In these project, we have designed a lifting table suitable to use in college . By adjusting the height of table any student can have proper sitting posture and position. It is also helpful for programmers/coders who have to seat for a long time, by having such a table they can do coding in a standing position too.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
The document describes the design and specification of a pair of bevel gears. It outlines a problem to transmit 5 hp at 900 rpm through bevel gears at a 90 degree angle with a pinion diameter of 3.333 inches. It then shows the calculations to determine the key specifications of the gears, such as pitch, face, number of teeth, material, and heat treatment. The calculations are based on factors like torque, velocity, dynamic load, wear load, reliability, and strength. Based on the calculations, steel is selected as the material with a surface compressive strength of 135ksi and heat treatment is also determined.
Gears play an important role in vehicle transmission systems by controlling speed. Transmission systems include gears like ring and pinion gears that allow the engine to operate at high speeds while wheels turn slower. Transmission provides gear ratios to deliver high torque for starting, climbing hills, and accelerating. It allows neutral positioning to disconnect the engine and wheels. Transmission types include manual and automatic, with manual having sliding mesh gear boxes and automatic using epicyclic gear boxes, torque converters, and free wheeling units.
This document discusses the design of machine tool gearboxes to provide multiple spindle speeds. It begins with an introduction and overview of how multi-speeds are provided on the spindle shaft through gearing arrangements. The key considerations in gearbox design like selecting optimum speed steps and progressions are explained. Arithmatic and geometric progressions for speed steps are described, with geometric progression being preferred. Methods to determine speed ratios, range ratios, transmission ratios and structural formulae for multi-stage gearboxes are provided. The document aims to provide fundamental concepts and approaches for machine tool gearbox design to achieve multiple spindle speeds.
The document is a final project report for the design of a double branch double reduction gearbox for a solar-powered aircraft. It details the design process undertaken by the NikolaDrive team to meet requirements of minimizing weight, maximizing efficiency, and enduring the aircraft's lifetime. The team designed gears, shafts, and bearings integrated using a safety factor of 1.5. All components were iterated until falling within this safety factor. The total system operates at less than 5% power loss and weighs 14.4 kg, exceeding the 5.5 kg target weight. Individual contributions of the three team members to the overall collaborative effort are outlined.
Combination of individual machines or machining heads arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices and integrated with interlocking controls.
Transfer machines permit the maximum number of operations to be performed on workpieces at a maximum production rate.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
The document describes the design and specification of a pair of bevel gears. It outlines a problem to transmit 5 hp at 900 rpm through bevel gears at a 90 degree angle with a pinion diameter of 3.333 inches. It then shows the calculations to determine the key specifications of the gears, such as pitch, face, number of teeth, material, and heat treatment. The calculations are based on factors like torque, velocity, dynamic load, wear load, reliability, and strength. Based on the calculations, steel is selected as the material with a surface compressive strength of 135ksi and heat treatment is also determined.
Gears play an important role in vehicle transmission systems by controlling speed. Transmission systems include gears like ring and pinion gears that allow the engine to operate at high speeds while wheels turn slower. Transmission provides gear ratios to deliver high torque for starting, climbing hills, and accelerating. It allows neutral positioning to disconnect the engine and wheels. Transmission types include manual and automatic, with manual having sliding mesh gear boxes and automatic using epicyclic gear boxes, torque converters, and free wheeling units.
This document discusses the design of machine tool gearboxes to provide multiple spindle speeds. It begins with an introduction and overview of how multi-speeds are provided on the spindle shaft through gearing arrangements. The key considerations in gearbox design like selecting optimum speed steps and progressions are explained. Arithmatic and geometric progressions for speed steps are described, with geometric progression being preferred. Methods to determine speed ratios, range ratios, transmission ratios and structural formulae for multi-stage gearboxes are provided. The document aims to provide fundamental concepts and approaches for machine tool gearbox design to achieve multiple spindle speeds.
The document is a final project report for the design of a double branch double reduction gearbox for a solar-powered aircraft. It details the design process undertaken by the NikolaDrive team to meet requirements of minimizing weight, maximizing efficiency, and enduring the aircraft's lifetime. The team designed gears, shafts, and bearings integrated using a safety factor of 1.5. All components were iterated until falling within this safety factor. The total system operates at less than 5% power loss and weighs 14.4 kg, exceeding the 5.5 kg target weight. Individual contributions of the three team members to the overall collaborative effort are outlined.
Combination of individual machines or machining heads arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices and integrated with interlocking controls.
Transfer machines permit the maximum number of operations to be performed on workpieces at a maximum production rate.
This document provides an overview of hacksaw machines and their operation. It discusses the basic components and working principle of hacksaw machines. Specifically, it notes that hacksaw machines use removable blades with teeth to cut materials like metal pipes. It also discusses the different types of hacksaw machines, including gravity feed and hydraulic machines. Hydraulic machines are able to develop greater cutting forces. The document also briefly summarizes other sawing methods like band sawing and circular sawing that are alternatives to hacksaw cutting.
This document contains numerical problems and solutions related to kinematics of spur gears. It includes 5 problems covering topics like calculating addendum, path of contact, arc of contact, contact ratio, angle turned by pinion, and velocity of sliding at different points for different gear configurations. The problems have varying gear parameters like number of teeth, pressure angle, module, pitch circle radius, angular velocity etc. Detailed step-by-step solutions are shown for each problem.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
This document contains a theory question bank related to mechanisms and kinematics. It includes 51 questions covering various topics such as definitions of terms like kinematic chain, degrees of freedom, types of constraints; inversions of mechanisms; calculation of degrees of freedom; explanations of mechanisms like steering gears, Whitworth quick return, Geneva, Oldham's coupling, and elliptical trammel; Grashoff's law; and more. It also contains 20 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of kinematic pairs, links, steering gears, inversions, and other topics.
The document discusses the major types of lathe machines, which are tools used to shape materials by rotating a workpiece against various cutting tools. It describes 7 types of lathes: speed lathes, engine lathes, bench lathes, tool room lathes, capstan and turret lathes, special purpose lathes, and automatic lathes. Engine lathes are the most commonly used type and are versatile machines that can work on various materials through adjustable speeds and movement of cutting tools.
mechanical spider robot by klann mechanismNeel Shah
The document describes a mechanical spider robot project that uses a Klann mechanism for locomotion. The Klann mechanism converts rotational motion to linear foot movement similar to animal walking. It allows the robot to access rough terrain unlike wheeled robots. The project aims to create an 8-legged robot to test new walking algorithms that could be useful for the robotics community. The robot design is loosely based on spiders and their advanced octopedal locomotion.
