows and columns to allow for easier querying and manipulation of data compared to file systems which store data in unstructured files.
2) Database management systems employ concepts like normalization, transactions, concurrency and security to maintain data integrity and consistency when multiple users are accessing the data simultaneously.
3) The logical design of a database is represented by its schema, while a database instance refers to the current state of the data stored in the database tables at a given time.
Companies and institutions use database software to organize and integrate their data in a centralized location. A database allows different departments and users to efficiently access and share common information. Key benefits of a database approach include reducing data redundancy, avoiding inconsistencies, enabling data sharing, enforcing standards, applying security restrictions, and maintaining data integrity.
The document discusses the relational data model and query languages. It provides the following key points:
1. The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns, where rows represent records and columns represent attributes. Relations between data are represented through tables.
2. Relational integrity constraints include key constraints, domain constraints, and referential integrity constraints to ensure valid data.
3. Relational algebra and calculus provide theoretical foundations for query languages like SQL. Relational algebra uses operators like select, project, join on relations, while relational calculus specifies queries using logic.
It includes:
Introduction to Database Management System
DBMS vs File System
View of data
Data models
Database Languages: DML, DDL
Database users and administrators
Transaction Management
Database System Structure
Application architectures
Database Management System IntroductionSmriti Jain
The document discusses key concepts in databases including:
- Data refers to raw facts and details, while entities are things that data describes with attributes.
- A record combines all details of an entity, files group related records, and a database collects logically related files and records.
- A database management system (DBMS) enables users to define, create and maintain databases and provides flexible data management.
- DBMS benefits include centralized data control, consistency, sharing, and independence from applications.
Memory is organized in a hierarchy with different levels providing trade-offs between speed and cost.
- Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for fastest access.
- Main memory (RAM) is where active programs and data reside and is faster than auxiliary memory but more expensive.
- Auxiliary memory (disks, tapes) provides backup storage and is slower than main memory but larger and cheaper.
Virtual memory manages this hierarchy through address translation techniques like paging that map virtual addresses to physical locations, allowing programs to access more memory than physically available. When data is needed from auxiliary memory a page fault occurs and page replacement algorithms determine what data to remove from main memory.
Functional dependencies in Database Management SystemKevin Jadiya
Slides attached here describes mainly Functional dependencies in database management system, how to find closure set of functional dependencies and in last how decomposition is done in any database tables
The document discusses database management systems and data independence. It defines data independence as the ability to change the database schema at one level without requiring changes at other levels. There are two types of data independence: logical data independence, which allows changing the conceptual schema without changing the external schema; and physical data independence, which allows changing the internal schema without changing the conceptual schema. The document provides examples of each type of data independence and explains the importance of data independence for database maintenance and flexibility.
DBMS - Database Management System, Data and Database, DBMS meaning, Why DBMS?, Characteristics of DBMS, Types of DBMS- Hierarchical DBMS, Network DBMS, Relational DBMS, Object-oriented DBMS, Applications of DBMS, Popular DBMS Software, Advantages of DBMS, disadvantages of DBMS.
The document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses DBMS applications, why DBMS are used, different users of databases, data models and languages like SQL. It also summarizes key components of a DBMS including data storage, query processing, transaction management and database architecture.
The document provides an overview of database systems and their components. It discusses:
- The purpose of database systems is to provide solutions to problems with using file systems like data redundancy, difficulty of accessing data, and lack of integrity and security.
- Database systems include a collection of interrelated data, a set of programs to access the data called a database management system (DBMS), and database applications in domains like banking, airlines, education and more.
- Key components of database systems include data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and database users. The overall system has physical, logical and view levels of abstraction.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
- DBMS allows for convenient and efficient data storage and access while avoiding problems with file systems like data redundancy and inconsistency.
- Data is represented at multiple levels of abstraction from physical storage to logical relationships to application views.
- Popular data models include the entity-relationship model and relational model which use schemas to define data.
- Languages like SQL are used for data manipulation while DDL defines the database schema.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with file-based data storage like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access. The key components discussed are the database management system (DBMS), data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. It also outlines the different levels of abstraction in a database and common system architectures.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access. The key components discussed are the data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. It also outlines the overall structure of a database system as having physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data like data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access. The key components discussed are the data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. It also outlines the overall structure of a database system as having physical, logical, and view levels of abstraction.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database systems, including:
- The purpose of database systems is to provide consistent, convenient access to shared data by multiple users and applications. Common database applications include banking, airlines, universities, sales, manufacturing, and human resources.
- A database management system (DBMS) contains a collection of interrelated data, programs to access the data, and information about a particular enterprise. It provides an environment for convenient and efficient data access.