Design of gear box for Machine Tool Application (3 stage & 12 speed ) by Saga...Sagar Dhotare
This presentation covers the following points:-
Requirements of gear box for Machine Tool Application
Basic Considerations in the Design of Multi-Speed Gear Box
Determination of Variable Speed Range
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)
2. Geometric Progression (GP)
3. Harmonic Progression (HP)
Selection of Range Ratio (RN)
Selection of GP Ratio (∅)
Structure Formula
Structure Diagram
Ray Diagram
Rules and Guidelines For Gear Box Layout
Some Gear Box Layout
This document describes a prototype for an automatic four-way hacksaw machine. It works using a Scotch yoke mechanism to convert rotational motion from an electric motor into reciprocating motion that drives four hacksaw blades simultaneously. The main components are a frame, disc, connecting rods, hacksaw blades, motor, and belt. This design allows four pieces of material to be cut at once, improving productivity over single-blade hacksaw machines. Potential future improvements include adding automation controls using a microcontroller.
12 Speed Gear Box Theory Notes by Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
It contains the following points:-
Requirements of speed gearboxes
Methods for changing speed in gearboxes
Preferred Numbers
Step ratio (or series ratio or progression ratio) (∅)
RAY DIAGRAM (OR SPEED DIAGRAM)
KINEMATIC LAYOUT (OR KINEMATIC ARRANGEMENT)
BASIC RULES FOR OPTIMUM GEARBOX DESIGN
This document discusses different types of gear trains including simple, compound, reverted, and epicyclic gear trains. It provides details on the components, configurations, terminology, and methods for calculating speed and velocity ratios for each type of gear train. Key points covered include how simple gear trains involve one gear on each shaft, compound gear trains have multiple gears on a shaft, reverted gear trains have coaxial input and output shafts, and epicyclic gear trains allow shaft axes to move relative to a fixed axis. Formulas and a tabular method are presented for analyzing epicyclic gear trains.
DATE: 2019.05
- Design of a gearbox as a power transmission system
- Calculation of mechanical design parameters
- Mechanical design process
- Bearing selection from a given catalog
- Using ISO standards for a mechanical design process
In this project, a suitable gearbox is designed, and bearings are selected for the given prime mover in a screw conveyor machine. Screw conveyors are used for granular material transporting applications such as wheat. The granular medium can be transported efficiently to any desired position, ie. horizontal, vertical or sloped position.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL JOINT SHAFT FOR ROLLING MILLSSughosh Deshmukh
The properties of steels made by rolling of billets
are mainly dependent on the process of forming. The
performance of the rolling mill depends on the Universal
joint shaft through which the power is transmitted to the
rollers of a mill. This report mainly focuses on the
analysis of universal joint shaft for rolling mills because this
shaft is subjected to vibrations caused due to the jerk
produced during the passing of billet through the rollers.
Fabrication of hydraulic wood splitter machine ReportEshver chandra
The cutter-splitter includes a wedge and a primary splitting blade for splitting a log along its length .Splitted wood can be used for the domestic as well as industries.
This document discusses the design of connecting rods for internal combustion engines. It describes the functions of connecting rods as transmitting force between the piston and crankshaft. Key aspects covered include common connecting rod designs, considerations for determining connecting rod length, materials used, forces acting on connecting rods, and design parameters such as cross-sectional dimensions and crankpin/piston pin sizes. Formulas are provided for calculating cross-sectional moments of inertia to ensure equal resistance to buckling in both planes.
This document provides an overview of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It begins with an introduction that defines AWJM as a non-traditional machining process that uses the mechanical energy of water and abrasives for material removal. The working principle and basic mechanism of material removal are then described. Key aspects of AWJM equipment and processes are discussed, including the pumping system, abrasive feed system, nozzle, process parameters like water pressure and abrasive flow rate, and applications of the technique. Advantages include the ability to machine many materials without thermal damage but disadvantages include relatively low machining speeds.
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDr. L K Bhagi
Geometrical relationships, Analysis of belt tensions, Condition for maximum power transmission, Characteristics of belt drives, Selection of flat belt, V- belt, Selection of V belt, Roller chains, Geometrical relationship, Polygonal effect, Power rating of roller chains, Design of chain drive, Introduction to belt drives and belt construction, Introduction to chain drives
The document provides a project report on the design and fabrication of a power hammer. It includes sections on the introduction, history and development of power hammers, experimental work conducted, design calculations, operation sheets, cost estimation, drawings, and conclusions. The project was carried out by 5 students under the guidance of Mr. Pavan M. Bhatt to design a simple mechanically operated power hammer applying principles of kinematic arrangement and machine design.
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
Unconventional machining processes remove material from a workpiece using energy-based techniques rather than direct contact cutting tools. They are used for hard and brittle materials that are difficult to machine with conventional tools. Unconventional processes are classified based on the type of energy used, such as mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, chemical, or thermo-electrical. Examples include electrical discharge machining, which uses electric sparks, and abrasive jet machining, which uses a high-velocity abrasive stream. These processes allow harder materials to be machined with higher accuracy and surface finish compared to conventional techniques.
design of Material handling final year project ppt Ganesh Yande
This paper includes the design of belt conveyor system where the moving roller of the conveyor is powered by a pneumatic cylinder. Pneumatic cylinder will starts reciprocating and by using rack and pinion mechanism the reciprocating motion converts into the rotary motion. These rotary motions further transmit using freewheel-sprocket chain drive to the drive pulley of conveyor. Due to power given by cylinder piston, rack -pinion and freewheel-sprocket chain drives the shaft of pulley starts rotating unidirectional. Hence our belt conveyor is also starts rolling.
Keywords: pneumatic Conveyor, Packing, Material Handling, Rack and Pinion
hello folks;
In this documentation, A 2 stage bevel reduction gearbox is designed.
The example taken is of the gearbox requirement for the Box-shipping conveyor. All the necessary design calculations for gears and shafts are carried out in a proper and easy-to-understand sequence. The material selection, standardized components (keys, oil seals likewise)selection from the design databook is also discussed with reasoning. As and when needed concepts are explained with the help of suitable graphs, visuals, and drawings.
This report is authorized by the team member's name mentioned on Slide.
Thank you!!
If you find it helpful do like&l share it with your engineering friends
This document contains a multi-part conventional paper exam covering topics in mechanical engineering. It includes questions on mechanisms, stresses and strains, power transmission, heat treatment processes, vibrations, machine design, manufacturing processes, and project management techniques. The exam contains questions that require calculations of stresses, forces, dimensions, efficiencies, and other metrics. It also includes questions requiring explanations of concepts, comparisons of different designs, and graphical representations.
This document provides an overview of hacksaw machines and their operation. It discusses the basic components and working principle of hacksaw machines. Specifically, it notes that hacksaw machines use removable blades with teeth to cut materials like metal pipes. It also discusses the different types of hacksaw machines, including gravity feed and hydraulic machines. Hydraulic machines are able to develop greater cutting forces. The document also briefly summarizes other sawing methods like band sawing and circular sawing that are alternatives to hacksaw cutting.
This document contains numerical problems and solutions related to kinematics of spur gears. It includes 5 problems covering topics like calculating addendum, path of contact, arc of contact, contact ratio, angle turned by pinion, and velocity of sliding at different points for different gear configurations. The problems have varying gear parameters like number of teeth, pressure angle, module, pitch circle radius, angular velocity etc. Detailed step-by-step solutions are shown for each problem.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
This document contains a theory question bank related to mechanisms and kinematics. It includes 51 questions covering various topics such as definitions of terms like kinematic chain, degrees of freedom, types of constraints; inversions of mechanisms; calculation of degrees of freedom; explanations of mechanisms like steering gears, Whitworth quick return, Geneva, Oldham's coupling, and elliptical trammel; Grashoff's law; and more. It also contains 20 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of kinematic pairs, links, steering gears, inversions, and other topics.
The document discusses the major types of lathe machines, which are tools used to shape materials by rotating a workpiece against various cutting tools. It describes 7 types of lathes: speed lathes, engine lathes, bench lathes, tool room lathes, capstan and turret lathes, special purpose lathes, and automatic lathes. Engine lathes are the most commonly used type and are versatile machines that can work on various materials through adjustable speeds and movement of cutting tools.
mechanical spider robot by klann mechanismNeel Shah
The document describes a mechanical spider robot project that uses a Klann mechanism for locomotion. The Klann mechanism converts rotational motion to linear foot movement similar to animal walking. It allows the robot to access rough terrain unlike wheeled robots. The project aims to create an 8-legged robot to test new walking algorithms that could be useful for the robotics community. The robot design is loosely based on spiders and their advanced octopedal locomotion.
Design of gear box for Machine Tool Application (3 stage & 12 speed ) by Saga...Sagar Dhotare
This presentation covers the following points:-
Requirements of gear box for Machine Tool Application
Basic Considerations in the Design of Multi-Speed Gear Box
Determination of Variable Speed Range
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)
2. Geometric Progression (GP)
3. Harmonic Progression (HP)
Selection of Range Ratio (RN)
Selection of GP Ratio (∅)
Structure Formula
Structure Diagram
Ray Diagram
Rules and Guidelines For Gear Box Layout
Some Gear Box Layout
This document describes a prototype for an automatic four-way hacksaw machine. It works using a Scotch yoke mechanism to convert rotational motion from an electric motor into reciprocating motion that drives four hacksaw blades simultaneously. The main components are a frame, disc, connecting rods, hacksaw blades, motor, and belt. This design allows four pieces of material to be cut at once, improving productivity over single-blade hacksaw machines. Potential future improvements include adding automation controls using a microcontroller.
12 Speed Gear Box Theory Notes by Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
It contains the following points:-
Requirements of speed gearboxes
Methods for changing speed in gearboxes
Preferred Numbers
Step ratio (or series ratio or progression ratio) (∅)
RAY DIAGRAM (OR SPEED DIAGRAM)
KINEMATIC LAYOUT (OR KINEMATIC ARRANGEMENT)
BASIC RULES FOR OPTIMUM GEARBOX DESIGN
This document discusses different types of gear trains including simple, compound, reverted, and epicyclic gear trains. It provides details on the components, configurations, terminology, and methods for calculating speed and velocity ratios for each type of gear train. Key points covered include how simple gear trains involve one gear on each shaft, compound gear trains have multiple gears on a shaft, reverted gear trains have coaxial input and output shafts, and epicyclic gear trains allow shaft axes to move relative to a fixed axis. Formulas and a tabular method are presented for analyzing epicyclic gear trains.
DATE: 2019.05
- Design of a gearbox as a power transmission system
- Calculation of mechanical design parameters
- Mechanical design process
- Bearing selection from a given catalog
- Using ISO standards for a mechanical design process
In this project, a suitable gearbox is designed, and bearings are selected for the given prime mover in a screw conveyor machine. Screw conveyors are used for granular material transporting applications such as wheat. The granular medium can be transported efficiently to any desired position, ie. horizontal, vertical or sloped position.
DESIGN ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL JOINT SHAFT FOR ROLLING MILLSSughosh Deshmukh
The properties of steels made by rolling of billets
are mainly dependent on the process of forming. The
performance of the rolling mill depends on the Universal
joint shaft through which the power is transmitted to the
rollers of a mill. This report mainly focuses on the
analysis of universal joint shaft for rolling mills because this
shaft is subjected to vibrations caused due to the jerk
produced during the passing of billet through the rollers.
Fabrication of hydraulic wood splitter machine ReportEshver chandra
The cutter-splitter includes a wedge and a primary splitting blade for splitting a log along its length .Splitted wood can be used for the domestic as well as industries.
This document discusses the design of connecting rods for internal combustion engines. It describes the functions of connecting rods as transmitting force between the piston and crankshaft. Key aspects covered include common connecting rod designs, considerations for determining connecting rod length, materials used, forces acting on connecting rods, and design parameters such as cross-sectional dimensions and crankpin/piston pin sizes. Formulas are provided for calculating cross-sectional moments of inertia to ensure equal resistance to buckling in both planes.
This document provides an overview of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM). It begins with an introduction that defines AWJM as a non-traditional machining process that uses the mechanical energy of water and abrasives for material removal. The working principle and basic mechanism of material removal are then described. Key aspects of AWJM equipment and processes are discussed, including the pumping system, abrasive feed system, nozzle, process parameters like water pressure and abrasive flow rate, and applications of the technique. Advantages include the ability to machine many materials without thermal damage but disadvantages include relatively low machining speeds.
Design of Flat belt, V belt and chain drivesDr. L K Bhagi
Geometrical relationships, Analysis of belt tensions, Condition for maximum power transmission, Characteristics of belt drives, Selection of flat belt, V- belt, Selection of V belt, Roller chains, Geometrical relationship, Polygonal effect, Power rating of roller chains, Design of chain drive, Introduction to belt drives and belt construction, Introduction to chain drives
The document provides a project report on the design and fabrication of a power hammer. It includes sections on the introduction, history and development of power hammers, experimental work conducted, design calculations, operation sheets, cost estimation, drawings, and conclusions. The project was carried out by 5 students under the guidance of Mr. Pavan M. Bhatt to design a simple mechanically operated power hammer applying principles of kinematic arrangement and machine design.
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
Unconventional machining processes remove material from a workpiece using energy-based techniques rather than direct contact cutting tools. They are used for hard and brittle materials that are difficult to machine with conventional tools. Unconventional processes are classified based on the type of energy used, such as mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, chemical, or thermo-electrical. Examples include electrical discharge machining, which uses electric sparks, and abrasive jet machining, which uses a high-velocity abrasive stream. These processes allow harder materials to be machined with higher accuracy and surface finish compared to conventional techniques.
design of Material handling final year project ppt Ganesh Yande
This paper includes the design of belt conveyor system where the moving roller of the conveyor is powered by a pneumatic cylinder. Pneumatic cylinder will starts reciprocating and by using rack and pinion mechanism the reciprocating motion converts into the rotary motion. These rotary motions further transmit using freewheel-sprocket chain drive to the drive pulley of conveyor. Due to power given by cylinder piston, rack -pinion and freewheel-sprocket chain drives the shaft of pulley starts rotating unidirectional. Hence our belt conveyor is also starts rolling.