- Database systems address issues with using file systems to store data like data redundancy, difficulty of access, data isolation, integrity problems, and lack of atomicity and concurrency control.
The document provides an overview of database systems and their components. It discusses the purpose of database systems in addressing issues with file-based data storage like data redundancy, integrity problems, and concurrent access. It also describes the major components of a database system including the data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transaction management, storage management, database administrators, and users. The relational and entity-relationship models are explained as examples of common data models.
This document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a DBMS is, common database applications, and drawbacks of using file systems to store data that DBMS aim to address, such as data redundancy, integrity issues, and concurrent access problems. It also summarizes key components of a DBMS, including its logical and physical levels of abstraction, data models, data definition and manipulation languages, storage management, query processing, transaction management, and common database architectures.
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
This document defines database and DBMS, describes their advantages over file-based systems like data independence and integrity. It explains database system components and architecture including physical and logical data models. Key aspects covered are data definition language to create schemas, data manipulation language to query data, and transaction management to handle concurrent access and recovery. It also provides a brief history of database systems and discusses database users and the critical role of database administrators.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in database management systems including:
1. It discusses different data models including relational, entity-relationship, and object-oriented models.
2. It describes database system components like data definition language, data manipulation language, and transaction management.
3. It outlines different types of users that interact with database systems and roles like database administrators.
Introduction to Database, Purpose of Data, Data models, Components of Databasekasthurimukila
This document provides an overview of database management systems and their components. It discusses the purpose of DBMSs in providing data storage and access across applications. It also describes key DBMS concepts like data models, languages for defining and manipulating data, transaction management, storage structure, database administrators, and system users. The relational model and SQL query language are highlighted as widely adopted standards. Overall, the document gives a high-level introduction to DBMS components, data management challenges addressed by DBMSs, and their role in application development.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a database systems textbook. It introduces the major parts of the book, including relational databases, database design, data storage and querying, transaction management, and database architectures. Each chapter is briefly described to give the reader an understanding of what concepts will be discussed in more depth throughout the textbook.
The document provides an overview of database management systems and the relational model. It discusses key concepts such as:
- The structure of relational databases using relations, attributes, tuples, domains, and relation schemas.
- Entity-relationship modeling and the relational algebra operations used to manipulate relational data, including selection, projection, join, and set operations.
- Additional relational concepts like primary keys, foreign keys, and database normalization to reduce data redundancy and inconsistencies.
The summary captures the main topics and essential information about database systems and the relational model covered in the document in 3 sentences.
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a DBMS is, common database applications, the benefits of using a DBMS like data independence and integrity, and the different levels of abstraction in a DBMS. It also summarizes key DBMS concepts like data models, schemas, languages for querying and manipulating data, and the roles of database administrators.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems. It discusses key concepts such as the purpose of DBMSs, data models, database languages, database design, storage and query processing. It also describes common DBMS components like the data dictionary and different types of database users. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of database management systems and lays the foundation for further exploration of topics within this domain.
The document discusses database system applications and the benefits of using a database management system (DBMS). Key points include:
1) A DBMS allows storage and retrieval of large amounts of related data in an organized manner. It provides data independence, security, integrity and concurrent access.
2) Common database applications include banking, airlines, universities, online retailers, and manufacturing.
3) A DBMS provides benefits over simply using file systems such as reducing data redundancy, improving data access and query performance, and maintaining data integrity.
41- Ranjit CE 4th Sem.(P and I Notes).pdfRanjit273515
1. A keyboard is a peripheral input device that allows a user to enter text and commands into a computer. It contains alphabetic keys, numeric keys, special keys like space bar and function keys.
2. When a key is pressed, a circuit is completed below the key allowing a tiny amount of current to flow. This registers the key press with the computer's processor.
3. Common types of keyboards include mechanical, multimedia, wireless, and membrane keyboards. Keyboards can connect via wired or wireless connections like Bluetooth.
1) The document discusses the doctrine of indoor management. This doctrine assumes that outsiders dealing with a company are aware of the company's public documents and contents and can assume transactions are consistent with these.
2) The doctrine protects outsiders by not requiring them to ensure a company's internal proceedings are properly carried out. It also protects the company from outsiders by assuming resolutions necessary for transactions were passed, even if they were not.
3) There are exceptions if the outsider has actual knowledge of irregularities, if minimal inquiry could have discovered irregularities, or if documents turn out to be forged.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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dbms notes.ppt
1. Chapter 1: Introduction
Purpose of Database Systems
View of Data
Data Models
Data Definition Language
Data Manipulation Language
Transaction Management
Storage Management
Database Administrator
Database Users
Overall System Structure
2. Database Management System (DBMS)
Collection of interrelated data
Set of programs to access the data
DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient
and efficient to use.
Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives
3. Purpose of Database System
In the early days, database applications were
built on top of file systems
Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in
different files
Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation — multiple files and formats
Integrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become
part of program code
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
4. Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.)
Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either
complete or not happen at all
Concurrent access by multiple users
Concurrent accessed needed for performance
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same
time
Security problems
Database systems offer solutions to all the above
problems
5. File Management Systems
Uncontrolled Redundancy
Inconsistent data
Limited data sharing
Difficulty in accessing data
Security problems
Huge data storage problem
Excessive program maintenance
Excessive data maintenance
Aruna (DSCASC)
Drawbacks 5
6.
7. Applications of Database System
Banking
Airlines
University
Railways
Finance
Sales
Telecommunication
Pay roll system
Manufacturing
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8. Levels of Abstraction
Physical level describes how a record (e.g., customer) is
stored.
Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type customer = record
name : string;
street : string;
city : integer;
end;
View level: application programs hide details of data
types. Views can also hide information (e.g., salary) for
security purposes.
9. 9
Three-Schema Architecture
External Level
(describe the various
user views)
Conceptual Level
(describe the structure
and constraints for the
whole database)
Internal Level
(physical storage
structures and access
paths)
END USERS
External View
External View
Conceptual Schema
Internal Schema
Stored Database
. . .
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Three-Schema Architecture
Example:
Customer Name
Customer Address
Customer Name
Customer Address
Customer SSN
Customer Name: String
Customer Address: String
Customer SSN: Number (PK)
Name: String length 25
Address: String length 40
SSN: Number length 10
Conceptual View
Internal View
External
View
Logical Record 1 Logical Record n
Customer SSN
--------------
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Data Independence:
It is the capacity to change the schema
at one level of database system without having to
change the schema at the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence:
• Logical Data Independence
• Physical Data Independence
Data Independence
12. Types of Data Independence
Logical Data Independence :
The ability to modify or change the conceptual
(logical) schema without changing the external
scheme or application programs to be rewritten.
* Modifications are necessary whenever the
logical structure of the database is altered.
* The change in conceptual database may be
expanding the database by adding a new data field or
reducing the database by deleting fields.
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13. Aruna (DSCASC)
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Physical Data Independence:
The ability to modify or change the internal (physical) schema without
changing the Conceptual (logical) schema.
* Modifications are necessary in this level to improve the performance.
* Changes to the internal schema is needed because some physical file had
to be reorganized, such as changing the access modes or paths for better
retrieval or updates.
Types of Data Independence
14. Instances and Schemas
Similar to types and variables in programming languages
Schema – the logical structure of the database
e.g., the database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts
and the relationship between them)
Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
Physical schema: database design at the physical level
Logical schema: database design at the logical level
Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time
Analogous to the value of a variable
Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical
schema without changing the logical schema
Applications depend on the logical schema
In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be
well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
15. Data Models
A collection of tools for describing
data
data relationships
data semantics
data constraints
Entity-Relationship model
Relational model
Other models:
object-oriented model
semi-structured data models
Older models: network model and hierarchical
model
16. 16
History of Data Models
Network Model
Hierarchical Model
Entity – Relationship Model
Relational Model
Object-Oriented Model
Object-Relational Model
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19. Entity Relationship Model (Cont.)
E-R model of real world
Entities (objects)
E.g. customers, accounts, bank branch
Relationships between entities
E.g. Account A-101 is held by customer Johnson
Relationship set depositor associates customers with accounts
Widely used for database design
Database design in E-R model usually converted to design in
the relational model (coming up next) which is used for
storage and processing
20. Relational Model
Example of tabular data in the relational model
customer-
name
Customer-
id
customer-
street
customer-
city
account-
number
Johnson
Smith
Johnson
Jones
Smith
192-83-7465
019-28-3746
192-83-7465
321-12-3123
019-28-3746
Alma
North
Alma
Main
North
Palo Alto
Rye
Palo Alto
Harrison
Rye
A-101
A-215
A-201
A-217
A-201
Attributes
22. Entity –Relationship Model
The E-R data model is based on real world that consists of a collection
of basic objects called entities and relationship among the objects.
Entities are specific objects or things in the world that are
represented in the database.
Example: specific person, company, student, event.
Attributes are properties used to describe an entity.
Example: an EMPLOYEE entity may have a Name, SSN, Address,
Designation,
Salary.
22
Data Models
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Data Models
1) Relational Model:
- It represents a database as a collection of tables (Where each table can be stored
as a separate file, each of which has a number of columns with unique names).
- A table is a collection of rows and columns. Each column has a unique name.