Keywords: pneumatic Conveyor, Packing, Material Handling, Rack and Pinion
hello folks;
In this documentation, A 2 stage bevel reduction gearbox is designed.
The example taken is of the gearbox requirement for the Box-shipping conveyor. All the necessary design calculations for gears and shafts are carried out in a proper and easy-to-understand sequence. The material selection, standardized components (keys, oil seals likewise)selection from the design databook is also discussed with reasoning. As and when needed concepts are explained with the help of suitable graphs, visuals, and drawings.
This report is authorized by the team member's name mentioned on Slide.
Thank you!!
If you find it helpful do like&l share it with your engineering friends
This document contains a multi-part conventional paper exam covering topics in mechanical engineering. It includes questions on mechanisms, stresses and strains, power transmission, heat treatment processes, vibrations, machine design, manufacturing processes, and project management techniques. The exam contains questions that require calculations of stresses, forces, dimensions, efficiencies, and other metrics. It also includes questions requiring explanations of concepts, comparisons of different designs, and graphical representations.
This document describes the design and analysis of an automatic stirrup making machine. Some key points:
1. The machine aims to automate the production of stirrups used in concrete beams and columns to reduce human labor and increase productivity.
2. It consists of components like a rectifier, motor, sprockets, and dies that rotate to bend rebar into the square shape of the stirrup.
3. Design calculations are shown for selecting transmission components like sprockets and chain to achieve the desired bending speed from the motor torque.
4. The machine is designed to continuously produce 200x200mm stirrups from 6-8mm rebar with low power consumption for use in construction sites
This document contains information about an examination for the sixth semester of a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Engineering. It includes the course code, title (Integrated Manufacturing), maximum marks, duration, and parts of the exam. Part A includes questions on automation strategies, transfer mechanisms, automated flow line analysis, and line balancing. Part B includes questions on product design for assembly, parts delivery systems, automated guided vehicle systems, computer-aided design systems, material requirement planning, computer numerical control systems, robot configurations, and programming. The document provides context, guidelines, and potential exam questions for students to prepare.
The Radical RXC chassis was designed as a tubular space frame to achieve high torsional stiffness while minimizing weight for improved performance. Triangulation was used in the design to reduce shear forces. The frame material was AISI 1020 steel with Ultimate tensile strength of 420 MPa and yield strength of 350MPa. Finite element analysis showed a maximum deflection of 0.1339mm and von Mises stress of 1.06 x 107 N/m^2 under an applied torque of 410 N-m, yielding a torsional stiffness of 22,043 N-m/deg. While satisfactory, improvements could include optimizing stiffness, reducing weight, addressing buckling risks from low slenderness ratios
introduction, drawing, calculation for winch designAman Huri
The document provides information about designing a winch that can withstand a maximum load of 15kN and uses a cable with a diameter of 14mm.
It begins with an introduction to winches, their components, and operation systems. It then discusses the problem statement of designing a winch for pulling up boat anchors. The key design requirements are that it withstands 15kN of load and uses 14mm diameter cable.
The summary discusses the components that will be included in the design - the wire rope, drum, gears, and other parts. It provides calculations for selecting the appropriate wire rope and determining the drum dimensions based on withstanding the load requirement. Gears are also designed with calculations of number of teeth
Karakuri based dolly frames unstacking systemAnshumanRaj8
The document describes the design of a low-cost Karakuri-based dolly frame stacking and unstacking system. The aims are to improve efficiency and ergonomics at the workstation. A CAD model and simulation are designed in Solidworks. Stress analysis determines the stopper gate can withstand the force of rolling frames. An electronic counting unit using an Arduino, sensors and display is designed to count frames. Components include conveyor rails, wheels, and profiles from the Minitec catalog. The minimum conveyor inclination angle is calculated to be 9 degrees.
This document describes the design and analysis of a high speed milling spindle to minimize deflection. Various spindle diameters and bearing configurations were considered, including duplex and triplet bearing arrangements. Static analysis was performed to calculate spindle nose deflection from bending and bearing elasticity. The optimum bearing span length that minimizes deflection was determined analytically and verified using ANSYS software. Results showed that bearing stiffness and span length significantly impact spindle deflection, with shorter spans and higher stiffness bearings reducing deflection.
Mechanical design – ii (mee 303) rcs (makeup)Prasoon Ranjan
This document contains the exam questions for the subject Mechanical Design - II (MEE-303) for the 5th semester Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) degree program at Manipal Institute of Technology. The exam contains 6 questions with multiple sub-questions covering topics like design of helical springs, gears, belts, brakes, ropes, journal bearings and ball bearings. Students are required to answer any 5 full questions out of the 6 questions within the allotted time of 3 hours.
In India, industries usually have quality range of gantry girders for industrial sheds. Assisted by skilled workers in India, companies have been able to successfully grow towards the zenith, but there is still minor margin remaining which can be achieved by optimally designing the gantry girder in an economic as well as efficient manner. For this purpose, it is essential to implement the procedure for model, design, analyze and validate the girder efficiently.
This document provides structural calculations for the main canopy of a building located in Mumbai. It includes STAAD analysis of the steel structure, material properties, load assumptions, and results of the analysis. Key sections analyzed include the outer MS frame, inner MS frame, supporting MS pipes and tubes. Loads considered are self-weight, wind load, and live load. The analysis checks the steel structure for deflection under these loads.
This document contains a question paper for the subject Design of Transmission Systems. It has three parts - Part A contains 10 short answer questions, Part B contains 5 long answer numerical problems, and Part C contains 1 design problem. Some of the topics covered include types of pulleys and belts, gear trains, brakes, wire rope sheaves and gearbox design. The paper is for a Bachelor's degree examination with a duration of three hours and total marks of 100.
1) A belt drive uses a looped strip of flexible material to mechanically link rotating shafts. Belts are looped over pulleys to transmit power between shafts or track their relative movement.
2) Belt drives are simple, economical, tolerate some misalignment between shafts, dampen noise and vibration, and are highly efficient. However, they have limits on speed, power transmission, and operating temperatures.
3) Designing a v-belt drive involves determining factors like the application factor based on power and speed, selecting the proper belt type and pulley diameters and pitch length, calculating the center distance and contact angle, and determining the number of belts needed based on the rated power of each
This document contains a mechanical engineering end semester exam with multiple questions covering topics like mechanical design, gear design, bearing design, and belt and chain drives. The exam has two parts to most questions and covers calculating stresses and loads, designing gear and bearing specifications, determining system efficiencies, and selecting drive components. It provides data and asks examinees to show calculations to solve mechanical design problems.
This document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares their strengths. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and physical constructed connecting rod. Materials used and their properties are also outlined.
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
Design & Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Examples are provided of both the CAD model and real constructed connecting rod.
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1. DOMC Project 2
Topic: Lifting Table
Batch: G2
Team members
1. Michael Susngi (111910138)
2. Pranav Jadhav (111910139)
3. Rahul Jadhav (111910140)
4. Ravindra Shinde (111910141)
2. 1.Problem Statement:
“Design a suitable mechanical system for changing the height of study table
through 600mm”
Specifications:
1. Load acting on system = 1000N
2. Space constraint = area of table is 1000x700mm
3. Thickness of wooden table is 25mm
4. Standard height of study table = 750mm
3.
4. 2. Solution:
a. Given Data:
i. Application: Height adjustment drawing table
ii. Load capacity: 1000N
iii. Space constraints: area of table is 1000x700mm
iv. Working conditions: Normal working conditions
b.General assumptions of design:
i. Material is assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous.
ii. Load acting on the component is assumed to be static.
iii. If dynamic loading is occurring, then it is converted into quasi-static loading.
c. Specific assumptions of design:
i. Load is Distributing equally on each leg of table.
5. 3.Theory:
a)Introduction:
Adjust height of table according to Height of students. Easy and fast lifting of
table with the help of motor.
b)Different Possible Mechanisms:
i. Scissor Lift
It is very simple and effective
mechanism for lifting, but it
cannot withstand large amount
of weight.
6. ii. Hydraulic lift 1.
Smooth operation with high lifting
capacity and precise movements. 2.
It is very costly, and operation is also
noisy.
iii. Worm Drive Mechanism:
1. Large speed reduction.
2. Large increase in torque.
3. Self-Locking Mechanism.
4. Less efficient
c) Most Suitable Mechanism: The most suitable
mechanism as per us is worm drive mechanism because:
1. It is more precise.
2. More efficient.
3. Makes less vibration when operating.
7. 4. Is self-locking.
5. Operates silently
d)Working:
....Lifting-Table-v12.mp4
WhatsApp Video 2021-10-11 at 8.46.05 AM.mp4
8. e) Power flow Diagram:
Motor
Muff Coupling
Worm
Worm Gear
Shaft
Fork Arm
Table
9. f) Advantages:
1. The table can cater the needs of people of each height thus providing each
one with a perfect writing or drawing position
g) Disadvantages:
1. Cost is more than ordinary table.
2. Periodic maintenance is required
h)Necessity:
Many people around the world find it difficult to find a table with height
suitable to them and making a custom table for each person is costly so to
meet their demands of one-size-fits-all we have come up with this idea of
varying height table.
11. j) List of components:
Part No. Part Name Type
9 Movable legs Custom
2 Worm & Worm gear Custom
8 Frame Custom
11 Shaft Custom
3 Bearing Standard
12 Muff Coupling Custom
10 Fork Arm Custom
13 Keys Custom
5 Nut Standard
4 Bolt Standard
6 Screws Standard
7 Table top Standard
1 Motor Standard
13. b)Basic forces and moments calculations:
i. The load acting on the table is 𝐏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐍
ii. As we assumed that, the load is equally distributed on each leg. Thus, load
on each leg
∴
𝐏
𝟒
= 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝐍 … (1)
iii. Now, torque acting on system is T,
T = Force on each leg X Length of fork arm … (2)
iv. Length of fork arm is given by,
14. v. Length of fork arm = (3502
+ 3002
)0.5
= 461mm … (3)
vi. From equation (1), (2) & (3)
Torque = 250 × 0.460 × 4 = 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝐍𝐦
vii. Axial thrust on gear tooth is Pa, obtained from FBD of shaft
15. viii. Radial force on gear is obtained from FBD of worm,
Pr X d = Mt, after knowing d1 (diameter of worm) , one can easily get Pr
thus, Pr =
16000
40
= 400N
16. c) Selection of prime mover – Stepper motor
i. Reasons for using stepper motor
1. Light weight compared to Similar AC or DC motors
2. Silent and Vibrationless operation
3. Provides higher torque at lower speeds
17. ii. The torque needed on the shaft to lift the table 460,000Nmm, but as we
assuming the speed reduction of 30 from worm-to-worm gear
iii. Thus, required torque on worm should be
𝟒𝟔𝟎
𝟑𝟎
= 15.33Nm
iv. The standard value of motor available is of 16Nm torque, whose
specification is given by
“ Nema 42 ,3-phase, 50Hz, 1.1KW(1.475HP) 5A/220V/16Nm”
v.
Electrical specification Physical specification
Number of Phase: 3 Frame Size: 110 x 110 mm
Rated Current/phase: 5 A Shaft Diameter: Φ19 mm
Torque: 16 Nm Body Length: 162.5 mm
Operating voltage: 220V Weight: 10.5 kg
vi. Reference: https://www.omc-stepperonline.com/nema-42-3-phase-
stepper-motor-bipolar-16-nm-2266-24oz-in-5-0a-110x110x162-5mm.html
18. vii. Now let us find the time (t) required for lifting of table
for 1.1KW power of stepper motor, RPM is
𝑃 = 𝑇 × 𝜔 ∴ 𝑵 =
𝑃×60
2𝜋𝑇
=
1.1×103×60
2𝜋×16
= 𝟔𝟓𝟔. 𝟓𝟏𝟒 𝒓𝒑𝒎
viii. But due to speed reduction in worm drive, the actual rpm of shaft is
𝑵′
=
𝑁
30
= 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝒓𝒑𝒎
Here, N & N’ denotes RPM of motor and shaft respectively.
ix. Tangential velocity of fork arm
∴ 𝑉 = 𝑟𝜔 = 45 × 0.5 × 10−3
×
2𝜋 × 21.88
60
= 0.05156 𝑚/𝑠
x. The total lift of the table is 600mm
𝑡 =
𝑑
𝑣
=
0.6
0.05156
= 11.63 𝑠𝑒𝑐
As the time obtained is nearly 12 sec which is quite
acceptable since we must move table slowly.
This states that the selection of motor is appropriate
19. 6.Part by part design:
a) Part No. is 12 and Part Name is Muff coupling.
i. Function: Transmission of power from Motor to worm shaft
20. ii. Free Body diagram for Muff Coupling based on Torque:
iii. Most critical mode of failure under application of torque is,
torsional shear failure in muff
Worm Shaft
Muff
Motor Shaft
21. iv. The martial select for Muff is grey cast iron with grade FG200
The Muff is usually made of grey cast iron of Grade FG 200.
v. Sut = 200N/mm2
vi. Factor of safety (fs) = 2, because
vii. Allowable shear stress is,
Ʈ =
𝟐𝟎𝟎
2
= 100N/mm2
viii. Standard empirical relations available for design of Muff are,
d = shaft diameter = 19mm … (From motor specification)
D = 2d+13 = 2(19) +13 = 51mm
L = 3.5d = 66.5mm ≈ 68mm
ix. The torsional shear stress in the sleeve is calculated by treating it as a
hollow cylinder.