- Each row is called a tuple, a column header as attributes, the table as relation.
Example:
NAME LOCATION CITY PHONE NO. ACCOUNT No.
ANAND KORAMANGALA BANGALORE 534278 401
VIKRAM AUDOGODI BANGALORE 546678 402
ACCOUNT NO. BALANCE
401 10000
402 5000
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Data
Models
2) Network Model:
Data is represented as a collection of records and relationship
between data is represented by links which can be viewed as pointers.
The record in the database are organized as collection of arbitrary
graphs.
Example:
Publisher
Book
Author
Book Branch Branch
Network database structure
Network database model
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Data Models
3) Hierarchical Data Model:
It is different from network model in the way that records are organized
into a tree like structure.
For eg. An organization might store information about an employee, such
as name, dep, sal. The organization might also store information about
employee’s family. The employee and the family data forms hierarchy.
Example:
DEPT
F1 F3 F4
F2
SD1 SD2 SD3 SD4
F – Faculty
S - Student
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Data Models
4) Object Oriented Data Model:
It defines the database in terms of objects, their properties and their operations.
Objects with some structure and behavior.
Support the basic elements of the object approach used in object oriented programming
languages like inheritance, use of methods, and encapsulation.
Some object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object oriented
programming languages such as Java, C++, C# etc.
OODBMS use exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages.
Methods
Class
Operations of each class in terms of
predefined procedure.
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27. Data Definition Language (DDL)
Specification notation for defining the database
schema
E.g.
create table account (
account-number char(10),
balance integer)
DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in
a data dictionary
Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data
about data)
database schema
Data storage and definition language
language in which the storage structure and access methods
used by the database system are specified
28. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Language for accessing and manipulating the data
organized by the appropriate data model
DML also known as query language
Two classes of languages
Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to
get those data
Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without
specifying how to get those data
SQL is the most widely used query language
29. SQL
SQL: widely used non-procedural language
E.g. find the name of the customer with customer-id 192-83-
7465
select customer.customer-name
from customer
where customer.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’
E.g. find the balances of all accounts held by the customer
with customer-id 192-83-7465
select account.balance
from depositor, account
where depositor.customer-id = ‘192-83-7465’
and
depositor.account-number =
account.account-number
30. Application programs generally access databases
through one of
Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
Application program interface (e.g. ODBC/JDBC) which allow
SQL queries to be sent to a database
31. Database administrators (DBA):
Responsible for authorizing access to the database, for
co-coordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software, and hardware
resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations.
Functions of DBA:
• Defining the conceptual schema.
• Defining the physical schema.
• Defining the security and Integrity constraints.
• Defining Backup and Recovery procedures.
• Storage structures and access methods definition.
• Granting of authorization for data access.
Actors on the scene
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32. Database Designers:
Responsible to define the content, the structure, the
constraints, and functions or transactions against the database.
They must communicate with the end-users and understand their
needs.
End-users:
They use the data for queries, reports and some of them
actually update the database content.
Actors on the scene
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33. Different types of end users:
1) Casual: Access database occasionally when needed
2) Naïve or Parametric: They make up a large section of the end-user
population.
They use previously well-defined functions in the form of “canned transactions”
(using Queries and Updates) against the database.
OR
Users who interact with the system by using the application programs that
have previously written, they are unsophisticated users.
Examples A bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire
shift of operations.
Categories of End-users
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34. Sophisticated:
- These include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly
familiar with the system capabilities.
- Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the
stored database.
- This users interact with the system without writing programs. Instead they
form their database query.
Stand-alone:
Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications.
An example is a tax program user that creates his or her own internal database
Categories of End-users
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35. Database Administrator
Coordinates all the activities of the
database system; the database
administrator has a good understanding of
the enterprise’s information resources and
needs.
Database administrator's duties include:
Schema definition
Storage structure and access method definition
Schema and physical organization modification
Granting user authority to access the database
Specifying integrity constraints
Acting as liaison with users
36. Transaction Management
A transaction is a collection of operations that
performs a single logical function in a database
application
Transaction-management component ensures that
the database remains in a consistent (correct) state
despite system failures (e.g., power failures and
operating system crashes) and transaction failures.
Concurrency-control manager controls the
interaction among the concurrent transactions, to
ensure the consistency of the database.
37. Storage Management
Storage manager is a program module that provides
the interface between the low-level data stored in the
database and the application programs and queries
submitted to the system.
The storage manager is responsible to the following
tasks:
interaction with the file manager
efficient storing, retrieving and updating of data
39. Application Architectures
Two-tier architecture: E.g. client programs using ODBC/JDBC to
communicate with a database
Three-tier architecture: E.g. web-based applications, and
applications built using “middleware”