J =
𝜋(𝐷4− 𝑑4)
32
=
𝜋(514− 194)
32
= 694803 mm4
&
r =
𝐷
2
= 25.5mm
Ʈ =
𝑇×𝑟
𝐽
=
460000×25.5
694803
= 16.88 < 100N/mm2
i.e., Design is safe
22. x.
b)Part No. is 13 and Part Name is Keys for motor and worm shaft.
i. Function: Prevents a relative rotation between the two parts and may
enable torque transmission to occur.
ii. 2 orthographic views of key
Notation Meaning Value(mm)
d Shaft diameter 19
D Muff diameter 51
L Length of muff coupling 68
23. iii. FBD of key:
iv. Modes of failure:
1. Torsional shear failure
2. Crushing failure
24. v. The martial select for Key is plain carbon steel with grade C50
Because, this steel is suitable for making keys, shaft, cylinder, and
machined components requiring wear resistance
(Refer: PSG design data book, Page No. 1.9 & 1.10)
vi. Properties of C50
1. Sut = 660N/mm2
2. Syt = 380N/mm2
vii. Factor of safety chosen is 2 because,
viii. Allowable stresses:
1. c =
380
2
= 190N/mm2
2. Ʈ =
0.5 ×380
2
= 95N/mm2
ix. For square key, a =
𝑑
4
, where d is shaft diameter
∴ 𝑎 = 4.75𝑚𝑚
from table 9.3(design book by Bhandari), standard size available is 6X6mm
also, 𝑙 =
𝐿
2
, half the length of coupling
∴ 𝒍 = 𝟑𝟒𝒎𝒎
x. Hence key is specified as 6 x 6 x 34 mm
25. xi. Checking for induced stresses,
Ʈ =
2×𝑇
𝑎×𝑎×𝑙
=
2×16000
6×6×34
= 26.14N/mm2
< 95N/mm2
Also, c = 2 Ʈ = 52.29N/mm2
< 190N/mm2
Hence, design is safe
xii.
c) Part No. is 2 and Part Name is Worm and worm gear.
i. Functions: Use for speed reduction, also it transmits power in
perpendicular direction
ii. 2 orthographic values of worm pair,
Notation Meaning Values(mm)
a Width and height of key 6
l Length of key 34
26.
27. iii. Gear Material selection (Refer: PSG Data book pg. 8.45)
Justification: 10C4, Case hardened steel is used for worm due to its
durability, high hardness, and mechanical strength.
Phosphor bronze is selected for worm wheel to reduce wear of the worms
iv. From PSG data book, we assumed sliding velocity (Vs) of 3m/s
v. Thus, Design Crushing stress = c = 159N/mm2
design bending stress = b = 64N/mm2
vi. Selection of worm gear pair:
We are going with high-speed reduction. Main reason is that with smaller
gear reduction the input torque on system is quiet high which
consequently increases the weight of motor. That’s why to reduce weight
of overall system we have gone with speed reduction up to 30
From PSG data book pg.no. 8.47
The best worm gear pair obtained is as “1/30/10/4”
where, Z1 =no. of starts on worm = 1
Z2 = no. of teeth on worm gear = 30
q = diametral quotient = 10
m = module of gear = 4
28. vii. Pressure angle is assumed to be 20o
. This is a standard pressure angle
used for worm gears because it avoids objectionable undercutting
regardless of lead angle.
viii. Now, we can use standard empirical relations to find out dimensions of
worm & worm gear
(Refer: PSG data book, Table 35, pg.no. 8.43)
ix.
30. xi.
Notation Meaning Values(mm)
a Distance between centers 80
d1 PCD of worm 40
da1 Tip diameter of worm 48
ɣ Lead angle 5.71o
df1 Root diameter of worm 30.48
Px Pitch of worm 12.56
d2 PCD of worm gear 120
da2 Tip diameter of worm gear 127.92
df2 Root diameter of worm gear 110.4
31. d)Part No. is 11 and Part Name is shaft.
i. Design of based on ASME code
ii. Function: transmission of torque and power
iii. 2 orthographic views of shaft
32. iv. FBD of shaft:
v. Possible modes of failure:
1. Bending failure
2. Torsional shear failure
33. vi. The material select for shaft is Plain carbon steel with grade 40C8
because, this steel is used for making shafts, crankshaft, automobile axle
(Refer: PSG design data book, pg.no. 1.9, 1.10)
vii. Properties of material:
1. Sut = 580N/mm2
2. Syt = 330N/mm2
viii. Allowable stress calculation:
Ʈmax = 0.30xSyt = 99N/mm2
or Ʈmax = 0.18xSut = 104.4N/mm2
hence Ʈmax = 99N/mm2
… (which is less)
Also, shaft is keyed for mounting of worm gear,
∴ Ʈmax = 0.75x99 = 74.25N/mm2
ix.
34. x. Therefore, resultant bending moment at the point of gear is
Mb = (1000002
+ 1250002
)0.5
= 160078.10Nmm
Mt or Torque = 16000 x 30 = 480000Nmm
xi. Take Kb = Kt =1.5 (Refer: Design book by Bhandari, Table 9.2, pg.no.334)
xii. By maximum shear stress theory,
Ʈmax =
16
𝜋𝑑𝐷𝑠3 √(𝐾𝑀2 + 𝐾𝑇2)
𝑑3
=
16
𝜋Ʈ
√((1.5 × 160078.1)2 + (1.5 × 480000)2 = 52060.23mm3
Ds = 37.34mm
But we haven’t considered the weight of worm gear while calculating
diameter of shaft, hence we consider the shaft of diameter Ds=45mm
xiii.
Notation Meaning Value(mm)
Ds Diameter of shaft 45
35. e) Part No. is 13 and Part Name is Keys for worm gear and shaft.
i. Function: Mounting Worm gear on shafts
ii. 2 orthographic views of key
36. iii. FBD of key:
iv. Modes of failure:
1. Torsional shear failure
2. Crushing failure
37. v. The martial select for Key is plain carbon steel with grade C50
Because, this steel is suitable for making keys, shaft, cylinder, and
machined components requiring wear resistance
(Refer: PSG design data book, Page No. 1.9 & 1.10)
vi. Properties of C50
1. Sut = 660N/mm2
2. Syt = 380N/mm2
vii. Factor of safety chosen is 1.5 because, key failure is more economical than
gear or shaft failure in any extreme conditions.
viii. Allowable stresses:
1. c =
380
1.5
= 253.33N/mm2
2. Ʈ =
0.5 ×380
1.5
= 126.67N/mm2
ix. For rectangular sunk key & shaft diameter D= 45mm
we get bxh = 14x9 and keyway depth as 5.5mm
from table 9.3(design book by Bhandari)
and effective length is found using empirical relations available for key
∴ 𝒍 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟒𝟓 = 𝟑𝟒𝒎𝒎
x. Hence key is specified as 14 x 9 x 67.5 mm
38. xi. Checking for induced stresses,
Ʈ =
2×𝑇
𝑏×ℎ×𝑙
=
2×480000
14×9×67.5
= 112.87N/mm2
< 126.67N/mm2
Also, c = 2 Ʈ = 225.75N/mm2
< 253.33N/mm2
Hence, design is safe
Notation Meaning Values(mm)
a Width of key 14
h Height of key 9
l Length of key 67.5
39. f) Selection of bearing: Part No. 3 and part name is Bearing
i. From FBD of shaft, the radial and axial force acting on bearing are 200N &
250N respectively.
ii. Selected type of bearing for given application is Deep groove ball bearing,
because it has following advantages-
1. It can carry considerable axial thrust along with radial load at high
speed (Refer: PSG Data book, pg.no. 4.1)
iii. The equivalent dynamic load acting on the bearing is given by,
𝑷 = 𝑿𝑭𝒓 + 𝒀𝑭𝒂 … (1)
The value of X and Y are find using ratios,
𝐹𝑎
𝐹𝑟
=
500
400
= 1.25 < 𝑒
Thus from PSG data book, pg.no. 4.4, we get
X = 1 and Y = 0
iv. Hence equation (1) gives P = 200N
v. Expected bearing life in hrs. Lh = 6000hrs
Machines used intermittently such as lifting tackle, hand tools and
40. household appliance, the recommended life is from 4000 to 8000 h
(Refer: design book by Bhandari, Table 15.2, pg.no.573)
vi. L10 = 60x (RPM of shaft) xL(h)/106
RPM of shaft = RPM of Motor/Velocity ratio … (1)
Power of motor = torque of motor x Angular velocity
∴ 1100 = 16 ×
2𝜋 𝑁
60
implies N(m) = 656.51rpm
Thus equation (1) yields RPM of shaft as Ns=21.88rpm
∴ 𝐿 =
60 × 21.88 × 6000
106
= 7.8768 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑣
vii. Dynamic load capacity is given by C = Px(L10)1/3
= 398N
viii. For series 60 and shaft diameter of 45mm
Bearing No. 6009 of extra light series the dynamic load capacity given is
1630N > 398N
This we can go with this bearing
ix. Main dimensions of bearing are,
d = inner diameter of the bearing = 45mm
D = outer diameter of the bearing = 75mm
B = axial width of the bearing = 16mm
41. g)Part number is 8 and part name is
Frame
i. Function: Foundation for motor
and support structure for fixed pillar.
ii. 2 orthographic views of Frame
42. iii. FBD
iv. Possible modes of failure: Bending Failure
v. Material selection
The material select for Frame is Carbon Steel with grade C15
Because, it is used for making lightly stressed part, easily machinable and
suitable for cold working such as bending
(Reference: PSG data book, Table 2.2, page no. 1.9, Third edition)
43. vi. Properties of material
1. Syt = 370N/mm2
2. Sut = 240 N/mm2
vii. Factor of safety chosen is 2, because there is no risk for human life.
viii. Design Calculations:
1) Motor Plate:
Total Force = 10.5 x 9.81 x Ftorque
= 103N + 460 x 1000/80
= 103N + 5750N
Total Force = 5853N
47. 𝜎max =
𝑀𝑏 (30−𝑌
̅)
𝐼
185 =
512000.(30−𝑌
̅)
𝐼𝑥𝑥
By solving this equation using trial and error method
𝑡 = 2.9427𝑚𝑚
𝑡 ~ 3𝑚𝑚
Notation Meaning Values(mm)
t1 Thickness of L section 3
t2 Thickness of Plate 7
t3 Thickness of fixed pipe 1
48. h)Design of Nut and Bolt pair: Part number is 4,5 and Part Name is Nut
and bolt
i. Function: To attach motor to the frame.
ii. Possible modes of Failure
1. Tension failure
2. Shear failure
iii. Material selection:
The material select for shaft is Plain carbon steel with grade 40C8
because, this steel is used for making shafts, crankshaft, automobile axle
(Refer: PSG design data book, pg.no. 1.9, 1.10)
iv. Properties of material:
1. Sut = 580N/mm2
2. Syt = 380N/mm2
v. Factor of safety chosen is 3.5 because bolt is more prone to fail due to
vibrations of motor.
49. vi. Design calculations:
Bolt: 𝑆𝑦𝑡 = 380𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
Load per bolt = 𝑃 =
5853
4
= 1463.25𝑁
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑃
𝐴
=
1463.25
𝜋
4
.𝑑𝑐
2
𝑆𝑦𝑡
2 𝑋 𝑓𝑜𝑠
=
1463.25
𝜋
4
.𝑑𝑐
2
𝑑𝑐
2
=
1463.25 𝑋 4
𝜋 𝑋 54.28
𝑑𝑐 = 5.85𝑚𝑚
𝑑 =
𝑑𝑐
0.81
= 7.23𝑚𝑚
𝑑 ~ 8𝑚𝑚
From above dimensions we can select Bolt size as, M8
Notation Meaning Value(mm)
Db Diameter of Bolt 8
50. i) Design of movable Leg, part number is 9 and part name is movable Leg
i. Function: To hold the table in place
ii. Orthographic projections:
iii. Possible modes of failure:
1. Compression failure
iv. Material selection:
51. Material selected for the movable pipe is carbon steel C30 which has
undergone tempering and hardening.
v. Properties of material:
1. Sut=600 N/mm2
2. Syt=400 N/mm2
vi.
vii. Design calculation:
Frame: Factor of safety considered is 3
Therefore,
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑆𝑢𝑡
3
=
600
3
= 200 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑃 =
1000
4
= 250 𝑁
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑃
𝐴
200 =
250
2 . 28 .𝑡
𝑡 = 0.625 𝑚𝑚 ≅ 0.7 𝑚𝑚
52. Pin: Factor of safety considered is 2.5
Therefore,
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑆𝑢𝑡
2.5
=
600
2.5
= 240
𝑁
𝑚𝑚2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑃
𝐴
240 =
250
2 .
𝜋
4
. 𝑑2
𝑑2
=
25
12 . 𝜋
𝑑 = 5.9 𝑚𝑚 ≅ 6 𝑚𝑚
Notation Meaning Value(mm)
t Thickness of pipe 1
d Diameter of supporting pin 6
53. j) Design of fork arm, part number is 10 and part name is Fork arm
i. Function: To transfer power from shaft to the moving leg
ii. Orthographic projections:
iii. Possible modes of failure:
1. Bending failure
iv. Material selection:
Material selected for fork arm is Carbon Steel C40 which has undergone
hardening and tempering.
v. Properties of material:
Sut=750 N/mm2
vi. Design calculations:
55. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 10𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑏2
= 48.769
𝑏 = 6.983 𝑚𝑚 ≅ 7 𝑚𝑚
Notation Meaning Value
lc Length of the fork prongs 135
B Height of fork prongs 7
56. k) Welding on the frame
i. Function: To attach all the different L shape Steel to form a frame
ii. FBD
iii. Possible modes of Failure
1. Shear failure
2. Bending failure
iv. Material selection:
The material select for weld electrode is E6010 and being done by stick
metal arc welding
(Refer: PSG design data book, pg.no11.11)
v. Properties of material:
1. Permissible tensile strength: 138N/mm2
2. Permissible shear strength = 70N/mm2
Design calculations:
Net weight on the plate(FN)= FG + FM
57. FN=5750N+130N
FN=5853N
i)Considering for the support plate
τ =
Fn
A
A =
5053
70
= 83.614 mm2
Leff =
83.614
3
= 28mm
Therefore welding on the palte should be = l1 + 15 = 29mm
Now taking the leg length =
3
0.707
≃ 5mm
Therefore since welding is on both side the weld size could be 2.5mm
ii) Considering the frame that supports the support plate of motor:
Now the frame will fail due to shear by both primary and secondary
shear
i) Considering the primary shear
τ1 =
FN
4A
58. τ1 =
5853
4A
N
mm2
ii)Considering secondary shear
Maximum bending moment will occur at the mid point
M = FN ×
l
8
M = 512137.5Nmm
Now taking the summation of polar moment of inertia
Jnet = J1 + J2 + J3 + J4
Jnet = 4J1
J = 4A (
l2
12
+ r1
2
)
J = 490000A mm4
Now taking the shear equation
τ2 = M ×
r
J
τ2 = 512137.5 ×
350
490000A
τ2 =
365
A
N
mm2
Now from the first consideration
59. τ1 =
731.625
A
τnet = τ1 + τ2
τnet =
1096.625
A
N
mm2
∴ A =
1096.625
70
mm2
considering thickness to be 3mm
l = 5.22 + 15 mm
therefore weld of lenth of 20mm and thickness of 3mm
to be welded from both the side
iii)considering the outermost structure
now calculation of centre of gravity
(30 + 30)x = 0 × 30 + 30 × 15
x = 7.5 mm
(30 + 30)y = 30 × 15 + 30 × 30
y = 22.5 mm
r1 = GG1 = √7.52 + 7.52 = 10.61mm
r2 = GG2 = √(15 − 7.5)2 + (30 − 22.5)2
since r1 = r2
61. θ = 71.565°
∴ x = 90 − 71565° = 18.435°
τ2x
= τ2 cos 18.435° = 6290.527 (
N
mm2
)
Similarly
τ2y
= τ2sin18.685° = 2096.85
τ2ynet
= (
2096.85
30t
) + (
28.55
t
)
τ2ynet
=
209.68
t
τnet =
231.685
t
N
mm2
Now considering the bending
Bending moment Mb =
FN × l
8 × 2
Mb = 2560.68.75 Nmm
Now
Ixx =
30t3
12
mm4
By parallel axis theorem
IG = Ixx + Ax2
62. IG = (
30t3
12
) + 1687.5t
IG = 1687.5t mm4
For part II
Ixx =
t × 303
12
mm4
IG =
t × 303
12
+ 30t × 7.52
mm4
IG = 2250t + 1687.5t mm4
Now adding both the moment of inertia
IGnet = 2985t mm4
Now σ =
M × ymax
IGnet
σ =
256068.75 × 22.5
5985t
N
mm2
σ =
926.66
t
N
mm2
Now by principle of maximum shear thoery
τmax = √τnet
2 + (
σ2
4
)
N
mm2
63. τmax =
534
t
N
mm2
t =
534
70
mm
t~8mm
Checking for failure
Case I
τ1 =
5853
4 × 3 × 56
N
mm2
τ1 = 8.40
N
mm2
∴ τ1 is less than the permissible value therefore the design is safe
Case II
τ = τ1 + τ2
τ =
731.625
A
+
365
A
N
mm2
τ = 19
N
mm2
64. Case III
τ = √τ1
2 +
σ2
4
N
mm2
τ = √(
231.685
6
)
2
+ (
926.66
8
× 2)
2
τ = 64.754
N
mm2
∴ The structure is safe
Weld spot Leg length (mm) Length(mm)
Supporting plate 3 29
Frame for supporting plate 5 30
Outer frame 12 30
65. Part No. Part Name Specifications Material Remark
1 Motor 1.1Kw,16Nm,3-phase Stepper motor Standard
2 Worm Gear Z1/Z2/q/m = 1/30/10/4
a = 80mm Phosphor bronze Standard
3 Worm Z1/Z2/q/m = 1/30/10/4
a = 80mm C10 Standard
4 Bearing Design NO. 6009 Standard
5 Bolt M8x1.25 C40 Standard
6 Shaft Nut M22x2.5 C40 Standard
7 Nut M8x1.25 C40 Standard
8 Screw M5x0.8x15 Standard
9 Table-top 1000x700x25 Wood standard
10 Frame L section = PxPxtL = 30x30x3
Motor plate = bxbxtp= 140X140x7
Fixed leg = SxSxtf = 30x30x1
C15 Custom
11 Movable leg nxnxt = 27x27x1 C30 Custom
12 Fork arm l = 334mm
lc = 135mm
ha = 7mm
C40 Custom
13 Shaft DxL = 45x760 C40 Custom
14 Muff coupling DoxDixlm = 19x51x68 FG 200 Custom
15 Keys bxhxlk = 14x9x67.5 C50 Custom
66. Notations Meaning
Z1 No. of starts on worm
Z2 No. of teeth on worm gear
q diametral quotient
m Module of worm gear
P Side of L section
tL Thickness of L section
b Side length of Motor Plate
tp Thickness of motor plate
S Cross section of fixed leg
tf Thickness of fixed leg
n Cross section of movable leg
t Thickness of movable leg
l Overall length of fork arm
lc Slot length of fork arm
ha Height of form arm
D Diameter of shaft
L Overall length of shaft
Do Outer diameter of Muff coupling
Di Inner diameter of Muff coupling
67. lm Length of muff coupling
b Width of key
h Height of key
lk Length of key
72. ▪ REFERENCES:
o PSG Machine Design data book
o Design of Machine Elements by V.B. Bhandari (Third edition)
o Machine Drawing (New Age publishers, Third edition)